pesticide illness part 3 fumigants, fungicides, herbicides, disinfectants, miscellaneous pesticides...
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Pesticide IllnessPesticide IllnessPart 3Part 3
Fumigants, Fungicides, Fumigants, Fungicides, Herbicides, Disinfectants, Herbicides, Disinfectants, Miscellaneous PesticidesMiscellaneous Pesticides
Prepared by:
Rupali Das, MD, MPH, California Department of Health Services, Michael O’Malley, MD, MPH, University of California, Davis, Laura Styles, MPH, Public Health Institute
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Toxicology, Diagnosis & Toxicology, Diagnosis & Management of Pesticide Illness by Management of Pesticide Illness by
Functional CategoryFunctional Category
InsecticidesInsecticides Fumigants Fumigants FungicidesFungicides Herbicides Herbicides DisinfectantsDisinfectants MiscellaneousMiscellaneous
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FumigantsFumigants Halogenated hydrocarbonsHalogenated hydrocarbons
– Methyl bromideMethyl bromide– Ethylene dibromide, DBCP Ethylene dibromide, DBCP
Inorganic compoundsInorganic compounds– Sulfuryl fluorideSulfuryl fluoride
Pro-fumigants Pro-fumigants – Metam sodiumMetam sodium
Metal phosphidesMetal phosphides– Aluminum, Zinc, Magnesium Aluminum, Zinc, Magnesium
US
DO
T
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Fumigants Fumigants Methyl BromideMethyl Bromide
High vapor High vapor pressurepressure
Heavier than airHeavier than air OdorlessOdorless
– Chloropicrin addedChloropicrin added Toxic mechanismToxic mechanism
– Tissue methylationTissue methylation
C
H
H
Br H
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55
Methyl Bromide Acute ToxicityMethyl Bromide Acute Toxicity
VesicantVesicant
– Blistering dermatitisBlistering dermatitis
Lower respiratory toxicantLower respiratory toxicant
– Delayed pulmonary edemaDelayed pulmonary edema
Central nervous system Central nervous system depressantdepressant
– Usual cause of deathUsual cause of death
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Methyl Bromide Acute ToxicityMethyl Bromide Acute ToxicityDifferential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis
CNS depressionCNS depression– Other CNS depressantsOther CNS depressants
Pulmonary edemaPulmonary edema– Hepatic & renal diseaseHepatic & renal disease– Acute severe asthmaAcute severe asthma
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Methyl Bromide Acute Toxicity Methyl Bromide Acute Toxicity ManagementManagement
Serum bromide Serum bromide levelslevels– 3-6 ppm: Possible 3-6 ppm: Possible
exposureexposure– >15 ppm: Acute >15 ppm: Acute
poisoning poisoning – >50 ppm: Severe >50 ppm: Severe
poisoning/ deathpoisoning/ death
Treatment Treatment – Symptomatic Symptomatic
Bromide levels - Reporting Bromide levels - Reporting unitsunits
ppm = mg/literppm = mg/liter mg/L=10 mg /deciliter mg/L=10 mg /deciliter
(USA)(USA) ppm = 80 milli-equivalents ppm = 80 milli-equivalents
(meq)/liter (European)(meq)/liter (European)
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Methyl Bromide Chronic ToxicityMethyl Bromide Chronic Toxicity
Central nervous systemCentral nervous system– Cognitive, behavioral effects Cognitive, behavioral effects – PolyneuropathyPolyneuropathy
Reproductive systemReproductive system– Teratogen Teratogen
– Genotoxic, mutagenicGenotoxic, mutagenic
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Methyl Bromide Chronic ToxicityMethyl Bromide Chronic ToxicitySerum Bromide Levels Serum Bromide Levels
Long serum half lifeLong serum half life – 11—15 days11—15 days
Chronic exposureChronic exposure– Asymptomatic high Asymptomatic high
levels possiblelevels possible
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1010
Case Case
Illness AfterIllness After House FumigationHouse Fumigation
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1111
Illness AfterIllness After House FumigationHouse Fumigation
Pesticide Application HistoryPesticide Application History
Uncovered electrical conduit: one pipe had a 2” diameter and the others a 1” diameter
Methyl bromide fumigation
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Illness AfterIllness After House FumigationHouse Fumigation
Health EffectsHealth Effects Tenant found convulsing on floor Tenant found convulsing on floor
the following evening the following evening
Serum bromide level 270 ppmSerum bromide level 270 ppm
Refractory seizures, intermittent Refractory seizures, intermittent fever, multi-organ failurefever, multi-organ failure
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Methyl Bromide Phase-outMethyl Bromide Phase-out
Ozone depletion Ozone depletion – ““100% reduction” in 100% reduction” in
2005 2005
