pete johnston, eduserv foundation [email protected] 16 april 2007 an introduction to the...
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16
Ap
ril 20
07
Pete Johnston, Eduserv [email protected]
www.eduserv.org.uk/foundation
An Introduction to the DCMI Abstract Model
JISC CETIS Metadata & Digital Repositories SIG meeting, Manchester
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16 April 2007JISC CETIS Metadata & Digital Repositories SIG meeting, Manchester
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An Introduction to the DCMI Abstract Model
• Context & Motivation: Why the DCAM?
• The DCMI Abstract Model
• The DCAM & “DC application profiles”
• The DCAM & DCMI “encoding guidelines”
• Dublin Core in 2007
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16 April 2007JISC CETIS Metadata & Digital Repositories SIG meeting, Manchester
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Context & Motivation: Why the DCAM?
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Why DCAM? Context & Motivation
• Some issues for DCMI c.2003– Metadata vocabularies
• … but what is a DC “element”?
– Encoding guidelines• … but what are we “encoding”?
– DC application profiles• … but what “terms” can we “use”?
– “Simple” and “Qualified” DC
– Grammatical Principles
– DC & the Resource Description Framework
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Why DCAM? Context & Motivation
• Work on DCAM from mid-2003, initiated by Andy Powell• DCMI Recommendation, 2005-03-07• Feedback from
– DCMI Usage Board– DCMI working groups, designers of DCAPs– Implementers of DCAPs– Implementers of metadata registries– Developers/implementers of related specs– Semantic Web community– Researchers
• Revision currently in progress– Proposed Rec for Public Comment, 2007-02-05– Proposed Rec for Public Comment, 2007-04-02
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The DCMI Abstract Model
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Proposed Recommendation
http://dublincore.org/documents/2007/04/02/abstract-model/
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The DCMI Abstract Model
• DCAM concerned with description of resources• DCAM adopts Web Architecture/RFC3986 definition of
resource– the term "resource" is used in a general sense for whatever
might be identified by a URI. Familiar examples include an electronic document, an image, a source of information with consistent purpose (e.g., "today's weather report for Los Angeles"), a service (e.g., an HTTP to SMS gateway), a collection of other resources, and so on.
– A resource is not necessarily accessible via the Internet; e.g., human beings, corporations, and bound books in a library can also be resources.
– Likewise, abstract concepts can be resources, such as the operators and operands of a mathematical equation, the types of a relationship (e.g., "parent" or "employee"), or numeric values (e.g., zero, one, and infinity).
– RFC3986 URI Syntax
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The DCMI Abstract Model
• DCAM describes– Components and constructs that make up an
information structure (“DC description set”)– How that information structure is to be interpreted
• DCAM does not describe how to represent DC description set in concrete form
• DCAM describes various types of metadata term, but does not specify the use of any fixed set of terms
• Made up of three related “information models”– Resource model– Description set model– Vocabulary model
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DCAM Resource Model
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DCAM Resource Model
• The “view of the world” on which DC metadata is based
• a described resource is described using one or more property-value pairs
• a property-value pair is made up of – exactly one property and– exactly one value
• a value is a resource• a value is either a literal value or a non-literal value
• i.e. similar to RDF model of binary relations between resources; entity-relational model
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DCAM Description Set Model
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DCAM Description Set Model
• The structure of DC metadata• Uses URIs to refer to resources & metadata terms (like RDF)
• a description set is made up of one or more descriptions, each of which describes one resource
• a description is made up of – zero or one described resource URI
• identifies described resource
– one or more statements
• a statement is made up of – exactly one property URI
• identifies property
– exactly one value surrogate
• a value surrogate is either a literal value surrogate or a non-literal value surrogate
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Description Set
Description
Statement
Property URI
Resource URI
Literal Value Surrogate
Description
Statement
Property URI
Resource URI
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Statement
Property URI
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
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DCAM Description Set Model
• a literal value surrogate is made up of – exactly one value string
• encodes value
• a non-literal value surrogate is made up of– zero or one value URIs
• identifies value
– zero or one vocabulary encoding scheme URI • identifies a set of which the value is a member
– zero or more value strings • represents value
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Description Set
Description
Statement
Property URI
Resource URI
Literal Value Surrogate
Description
Statement
Property URI
Resource URI
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Statement
Property URI
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Value URI
Vocab Enc Scheme URI
Value URI
Value string
Value string
Value string
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DCAM Description Set Model
• a value string is either a plain value string or a typed value string
– a plain value string may have an associated value string language
– a typed value string is associated with a syntax encoding scheme URI
• Not going to say more about SES today!
