persuasive speaking. persuasive speech © 2011 cengage learning a speech the goal of which is to...

PERSUASIVE SPEAKING

Persuasive Speech

© 2011 Cengage Learning

A speech the goal of which is to

influence the attitudes, values,beliefs, or behavior of theaudience.

Three Focuses of Persuasion Question of Fact

Question of Value

Question of Policy

Question of Fact

This refers to something that we can know to be either true or false, but right now we can argue about it.

Question of Fact

Examples include historical controversy, predictions, or questions of existence.

Examples: "To persuade my audience that the Green Bay Packers will win the Superbowl."

"To persuade my audience that stocks will continue to rise."

"To persuade my audience that Oswald acted alone when assassinating President Kennedy."

"To persuade my audience that T.V. violence causes real world violence."

Question of Value

Here is where we argue something is right right or wrongor wrong, moral or immoralmoral or immoral, or better better or worse or worse than another thing.

Question of Value

Examples: "To persuade my audience that it is wrong

to drive over the speed limit." "To persuade my audience that Pepsi is

better than Coke." "To persuade my audience that it is better

to live together before marriage."

Question of Policy

Here is where we argue that some action should or should not be taken.

The form is always: "To persuade my audience that X should do Y."

All Question of Policy speeches need to have a thesis statement set up in this way

X = institution making change Y=change

Question of Policy

Examples: "To persuade my audience that the

government should socialize healthcare."

"To persuade my audience that PBSC should decrease tuition."

"To persuade my audience that they should donate blood."

Question of Policy

A Question of Policy aims for one of two things:

1. Passive Agreement Asking audience to agree with a policy in

which they need to take no direct action to do so

2. Personal Action Asking audience to agree with policy in

which immediate action needs to be taken on their part

Question of Policy

Passive Agreement Examples:

To persuade my audience that there should be tougher enforcement of laws to protect the victims of domestic abuse.

To persuade my audience that college athletes should not receive as many scholarships.

To persuade my audience that the federal government should impose a ban on all advertising for cigarettes and other tobacco products.

Question of Policy

Personal Action Examples:

To persuade my audience to participate in intramural athletics.

To persuade my audience to volunteer as literacy tutors.

To persuade my audience to vote in the next presidential election.

To persuade my audience to give blood through the Red Cross.

To persuade my audience to sign a petition for longer library hours.

Examples of Persuasive Goals


Persuasive Analysis and Structures Once you have chosen a topic, your next

task is to analyze it and prepare for your research.

You will use the traditional concepts that persuaders have used for centuries to argue for change in the status quo.

Persuasive Analysis and Structure Status Quo – what currently exists

Arguing that only men and women should be able to get married is not against the status quo. Need to change it to legislation should be put into

place that bans states from allowing same sex marriage

Cannot argue that we need to leave AfghanistanMust change argument to reverse course and

continue to stay

What Question is This?

It is better to not be abstinent before marriage

Palm Beach State should increase funding for clubs

All students should donate blood at least once

The U.S. should legalize marijuana

The death penalty is morally wrong

Everyone should make a Facebook page

Topics

Remember the same components apply: Must consider relevancy

Is this an issue that is current and needs to be resolved?

Must consider audience Does this affect them?

Must consider assignment Am I clearly taking a persuasive stance? Is there enough material to speak on this topic Will it be something both my audience and I will

be interested in?

Topics

Due to the fact that certain topics are either overdone or spark to much controversy these topics cannot be done: Abortion Legalization of Marijuana Prostitution Lowering the Drinking Age Same Sex Marriage

The Elaboration Likelihood Model


Which Route?


The choice of the central or peripheral

route depends on how important we

perceive the issue to be.

ELM and Attitudes


Central processing tends to create attitudes that are less likely to change.

Peripheral processing creates attitudes that are more likely to change.

ELM and Attitudes


Process information in two ways1. Central route: more intense,

time-consuming, and mentally challenging

2. Peripheral route: a shortcut that relies on simple cues

ELM and Attitudes


Characteristics of central route processing If the issue is more important to us, we

take the central route We are less likely to change our minds

when we form attitudes as a result of central route processing, as beliefs are more strongly held

Persuaded by sound reasons and critical analysis

ELM and Attitudes


Characteristics of peripheral route processing If the issue is less important to us,

we take the peripheral route We are less committed to attitudes

formed using the peripheral route Persuaded by more emotional

appeal coming from a credible source

Proposition


Consider writing persuasive speech goals as propositions

A declarative sentence that clearly indicates the speaker’s position on the topic

Tailoring Propositions


Opposed audience – seek incremental change.

Neutral audience Uninformed – provide basic arguments Impartial – provide more elaborate

arguments. Apathetic – find ways to

personalize the topic In favor – reinforce and strengthen beliefs.

