personal and professional growth and development

8/7/2019 Personal and Professional Growth and Development

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I . PE RSON A L A N D PROFE SS ION A L GROWTH A N D D E V E L OPMEN Ta . H i st o r i ca l Pe rsp e ct i v e s i n Nu rs i n g

Th e Ph i l ip p in e N u rs es A s s oc ia t ion (PN A ) es t a b l i s h ed in 1922 w a s

resp on s ib le in lob b y in g ou r govern men t for t h e a d op t ion o f t h erec ommen d a t ion s ma d e b y t h e In t ern a t ion a l L a b or Orga n iza t ion

in 1977 w it h rega rd t h e s t a t u s o f t h e ec on omic a n d s oc ia l w el fa re

of ou r n u rs in g p erson n el . Th e Profess ion a l Regu la t ion C ommiss ion

of t h e Ph i l ip p in es d u ly rec ogn izes t h e PN A a s t h e lea d in g

A ssoc ia t ion o f n u rs es in t h e c ou n t ry . I n 1924, i t p u b l i sh ed a

s t a n d a rd ized c u rr ic u lu m for s c h oo ls o f n u rs in g t o a d op t .

Th e fo l low in g w ere t h e f i r s t g rou p s in t eres t ed a n d reg is t ered w it h

t h e Ph i l ip p in e N u rses A s soc ia t ion (PN A ) , t o w i t :

A c a d emy of N u rs in g o f t h e P h i l ip p in es , In c . (A N PH I)

A c a d emy of N u rs in g o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es , In c . (A N PH I)

A ssoc ia t ion o f D ea n s & Pr in c ip a ls o f Sc h oo ls a n d C o l leges

of N u rs in g o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es (A D PSC N P)

A ssoc ia t ion o f N u rs in g A d min is t ra t ors o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es

( A N SA P)

A ssoc ia t ion o f Pr iva t e D u t y N u rs e Pra c t i t ion ers o f t h e

Ph i l ip p in es (A PD N PP)

C r i t i c a l C a re N u rses A s s oc ia t ion o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es

(C C N A P)

C a t h o l ic N u rses Gu i ld o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es (C GN P) Gold en A ge N u rs es A s s oc ia t ion (GA N A )

Min is t ry o f H ea l t h N a t ion a l L ea gue of N u rses (MH N L N )

Oc c u p a t ion a l H ea l t h N u rses A ssoc ia t ion o f t h e Ph i l ip p ines

(OH N A P)

Op era t in g Room N u rs es A s soc ia t ion o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es

(ORN A P)

Ph i l ip p in e N u rs e Mid w ifery Soc iet y

Ph i l ip p in e N u rs in g S t u d en t s A s s oc ia t ion (PN SA )

Ph i l ip p in e Ort h op ed ic N u rses Soc iet y

Psyc h ia t r ic N u rs in g Sp ec ia l i s t s Fou n d a t ion o f t h e

Ph i l ip p in es , In c . (PN S I )

Ph i l ip p in e Sc h oo l N u rs es A s s oc ia t ion (PSN A )

Th e fo l low in g a re t h e la t er memb ers o f t h e PN A :


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A ssoc ia t ion o f D ia b et es N u rs e E d u c a t ors o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es

(A D N E P)

A ssoc ia t ion o f D ia b et es N u rs e E d u c a t ors o f t h ePh i l ip p in es (A D N E P)

Gra d u a t e N u rses C h r is t ia n Fe l low s h ip (GN C F)

In t egra t ed N u rses A ssoc ia t ion o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es ( IRN UP)

N a t ion a l L ea gu e of Ph i l ip p in e Govern men t N u rses

(N L PGN )

Ma t ern a l a n d C h i ld N u rs es A s s oc ia t ion o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es

(MC N A P)

Mil i t a ry N u rses A ssoc ia t ion o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es (MN A P)

Ph i l ip p in e On c o logy N u rs es A s s oc ia t ion (PON A )

Ph i l ip p in e Ort h op ed ic N u rs es Soc iet y (PON S)

T I M ELI N E I N T H E N URS I N G H I S T O RY :

y In t h e ea r ly d a w n of h u ma n h is t ory , d i sea ses or i l ln ess w ereoft en re la t ed t o s u p ers t i t iou s b e l ie fs a n d t h e t rea t men t a l so

oft en in vo lved ma g ic a l c u res .

y Th e Su mer ia n C iv i l i za t ion i s b e l ieved t o h a ve rec ord ed in ac la y- t a b let 4 ,000 yea rs a go some h ea l in g p resc r ip t ion s b u t

d id n ot sp ec i fy t h e i l ln esses .