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Description Set
Description
Statement
Property URI
Resource URI
Literal Value Surrogate
Description
Statement
Property URI
Resource URI
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Statement
Property URI
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Value URI
Vocab Enc Scheme URI
Value URI
Value string
Value string
Value string
Syntax Enc Scheme URI
Language
Language
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DCAM Description Set Model
• a value may be described by another description
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Description Set
Description
Statement
Property URI
Resource URI
Literal Value Surrogate
Description
Statement
Property URI
Resource URI
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Statement
Property URI
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Value URI
Vocab Enc Scheme URI
Value URI
Value string
Value string
Value string
Syntax Enc Scheme URI
Language
Language
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Description Set
Description
Statement
Property URI
Literal Value Surrogate
Description
Statement
Property URI
Resource URI
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Statement
Property URI
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Vocab Enc Scheme URI
Value URI
Value string
Value string
Value string
Syntax Enc Scheme URI
Language
Language
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Some example description sets
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Description Set
Description
Statement
Property URI
Resource URI
Example 1: Single description containing one statement with non-literal value surrogate
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Value URI
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Description Set
Description
Statement
<http://purl.org/dc/terms/publisher>
<http://dublincore.org/documents/abstract-model/>
<http://example.org/org/DCMI>
Example 1: Single description containing one statement with non-literal value surrogate
@prefix dcterms <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
DescriptionSet ( Description ( ResourceURI ( <http://dublincore.org/documents/abstract-model/> ) Statement ( PropertyURI ( dcterms:publisher ) ValueURI (<http://example.org/org/DCMI> ) ) ))
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Property URI Value URI
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Description Set
Description
Statement
Property URI
Resource URI
Example 2: Single description containing two statements with non-literal value surrogates
Statement
Property URI
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Vocab Enc Scheme URI
Value URI
Value string
Value string
Value URI
Language
Language
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Description Set
Description
Statement
Example 2: Single description containing two statements with non-literal value surrogates
Statement
<http:/purl.org/dc/terms/subject>
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
<http://example.org/terms/mySH>
“Metadata”
"Métadonnées"
en
fr
<http://purl.org/dc/terms/publisher>
<http://dublincore.org/documents/abstract-model/>
<http://example.org/org/DCMI>Property URI Value URI
<http://example.org/org/mySH/h123> Value URIProperty URI
Vocab Enc Scheme URI
Value String
Value String
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@prefix dcterms <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
DescriptionSet ( Description ( ResourceURI ( <http://dublincore.org/documents/abstract-model/> ) Statement ( PropertyURI ( dcterms:publisher ) ValueURI (<http://example.org/org/DCMI> ) ) Statement ( PropertyURI ( dcterms:subject ) ValueURI (<http://example.org/mySH/h123> ) VocabEncSchemeURI (<http://example.org/terms/mySH> ) ValueString ( “Metadata” Language (en ) ) ValueString ("Métadonnées" Language (fr ) ) ) ))
Example 2: Single description containing two statements with non-literal value surrogates
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Description Set
Description
Statement
Property URI
Resource URI
Example 3: Two descriptions, statements with non-literal value surrogates & literal value surrogates
Statement
Property URI
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Vocab Enc Scheme URI
Value URI
Value string
Value string
Value URI
Language
Language
Description
Resource URI
Statement
Property URI
Literal Value Surrogate
Value string Language
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Description Set
Description
Statement
Statement
<http:/purl.org/dc/terms/subject>
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
Non-Literal Value Surrogate
<http://example.org/terms/mySH>
“Metadata”
"Métadonnées"
en
fr
<http://purl.org/dc/terms/publisher>
<http://dublincore.org/documents/abstract-model/>
<http://example.org/org/DCMI>Property URI Value URI
<http://example.org/org/mySH/h123> Value URIProperty URI
Vocab Enc Scheme URI
Value String
Value String
Example 3: Two descriptions, statements with non-literal value surrogates & literal value surrogates
Description
Statement
<http://example.org/org/DCMI>
<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name>
Literal Value Surrogate
“Dublin Core Metadata Initiative” en Value StringProperty URI