Types of Arguments

1.Example2.Analogy3.Causation

Types of Arguments


Arguing from example: “Tom studies and got an A.”

Were enough instances cited so that listeners understand that they are not isolated or handpicked examples? Were the instances typical and representative? Are the negative instances really atypical?

Types of Arguments


Arguing from analogy:“Kids who watch violent programs on TV are more aggressive than kids who don’t.”

Are the subjects really comparable ?Are any of the ways that the subjects are dissimilar important to the conclusion?

Types of Arguments


Arguing from causation: “Fewer Americans are buying homes this year because of high unemployment.”Are the events alone enough to cause the stated effect?Do other events accompanying the events cited actually cause the effect?Is the relationship between causal events and effect consistent? If the answer to one of these questions is “No,” the reasoning is not sound.

Negative Emotions


Negative emotions are disquieting and force the audience to look for ways to eliminate the discomfort. Example: One out of every three

Americans age 18 and older has high blood pressure. Look at the person on your right; look at the person on your left. If they don’t get it, chances are you will.

Positive Emotions


Negative emotions will lead audience to look for ways to sustain that feeling.

Imagine you are an Olympian who has won your event and now stands on the podium with a medal around your neck

as they play your national anthem.

Increasing Credibility


Motivating the Audience


Motivation – forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior. Incentives – a reward promised if a particular action is taken or goal is reached.

Meeting Needs


When you can tie the incentives that accompany your proposal with unmet audience needs, you increase the likelihood that the audience will take the action you are proposing.

Maslow’s Hierarchy


Patterns for Persuasive Speeches


Organizing Patterns


Statement of reasons – attempts to prove propositions of facts by presenting the best supported reasons in a meaningful order.

LO7

Organizing Patterns


Problem-solution – attempts to argue that a particular problem can be solved by implementing the recommended solution.

Problem-cause-solution – similar to problem-solution pattern, but has a main point about the causes of the problem.

Motivated sequence – combines pattern-solution pattern with explicit appeals designed to motivate the audience to act.

LO7

Patterns of Organization

Question of Policy: Personal Action Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

Five Parts: 1. Attention2. Need3. Satisfaction4. Visualization5. Action only three main points.

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence1. Attention: Create a narrative that

illustrates the problem2. Need: Illustrate and prove the problem3. Satisfaction: Plan to solve problem

(what audience has to do)4. Visualization: Go back to narrative and

change the story to reflect your audience taking on the plan

5. Action: Tell your audience how they can take on the plan

Five Steps

ATTENTION In the Introduction use the scenario of a heart

attack NEED:

I. We have a problem with heart disease and heart failure in America. A. Every year thousands of Americans die from heart

attacks. B. Only a small part of the population knows how to save

someone who is suffering from a heart attack. SATISFACTION:

II. If more people were trained in CPR more lives could be saved. A. You can get trained in CPR by attending a Red Cross

class. B. You can get trained in CPR here on campus.

Five Steps

VISUALIZATION: III. Once you are trained in CPR, you can

save a life. A. Let's look again at the opening scenario. B. Statistics show that communities that have a large

percentage of the population CPR certified have lower rates of death from heart attacks.

ACTION: In the conclusion

Call to the audience to get trained in CPR Sign up for classes

PERSUASIVE SPEAKING

Rhetorical Situation

Speaker

AudienceMessage

The Medium is the Message

a phrase coined by Marshall McLuhan meaning that the form of a medium embeds itself in the message, creating a symbiotic relationship by which the medium influences how the message is perceived.

A message is effected by How something is being stated the approach of the speaker the ethos of the speaker the relationship the speaker has with the

audience

Medium

Example: If Rush Limbaugh was speaking to a crowd of staunch democrats, would anyone really listen?

You need to remember who you are speaking to and how the audience feels about your topic.

Developing an Effective Persuasive Message: CRAB

√ CCreate a bond with audience by establishing commonality

√ RRecognize that not everyone agrees with your position

√ AAcknowledge issues the audience may have with your position

√ BBe respectful of the position switch

Applying CRAB

Issue: Healthcare/Unions C : Create bond R: Recognize Disagreement A: Acknowledge Issues B : Be Respectful

Applying CRAB

Issue: Religious organizations to cover contraceptives

C : Create bond R: Recognize Disagreement A: Acknowledge Issues B : Be Respectful

Would You Rather . . . ?

You and your partner will be given two different worst case scenarios

Each of you will pick a side and then come up with a short impromptu speech that convinces the audience that your option is better

Make sure to use one of the three types of arguments:1. Example2. Analogy3. Causation


1. Have your child’s guidance counselor be Paula Abdul OR Simon Cowell?

2. Walk like a runway model all the time OR

automatically revert to jazz hands every time your hands are not in use?

3. Have Twizzlers for hairOR

Sharpie markers for fingers?


