pesticide risk in perspective - faculty support sitefaculty.ucr.edu/~krieger/dowagro...
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Pesticide Risk in Pesticide Risk in PerspectivePerspectiveBob Krieger, Ph. D.
Personal Chemical Exposure Program Department of Entomology
University of California, Riverside CA 92521951 827 3724 [email protected]
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ToxicologyToxicology
Scientific study of adverse effects of chemicals• Effects are determined by dose
• Principle made by a physician, alchemist, philosopher: Paracelsus, 1450
• Dose determines a poison,so there must be a safe level of everything!
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We live in a chemical world!We live in a chemical world!More than 31,000,000 known
• OriginNatural and Synthetic
• ClassOrganic and Inorganic
• UseProcess •• Commercial Products •• Pollutants
Foods • Drugs • Cosmetics • Pesticides The properties of everything are chemical.
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Pesticide Safety is about use!
Dose determines a poison!Paracelsus, 15th Century
But, most importantly
Dosing does it!
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The Pesticide Product LabelThe Pesticide Product Label
The label helps you get maximum benefit with minimum risk.
Safe use instructionsSignal word
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Signal WordSignal Word
DangerDanger
WarningWarning
CautionCaution
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USEPA: California DPRUSEPA: California DPR
Toxicity Testing for Safe UseToxicity Testing for Safe Use
• Lethal oral dosage
• Lethal skin dosage
• Lethal inhalation dosage
• Eye irritation
• Skin irritation
• Sensitization (allergy)
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Product Signal Words
0-50DANGERhighly toxic
50-500WARNINGmoderately toxic
500-5000CAUTIONslightly toxic
Acute Oral LD50(mg/kg bw)
Signal word
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If pesticides are safe, why the If pesticides are safe, why the SIGNAL WORDS on the label?SIGNAL WORDS on the label?
• Handlers: mix/load/apply• Day to day exposure during work• Special protective measures
– Gloves– Face shields or goggles– Aprons– Coveralls– Boots
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RESPIRATOR PROTECTION
• SPHERES IN YOUR AIR DIAMETER RADIUS• BIG ONES (HAIR) 100 MICRONS 50 mu• SPRAY 10, 30, 50 5, 15, 25 mu• RESPIRABLE LESS THAN 10 5 mu• REGULATORY FOCUS 2.5 mu 1.25 mu
Volume = 4/3 radius3
Spray protectection= 125, 3375, 15625
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Safety Evaluation: Safety Evaluation: Premarket TestingPremarket Testing
Represents how you get exposed on the job
RouteRate
Response[Concentration and Time]
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Minimizing Pesticide ExposureMinimizing Pesticide Exposure
• What you do– How you do it
• Standard Worker Protective Clothing– Personal Protective Equipment
» Skin» Personal hygiene
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Are pesticides the best studied chemical technology?
Are pesticides safe when used as directed?
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None
50%->
100%
Dose (Exposure)
“Dose-Response Curve”
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Measures of ResponseMeasures of Response
• LD50• ED50• Low Observed Adverse Effect Level• No Observed Adverse Effect Level
– Interspecies/10– Intraspecies/10– Special issues/up to 10
• Reference Dose
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RfD“No Effect”
NOAEL LethalLethal
%
← DOSE →
ActiveActive
or or
““SideSide--EffectEffect””
Safety Evaluation: Exposure-Response Relationships
LD50ED50
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Normal Occupational
%
What about everyday exposures and safety evaluation?
← DOSE →
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RfD“No
Effect”Effective
Accidents
Normal
Occupational
Yes, Exposure goes with use!
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Dental FluoridesDental Fluorides• All products toxic (oral) 4-8.4 mg/kg• Low observed adverse effect level 1 mg/kg
LOAEL• No observed adverse effect level 0.09
mg/kg NOAEL
• Margin of safety (exposure) 0.09/0.002MOS (MOE) 45
Diet 0.04 mg/kg; Water 0.05 mg/kg
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Toxicology Profile: 2,4-D
• LD50
• LOAEL
• NOAEL
• Death– 800-2000 mg/kg-bw
• Response– 60 mg/kg kidney– 300 mg/kg testes
• No response– 15k mg/kg– 100t mg/kg
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2,4-D Reference Dose
• NOAEL 15 mg/kg kidney• Uncertainty Factors
– Species: animal to human (0.1) 1.5 mg/kg– Person-to-person (0.1) 0.15 mg/kg
RfD = NOAEL × 0.1 × 0.1
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Toxicology Profile: Glyphosate
• LD50
• LOAEL
• NOAEL
• Death– >5000 mg/kg-bw
• Response– 3500 mg/kg-d
maternal and developmental
• No response– 1000 mg/kg-d
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Pesticide MarginPesticide Margin--ofof--Exposure (Safety)Exposure (Safety)
NOAEL / Exposure >>100
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RfD
Exposure (ADD)
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Look at the Record
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Injury Division Workers x 103 Deaths2003
Deaths per105 Workers
Agriculture 3,340 710 20.9Mining 539 120 22.3Construction 9,268 1,060 11.4Manufacturing 17,708 490 2.8All industries 138,988 4,500 3.2
US National Safety Council, 2004
Unintentional Injuries On-the-Job
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Cause Number Deaths per 105
DeathsAll unintentional injuries 101,537 35.6Motor-vehicle 43,788 15.4Falls 15,019 5.3
Poisoning 14,078 4.9Pesticide 7 0.0025
Choking 4,185 1.5Drowning 3,281 1.2All other 21,186 7.4
National Safety Council, 2004
Causes of Death, 2004
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Chemical ExposuresChemical Exposures——you canyou can’’t live without t live without ‘‘emem!!
• Chemical exposure is essential• Exposure can be measured• Exposure is not a disease
• Dose is the chemical part of risk• Risk reduction is an ongoing process!
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Risk
Chemicals are not associated with riskunless a vulnerable group of people are exposed and produce a harmful effect.
ChemicalRisk
Toxicity