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@prefix dcterms <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .@prefix foaf <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .DescriptionSet ( Description ( ResourceURI ( <http://dublincore.org/documents/abstract-model/> ) Statement ( PropertyURI ( dcterms:publisher ) ValueURI (<http://example.org/org/DCMI> ) ) Statement ( PropertyURI ( dcterms:subject ) ValueURI (<http://example.org/mySH/h123> ) VocabEncSchemeURI (<http://example.org/terms/mySH> ) ValueString ( “Metadata” Language (en ) ) ValueString ("Métadonnées" Language (fr ) ) ) ) Description ( ResourceURI ( <http://example.org/org/DCMI> ) Statement ( PropertyURI ( foaf:name ) LiteralValueString ( “Dublin Core Metadata Initiative” Language (en) ) ) ))
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DCAM Vocabulary Model
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DCAM Vocabulary Model
• a vocabulary is a set of terms (property, class, vocabulary encoding scheme, syntax encoding scheme)
• a resource may be an instance of one or more classes • a resource may be a member of one or more vocabulary
encoding schemes • a property may have a range relationship with one or more
classes• a property may have a domain relationship with one or more
classes• a property may have a subproperty relationship with one or
more properties• a class may have a subclass relationship with one or more
classes
• =~ RDF Schema
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Current/recent issues
• DCAM & RDF– Mapping to RDF graphs specified by Expressing DC
metadata using RDFhttp://dublincore.org/documents/2007/04/02/dc-rdf
• Clarifying distinction between “things” & “strings”• DCAM as abstract syntax for RDF v DCAM as “domain
(metadata) model”– Reflects DCMI community’s view of metadata– Uses concepts developed by that community– Formulated so as to be compatible with RDF/RDFS
• Possibly require further note(s) on merging, inferencing
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The DCAM & “DC application profiles”
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The DCAM & “DC application profiles”
• DCAM does not specify the set of terms referenced in a description set
• Notion of “DC application profile” widely used within DCMI and by DC implementers
– Typically annotated lists of terms used in DC metadata so as to meet some domain/community requirements
– Terms defined by DCMI or by other agencies– Currently DCMI has no formal model for DCAP
• DCAP as “description set profile”– Specification of how to construct description sets to
meet some set of requirements• Definition of DCAP based on
– functional requirements– domain model
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The DCAM & “encoding guidelines”
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The DCAM & “encoding guidelines”
• DCAM is independent of any concrete syntax
• For transfer between applications, descriptions must be encoded as digital objects (records)
• DCMI “Encoding Guidelines” describe – how description set is serialised/encoded as a
record using a format
– how records conforming to format are decoded/interpreted as description sets
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System A
DC DescriptionSet
DC-XMLInstance
Encode
Construct usingDCAM & DCAP
Decode
DC DescriptionSet
Interpret usingDCAM
System B
DC-XMLInstance
<?xml version="1.0"?><dcx:descriptionSet>
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The DCAM & “encoding guidelines”
• Current DCMI “Encoding Guidelines” specs– Pre-date development of DCAM
– Use earlier, simpler “DC abstract models”
– Not fully compatible with DCAM description set model
• Currently, no DCMI recommendation for machine-readable format for description set model
• Updating of specs in progress (2007)– DC-XML
– DC in X/HTML link/meta elements
• Meanwhile, some formats defined outside of DCMI– e.g. Eprints DC-XML
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Some thoughts on Dublin Core in 2007
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Dublin Core in 2007
• Not just “a set of 15 elements”
• Not even a set of 15 elements, +70-odd other terms (element refinements, vocabulary encoding schemes, syntax encoding schemes, classes)
• Not just “Simple Dublin Core” and “Qualified Dublin Core”
• Not limited to “simple” “flat” “atomic” descriptions
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Dublin Core in 2007
• a framework (the DCAM)– which describes how to use certain types of terms– ... to make statements...– ... that form descriptions (of resources)– … that can be grouped together as description sets
• a set of specifications for encoding description sets using various formats
• a managed vocabulary of widely useful terms– which can be referenced in statements
• support for defining additional vocabularies of terms• which can be referenced in statements
• support for defining DC application profiles– which describe how to construct description sets for some
particular set of requirements• extensibility, modularity, compatibility with Semantic Web
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Ap
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Pete Johnston, Eduserv [email protected]
www.eduserv.org.uk/foundation
An Introduction to the DCMI Abstract Model
JISC CETIS Metadata & Digital Repositories SIG meeting, Manchester