ExemptionsExemptions– Critical agricultural uses Critical agricultural uses
– Pre-shipment & Pre-shipment & quarantinequarantine
– Emergency usesEmergency uses
No “ideal” No “ideal” substitutesubstitute
Source: US EPA “Frequently Asked Questions” on methyl bromide phase-out
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1414
FumigantsFumigantsSulfuryl FluorideSulfuryl Fluoride
PulmonaryPulmonary– Dyspnea, cough, delayed pulmonary Dyspnea, cough, delayed pulmonary
edema, fatal hypoxiaedema, fatal hypoxia Renal Renal CNS CNS
– Weakness, nausea, vomiting, Weakness, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, muscle twitching, restlessness, muscle twitching, seizuresseizures
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1515
FumigantsFumigantsMetam SodiumMetam Sodium
Hydrolyzes to mixture of irritantsHydrolyzes to mixture of irritants
Health effectsHealth effects– Irritant dermatitisIrritant dermatitis– Reactive airways dysfunction Reactive airways dysfunction
syndrome/asthmasyndrome/asthma
CH3NH C
S
S
Na+ . 2 H2O
MITC
CH3N C S
H2SCS2CH3 NH2
MethylamineCarbon disulfide Hydrogen sulfide
MIC - up to 4% of the level of MITC
H2O+
+ ++
CH3N C O
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1616
Case Case
Transportation Worker with CoughTransportation Worker with Cough
40 year-old male transportation 40 year-old male transportation worker with metallic taste; worker with metallic taste; burning eyes, chest, nose; burning eyes, chest, nose; nausea; dizziness.nausea; dizziness.
Recurrent cough with wheezing, Recurrent cough with wheezing,
phlegm for 5 days. Chest phlegm for 5 days. Chest tightness, dyspnea on exertion.tightness, dyspnea on exertion.
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1717
Transportation Worker with CoughTransportation Worker with Cough
Exposure HistoryExposure History
Tank car derailment Tank car derailment – >19,000 gallons >19,000 gallons
metam sodium metam sodium releasedreleased
Worker involved in Worker involved in response to accidentresponse to accident– Symptoms onset Symptoms onset
within 20 minuteswithin 20 minutes– Worked 6.5 hours Worked 6.5 hours
alongside riveralongside river
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1818
Transportation Worker with CoughTransportation Worker with Cough
Physical EvaluationPhysical Evaluation
Exam 6 months laterExam 6 months later– Mild nasal inflammation,Mild nasal inflammation,
– Spirometry Spirometry FEVFEV11: 87%, FVC: 101%, : 87%, FVC: 101%,
FEVFEV11/FVC: 69%, FEF/FVC: 69%, FEF25-7525-75: : 26%26%
– Methacholine challenge Methacholine challenge test test
PCPC100100: 1.2 mg/ml : 1.2 mg/ml (normal >4 mg/ml)(normal >4 mg/ml)
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1919
FumigantsFumigantsChronic EffectsChronic Effects
NeurologicNeurologic ReproductiveReproductive OtherOther
Methyl Methyl bromidebromide
Cognitive, Cognitive, behavioralbehavioral
Animal studiesAnimal studies
Sulfuryl Sulfuryl fluoridefluoride
Olfactory, Olfactory, cognitivecognitive
Metam Metam sodiumsodium
Animal studiesAnimal studies RADS, RADS, asthmaasthma
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2020
CaseCase
Drift After Metam ApplicationDrift After Metam Application
Metam sodium Metam sodium applied to carrot applied to carrot fieldsfields
Illness reported Illness reported amongamong
– School children School children
– Workers Workers
California Department of Health Services, 2001
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2121
Drift After Metam ApplicationDrift After Metam Application
Investigation FindingsInvestigation Findings MITC detected at MITC detected at
school, beyond school, beyond 500 foot buffer 500 foot buffer zonezone
Workers required Workers required to monitor field to monitor field for odorfor odor
Field where metam-sodium applied
School:workers &children ill
500 foot buffer zone
Figure not to scale
~ 1 mile
Other workers exposed
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2222
FumigantsFumigantsPhosphide CompoundsPhosphide Compounds
Metal phosphides Metal phosphides hydrolyzehydrolyze– Aluminum, zinc, magnesiumAluminum, zinc, magnesium
PhosphinePhosphine– Colorless, fish/garlic odorColorless, fish/garlic odor– Highly explosive, corrosiveHighly explosive, corrosive– Rapidly oxidizes to Rapidly oxidizes to
phosphoric acidphosphoric acid
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Phosphine: Illness SyndromesPhosphine: Illness Syndromes
May resemble viral syndromesMay resemble viral syndromes
Pulmonary toxicityPulmonary toxicity
CNS toxicityCNS toxicityMulti-organ failureMulti-organ failure
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2424
CaseCase Fatality After In-Transit FumigationFatality After In-Transit Fumigation