y Th e C od e of H a mmu ra b i t ra c ea b le t o t h e B a b y lon ia n emp irein 1900 B C d oc u men t ed regu la t ion s p er t a in in g t o s a n i t a t ion

a n d p u b l ic h ea l t h , t h e p ra c t ic e o f s u rgery , d i f feren t ia t ion in

t h e p ra c t ic e o f h u ma n a ga in s t vet er in a ry med ic in e , a t a b le

of fees for op era t ion s a n d p en a l t ies for v io la t ion o f t h e

c od e. D u r in g t h es e ea r ly d a ys , n u rs in g p ra c t ic e w a s va gu ely

d esc r ib ed a s t h os e w h o ren d er c omfort a n d s u p p ort t o

p a t ien t . In t h e O ld Test a men t , i t ma d e men t ion of w omen a s

n u rses w h o p rov id ed c a re for in fa n t s a n d c h i ld ren , t h e s ic ka n d d y in g

y Th e Greek a n d Roma n emp ires re la t ed t h e c a re o f t h e s ic ka n d t h ose in ju red t o t h e myt h o log ies t h a t t h ey h a ve c rea t ed

a n d b e l ieved t h a t t h e god s a n d god d es s es p os ses sed sp ec ia l

h ea l in g p ow ers . H yge ia , d a u gh t er o f Greek god A sk lep ios ,


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t h e c h ief h ea ler , w a s revered t o b e t h e emb od imen t o f t h e

n u rse .

y A n c ien t In d ia N u rs in g fu n c t ion s w ere b e in g c a r r ied ou t b yma le n u rses p rov id ed t h ey meet t h e fou r q u a l i f i c a t ion s :

1 . k n ow led ge of t h e ma n n er in w h ic h d ru gs sh ou ld b e

p rep a red for a d min is t ra t ion2. c levern ess

3 . d evot ed n es s t o t h e p a t ien t

4 . p u r i t y o f min d a n d b od y

y C h r is t ia n B en evo len c e- love t h y n e igh b or a s t h yse l f h a d as ign i f i c a n t imp a c t on t h e d eve lop men t o f Wes t ern N u rs in g .

y Th e p r in c ip le o f Good Sa ma r i t a n i s t h e b a s is o f c a r in g formost C h r i s t ia n s t h a t even t u a l ly la id d ow n s ome p r in c ip les o f

nurs ing.

y D u r in g t h e t ime of t h e Roma n E mp ire , r i c h ma t ron s su c h a sFa b io la u sed t h e i r w ea l t h t o p rov id e h ou s es o f c a re a n d

h ea l in g t h a t served a s t h e ea r ly h os p i t a l s for t h e p oor , s i c k

a n d t h e h omeles s .

y Th e T ime of C ru s a d es ( H o ly miss ion or p i lg r im t o rega in t h eH oly la n d b y t h e C h r is t ia n s ) , k n igh t s w ere t ra in ed t o

p rov id e c a re for t h e w ou n d ed so ld iers in t h e b a t t le t h is i s

p erh a p s t h e ea r l ies t rec ogn i t ion o f men p rov id in g n u rs in g

c a re .

y C a mi l lu s D e L e l l i s c on s id ered t h e p a t ron sa in t o f n u rsesw a s t h e fou n d er o f t h e N u rs in g Ord er o f t h e Min is t r ies w h o

p rov id ed c a re t o t h e s ic k a n d t h e p oor .

y F loren c e N igt h a n g le b orn f rom a w ea l t h y fa mi ly c h ose t od ed ic a t e h er l i fe in p rov id in g c a re for t h e s ic k a n d in ju red

esp ec ia l ly d u r in g t h e C r imea n Wa r . Sh e a lso s t a r t ed a sc h oo l

t o t ra in n u rses in 1860, w h ic h even t u a l ly sp a rk ed t h e

d eve lop men t o f Mod ern N u rs in g .y

N URS I N G A S A P RO F ES S I O N

P r o f e s s i o n - a n oc c u p a t ion or c a l l in g req u ir in g a d va n c ed t ra in in g

a n d ex p er ien c e in s ome sp ec i f i c or sp ec ia l i zed b od y of k n ow led ge

w h ic h p rov id es serv ic e t o s oc iet y in t h a t sp ec ia l f ie ld .

y I t i s a c a l l in g t h a t req u i res sp ec ia l k n ow led ge, sk i l l a n dp rep a ra t ion .

y a c a l l in g in w h ic h i t s memb ers p rofess t o h a ve a c q u iredsp ec ia l k n ow led ge, b y t ra in in g or b y ex p er ien c e or b y b ot h ,

so t h a t t h ey ma y gu id e or a d v ic e or s erve ot h ers in t h a t

sp ec ia l f ie ld .

A p rofess ion i s gen era l ly d i s t in gu ish ed f rom ot h er k in d s o f


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oc c u p a t ion s/voc at ion s b y :

1 . Req u iremen t o f p ro lon ged , s p ec ia l i zed t ra in in g t o a c q u i re a

b od y of k n ow led ge p ert in en t t o t h e ro le t o b e p er formed u su a l ly

en t ru st ed t o h igh er ed u c a t ion .