4. Have permanently lathered hair OR

only be able to move around by moon walking

5. Be compelled to sign off every phone conversation with “Ain’t no thang”

ORInvariably tag on “My Liege” at the end of

every sentence?


6. A suit made of armor OR

clothes made of saran wrap?7. Always have to wear the clothes of an 80

year oldOR

an 8 year old?8. Only hear words spoken by women

ORBy men?


9. Spend an 18 hour car ride with Spencer from the Hills OR

Richard Simmons10. Spend an 18 hour car ride with Dr. Phil

OR Britney Spears

10. Be forces to cough “boring” during a wedding OR

wear an oversized hockey jersey and a foam “number 1” hand to a funeral


10. Would you rather live in Phantom of the Opera OR

High School Musical?

11. All presidential debates be conducted via battle rap

OR

via ultimate fighting?

12. Be judged by Project Runway judges every morning before you leave for work

OR

Have every meal you make judged by the judges on Top Chef?


12. Be Lady Gaga OR Be Marilyn Manson

13. Be Ozzy Osbourne OR Be Justin Bieber

14. Be a boy OR Be a girl

POP QUIZ

Rules Each team that gets a question right

wins one point If a team cannot answer the question

the first team that raises their hand gets to answer the question

The question can be stolen by any team until it is answered correctly

The team that wins gets 3 extra credit points on the next speech and gets first choice of their speech timeslot

Question 1

What are the three questions of persuasion?

Question 2

What is question of value?

Question 3

What is question of policy?

Question 4

What are a speakers two options (when considering the audience) for question of policy?

Question 5

What type of speech structure is ALWAYS used for personal action?

Question 6

What are the steps of Monroe’s Motivated Sequence?

Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action

Question 7

What are the two routes one can used when persuading?

Question 8

Name the different types of audiences you will encounter when giving a persuasive speech?

Question 9

What are the three methods for creating an argument?

Round Two

In this section you will be given an actual student example topic

Need to identify good and/or bad aspects Does the structure match? Is the topic

creative? Specific? Clear? Something the audience already knows about? Is it even a persuasive topic?

Topic: Television being a positive influence on children? Type: Personal Action Pattern of Organization: Problem solution

Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience that television can be a positive influence on children.

Central Idea: Many people question television as being a bad influence on children, but by providing examples and studies of children learning from television it may change peoples idea.

.

Topic: Gun Control Type: Question of Policy/Personal Action Pattern of Organization: Monroe’s

Motivated Sequence Specific Purpose: To persuade my

audience that a nationwide right to possession law would actually lower the crime rate and help the country

Central Idea: That people should recognize the need for nationwide gun control.

Topic: Lower the Drinking Age to 18 Type: Question of Policy à Personal

Action Pattern of Organization: Monroe’s

Motivated Sequence

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that the drinking age should be lowered to 18.

Central Idea: We can solve this dilemma through active protesting and showing a great distaste for the current policy.

Topic: Sport enhancing drugs should be legalized Type: Question of Policy- Passive Agreement Pattern of Organization- Problem/Cause agreement

Specific Purpose- To persuade my audience that performing enhancing drugs should be legalized because from a medical standpoint, they aren’t as bad as the media perceives

Central Idea- The news and media claim that anabolic steroids are bad for people, but just like any drug, it’s only bad when it is misused. Studies show that anabolic steroids are used for medical conditions like HIV, hormone deficiencies, and cancer.

Topic: Wearing Seat Belts Type: Question of Policy à Personal Action Pattern of Organization: Problem Solution

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that they should wear seat belts when driving or riding in a car with someone.

Central Idea: We can save a lot more life’s in accidents by simply using or wearing a seat belt when you are out on the road.

Topic: It is not a good idea to live together before marriage. Type: Question of Value Pattern of Organization: Monroe’s

Motivated Sequence

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that it is worse to live together before marriage.

Central Idea: The probability of living together before marriage and actually getting married after living together is very low.

Outline Workshop

If you cannot answer the question, or the answer is no, then list how to fix the problem. What is the question? Is the question

appropriate? Is it in the form of a declaration? Is the

declaration narrow and focused? Has relevancy been established? Does the

speech establish ethos? Does the speech implement CRAB? Is the topic appropriately persuasive and clear? Is the correct organizational format used? Is the

format followed correctly?

Outline Workshop

Are transitions listed? What are they? Do the points relate to the argument? Are the points backed up? Is there enough research? Is the research credible? Is it verbally cited? Does the speech prove its argument? How

or how not? What are the major issues in this speech? What is your overall impression of this

speech?

persuasive speaking. persuasive speech © 2011 cengage learning a speech the goal of which is to...

Documents

question of factexamples

question of valuehere

question of valueexamples

question of policyhere

question of policy speeches

cengage learningthree

change y

cengage learninga speech