Unemployed male Unemployed male in railcar fumigated in railcar fumigated with aluminum with aluminum phosphide phosphide
Badly decomposed Badly decomposed body found on body found on arrival at arrival at destinationdestination
Sou
rce:
BC
Wor
kers
Com
p
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2525
FungicidesFungicides ThiocarbamatesThiocarbamates
– Zineb, maneb, ziram, thiram Zineb, maneb, ziram, thiram Pthalimide derivativesPthalimide derivatives
– Captan, captafol, Captan, captafol, Substituted aromaticsSubstituted aromatics
– Chlorothalonil, hexachlorobenzeneChlorothalonil, hexachlorobenzene Inorganic Inorganic
– SulfurSulfur
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2626
Health Effects of FungicidesHealth Effects of Fungicides
AcuteAcute– Irritant & allergic dermatitisIrritant & allergic dermatitis
ChronicChronic– Chronic dermatitisChronic dermatitis– Possible carcinogensPossible carcinogens
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2727
Fungicides: ThiocarbamatesFungicides: Thiocarbamates
Resemble rubber Resemble rubber accelerator thiuram accelerator thiuram
Sensitization reported Sensitization reported in exposed workersin exposed workers
S
CH3
N C S
CH3
S C N
CH3
CH3S
Thiram
CH3
CH3
N C S Zn S C NCH3
CH3SS
X>1X
S
NH C S
CH2
CH2
C S MnNH
S
Ziram
Maneb
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2828
ThiocarbamatesThiocarbamates
Antabuse-like ReactionsAntabuse-like Reactions
S
CH3
N C S
CH3
S C N
CH3
CH3S
Thiuram
S
CH3
N C S
CH3
S C N
CH3
CH3S
Thiram
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2929
CaseCase
Pear Pickers with Skin RashPear Pickers with Skin Rash 26 people picking pears 26 people picking pears
complained of skin rashes complained of skin rashes Physical exam: Physical exam:
– Contact dermatitis Contact dermatitis Applied five days before:Applied five days before:
– NAA 800NAA 800– Ziram GranufloZiram Granuflo USDA Graphics
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3030
Pear Pickers with Skin RashPear Pickers with Skin Rash
Pesticide ApplicationPesticide Application Workers followed requirements for Workers followed requirements for
re-entryre-entry Ziram applications Ziram applications
– D'Anjou pears, Golden Delicious applesD'Anjou pears, Golden Delicious apples– Symptoms in Bosc pear pickers only Symptoms in Bosc pear pickers only
Postulated mechanism of dermatitisPostulated mechanism of dermatitis– Sharp latent bud on Bosc pearsSharp latent bud on Bosc pears– Increased susceptibility to dermal Increased susceptibility to dermal
irritationirritation
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3131
Pear Pickers with Skin RashPear Pickers with Skin Rash
Regulatory ActionRegulatory Action Re-entry interval of 14 days Re-entry interval of 14 days
established for formulations of ziram established for formulations of ziram on Bosc pearson Bosc pears
S
CH3
N C ZnS
CH3
S C N
CH3
CH3S
Ziram
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3232
Fungicides: CaptanFungicides: Captan
Dermatitis Dermatitis 5% of volunteers sensitized 5% of volunteers sensitized
N
O
O
S CCl3
Captan
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3333
Case Case
Nursery Worker with UrticariaNursery Worker with Urticaria Itching and hives in Itching and hives in
redwood nursery workerredwood nursery worker Chlorothalonil patch test:Chlorothalonil patch test:
– Local Type I Local Type I hypersensitivity hypersensitivity
1% chlorothalonil open 1% chlorothalonil open testtest– Systemic Type I reaction Systemic Type I reaction
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3434
Chlorothalonil: Pigmentary ChangesChlorothalonil: Pigmentary Changes
Blue-gray Blue-gray pigmentation in pigmentation in antecubital areaantecubital area
Positive skin reaction Positive skin reaction to chlorothalonilto chlorothalonil
Diagnosis: Ashy Diagnosis: Ashy dermatitisdermatitis
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3535
Ashy Dermatitis: MechanismAshy Dermatitis: Mechanism Disruption of Disruption of
basal membrane basal membrane of epidermisof epidermis
Melanin deposits Melanin deposits in dermisin dermis
ClCl
Cl
Cl
C N
C N
Chlorothalonil
Panagos et al. 1996
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Fungicides: Elemental SulfurFungicides: Elemental Sulfur
Potent skin Potent skin irritantirritant– Animal Animal
experiments experiments equivocalequivocal
Airway irritantAirway irritant
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3737
CaseCase
Applicator With Skin IrritationApplicator With Skin Irritation Pesticide applicator Pesticide applicator
applied sulfur dust to applied sulfur dust to rosesroses
Contact dermatitisContact dermatitis– Burning painBurning pain
– Maculopapular rashMaculopapular rash
.
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3838
Sulfur: Allergic Skin ReactionsSulfur: Allergic Skin Reactions
Positive patch test Positive patch test reactions to sulfur reactions to sulfur in nursery workers in nursery workers applying sulfurapplying sulfur
Case reports Case reports support sulfur-support sulfur-induced allergyinduced allergy
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3939
Postulated Mechanism ofPostulated Mechanism ofSulfur Irritation and AllergySulfur Irritation and Allergy
SO3
pHtemperatureionic strength
S2O31/2
HSO3 H2O1/2
Allergic reactionsAllergic reactions– Oxidation/reduction Oxidation/reduction
productsproducts
Type IV delayed Type IV delayed hypersensitivityhypersensitivity
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4040
HerbicidesHerbicides
Dipyridyl compoundsDipyridyl compounds– ParaquatParaquat
– DiquatDiquat Glyphosate Glyphosate Phenoxy compoundsPhenoxy compounds
– 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)– 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
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4141
Herbicides: Dipyridyl CompoundsHerbicides: Dipyridyl Compounds
ParaquatParaquat
DiquatDiquat
Sou
rce:
Fin
nish
Pla
tfor
m o
f th
e E
U-N
GD
O L
iais
on C
omm
ittee
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4242
Dipyridyl Compounds: ParaquatDipyridyl Compounds: Paraquat
Extremely toxic via Extremely toxic via ingestion ingestion – LDLD5050 3-5 mg/kg 3-5 mg/kg
ToxicityToxicity– Skin, pulmonarySkin, pulmonary– Parkinson Disease?Parkinson Disease?
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4343
Paraquat Toxicity Paraquat Toxicity
Bot
ella
et a
l, 19
85
Hof
fer
and
Te
itelm
an,
19
89
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4444
Paraquat (PQ)
PQ
Alveolar cell membrane
PQ2+
O2 O2-
Lipid peroxidation
Cell death
Paraquat Toxicity: IngestionParaquat Toxicity: Ingestion
1-4 days1-4 days– GI tract edema, ulcersGI tract edema, ulcers
24-72 hours24-72 hours– Hepatocellular injuryHepatocellular injury– Acute tubular Acute tubular
necrosisnecrosis 72-96 hours72-96 hours
– Pulmonary fibrosisPulmonary fibrosis
NADPH NADP+
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4545
Outcome Outcome Urine level, Urine level, 24 hours 24 hours (mg/mL)(mg/mL)11
Plasma Plasma level level (mg/kg)(mg/kg)22
Survival Survival likelylikely
<1 <1 < 20< 20
Pulmonary Pulmonary fibrosisfibrosis
1-10001-1000 20-4020-40
Death Death within 24 within 24 hourshours
10-10,000 10-10,000 > 40mg> 40mg
Paraquat Levels Predict Outcome Paraquat Levels Predict Outcome
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4646
Paraquat Toxicity: Treatment Paraquat Toxicity: Treatment Skin, Eye DecontaminationSkin, Eye Decontamination GI decontaminationGI decontamination FluidsFluids HemoperfusionHemoperfusion Oxygen contraindicatedOxygen contraindicated Severe casesSevere cases
– High dose steroids and cyclophosphamideHigh dose steroids and cyclophosphamide
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4747
Case Case
Farmer Attempts Suicide Farmer Attempts Suicide 46 year-old male farmer intentionally 46 year-old male farmer intentionally
ingested a greenish liquid. ingested a greenish liquid.
Complains of dysphagia, sore throat. Complains of dysphagia, sore throat. Previous history of depression. Previous history of depression.
Profuse, prolonged vomitingProfuse, prolonged vomiting
Plasma paraquat at 4 hoursPlasma paraquat at 4 hours
– 3 mg/mL3 mg/mL
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4848
Farmer Attempts SuicideFarmer Attempts Suicide Hospital CourseHospital Course
Day 2: Severe Day 2: Severe dysphagia dysphagia
Day 3: SOB Day 3: SOB
Day 4-9: pODay 4-9: pO22 33. 33.
Day 12: Pt died Day 12: Pt died due to respiratory due to respiratory failure.failure.
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4949
Herbicides: GlyphosateHerbicides: Glyphosate
Health effectsHealth effects– Case reports of eye, skin irritationCase reports of eye, skin irritation– Death due to ingestion of large amountsDeath due to ingestion of large amounts– Experimental studies fail to show skin Experimental studies fail to show skin
irritationirritation
Mechanism of human toxicity Mechanism of human toxicity unknownunknown– Surfactant preservative?Surfactant preservative?
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5050
Chlorophenoxy HerbicidesChlorophenoxy Herbicides
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)(2,4,5-T)– Derived from tetrachlorobenzeneDerived from tetrachlorobenzene
– Dioxin byproductsDioxin byproducts
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)(2,4-D)– Derived from phenolDerived from phenol
– Dioxin contaminants not present Dioxin contaminants not present
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5151
Chlorophenoxy HerbicidesChlorophenoxy Herbicides
AcuteAcute– CNS depressionCNS depression
– Skin, GI, mucous membrane irritationSkin, GI, mucous membrane irritation
– Renal failure, myopathyRenal failure, myopathy
ChronicChronic– Anemia, hepatic, renal effectsAnemia, hepatic, renal effects
– Tumor formation(?)Tumor formation(?)
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5252
Antimicrobials & DisinfectantsAntimicrobials & Disinfectants
Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite Isopropyl alcoholIsopropyl alcohol Gluteraldehyde, formaldehydeGluteraldehyde, formaldehyde MixturesMixtures
– NaOCl + HNaOCl + H++ => Cl => Cl22
– NaOCl + NHNaOCl + NH33=> NHCl=> NHCl22, NH, NH22ClCl
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5353
Chlorine Disinfectant MixturesChlorine Disinfectant Mixtures
ToxicityToxicity AcuteAcute
– Asthma exacerbation, Asthma exacerbation, bronchitis bronchitis
Chronic: Chronic: – RADSRADS
TreatmentTreatment– Oxygen, bronchodilatorsOxygen, bronchodilators
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5454
CaseCase
Custodian with Shortness of BreathCustodian with Shortness of Breath
29 year-old custodian with cough, sore 29 year-old custodian with cough, sore throat, shortness of breath after throat, shortness of breath after mixing bleach and ammoniamixing bleach and ammonia
Exam: Exam: – Cough, dyspnea, RR=36; Cough, dyspnea, RR=36; – Lungs: rales & wheezes; Lungs: rales & wheezes;
– OO22 saturation 94% on room air saturation 94% on room air
– PEFR 80% PEFR 80%
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5555
Miscellaneous PesticidesMiscellaneous Pesticides
Propargite (Omite)Propargite (Omite)
Diethyltoluamide Diethyltoluamide (DEET)(DEET)
CHCCH2
O
SO(CH3)3 C O
Propargite
CH3
CN
C2H5
C2H5
O
Diethyl toluamide
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5656
AcaricideAcaricide
Propargite Contact DermatitisPropargite Contact DermatitisSustained-release Sustained-release
propargitepropargite
Severe dermatitis Severe dermatitis with scarringwith scarring
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5757
SkinSkin– IrritationIrritation– Contact urticaria Contact urticaria
CNS CNS – Seizures, Seizures,
encephalopathy encephalopathy Children < 5 yearsChildren < 5 yearsHigh High
dose/concentrationsdose/concentrations
Insect Repellant Insect Repellant
DEET Acute ToxicityDEET Acute Toxicity
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5858
Acute Toxicity SummaryAcute Toxicity Summary
Organs most often affectedOrgans most often affected– SkinSkin– LungsLungs– CNSCNS
Severity greatest in developing Severity greatest in developing nationsnations
Exposures occur at work, home, etc.Exposures occur at work, home, etc. Prevention: regulation, substitutionPrevention: regulation, substitution