2 . A n or ien t a t ion o f t h e in d iv id u a l t ow a rd s erv ic e , e i t h er t o a

c ommu n it y or t o a n orga n iza t ion.3 . Th e memb ers mu st b e u n i t ed a n d id en t i f ied t h rou gh t h e i r

memb ersh ip a n d t h ey mu st b e c lea r ly sep a ra t ed f rom t h e

la yp eop le or t h e ord in a ry c on grega t ion s .

4 . Th e soc iet y w h ic h i t in t en d s t o s erve h a s a n in d is p en s a b le n eed

for su c h serv ic es a n d w h ic h ot h ers c a n n ot p rov id e a n d t h e soc iet y

a c c ep t s i t .

5 . Th e t ec h n iq u es or sk i l l s a p p l ied a re t h e p rod u c t o f

sc ien t i f i c a l ly p roven a n d lon g ex p er ien c e.

6 . Req u iremen t t o ex erc is e d isc ret ion a n d ju d gmen t a s t o t h e

t ime a n d ma n n er o f t h e p er forma n c e of t h e d u t y .

7 . Th e p resen c e of c ommon va lu es , c u l t u res , a n d n orms u n iq u ely

fou n d a mon g i t s memb ers w h ic h a re a l s o b e in g gu id ed b y i t s ow n

c od e of et h ic s .

8 . Th e a b i l i t y t o c on t in u e i t s res ea rc h t o ex p a n d c on s t a n t ly i t s

b od y of k n ow led ge.Cha r a c t e r is t i c s o f a p r o f e s s i o n :

1 . A u t on omy ( in d ep en d en c e a n d se l f -govern a n c e) t h e a b i l i t yt o c h a rt or c a rve i t s ow n d es t in y in d ep en d en t f rom ot h ers .

2 . A u t h or i t y p oss ess ion o f h igh ly a d va n c ed a n d c omp et en tsk i l l s /ma st ery o f s u c h k n ow led ge a n d s k i l l s n ot a va i la b le t o

t h e gen era l p u b l ic .3 . A c c ou n t a b i l i t y resp on s ib i l i t y/ l ia b i l i t y t o ow n u p i t s

a c t ion s .

N u r s i n g - i s p r ima r i ly a ss i s t in g t h e in d iv id u a l ( s i c k or w el l ) in t h e

p er forma n c e of t h ose a c t iv i t ies c on t r ib u t in g t o h ea l t h , or i t s

rec overy (or t o a p ea c efu l d ea t h ) t h a t h e w ou ld p er form u n a id ed

i f h e h a d t h e n ec es s a ry s t ren gt h , w i l l , o r k n ow led ge. I t i s l i k ew ise

t h e u n iq u e c on t r ib u t ion o f n u rs in g t o h e lp in d iv id u a l t o b e

in d ep en d en t o f s u c h a ss i s t a n c e a s soon a s p oss ib le . (V i rg in ia

H en d erson , 1958; 1978)

N u rs in g i s p u t t in g t h e p a t ien t in t h e b es t c on d i t ion for n a t u re t oa c t . Th is d esc r ip t ion /d ef in i t ion w a s g iven b y F loren c e

N igh t a n g le , d u b b ed a s t h e f i r s t n u rs in g t h eor is t . Sh e ma d e u se o f

t h e en v i ron men t ( c lea n a n d h ea l t h y s u rrou n d in g) in t h e rec overy

of a n i l l p a t ien t .

N u rs in g- i s t h e d ia gn os is a n d t rea t men t o f h u ma n res p on ses t o

a c t u a l a n d p ot en t ia l h ea l t h p rob lems (A N A ) .


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y Th e c ommon foc u s o f n u rs in g i s t h e n eed t o p rov id eh u ma n is t ic a n d h o l i s t i c c a re t h a t in c lu d es t h e fou r a rea s

re la t ed t o h ea l t h :

1 . H ea l t h Promot ion

2. H ea l t h Ma in t en a n c e

3. H ea l t h Rest ora t ion4. C a re o f t h e D y in g

R A 9 1 7 3 o r the Ph i l i p p i n e N u r s i n g A c t o f 2 0 0 2 g ives t h e mea n in g o f

n u rs in g p ra c t ic e t h rou gh t h e fo l low in g :

-a lon e or in c o l la b ora t ion w it h a n ot h er , in i t ia t es a n d p er forms

n u rs in g serv ic es t o in d iv id u a ls , fa mi l ies a n d c ommu n it ies in a n y

h ea l t h c a re set t in g t h a t in c lu d es :

1 . n u rs in g c a re d u r in g c on c ep t ion , la b or , d e l ivery ,

c h i ld h ood , a d u l t h ood a n d o ld a ge

2. , p romot ion of h ea l t h a n d p reven t ion o f i l ln es s .

3 . c o l la b ora t ion w it h ot h er h ea l t h c a re p rov id ers for t h e

c u ra t ive , p reven t ive , a n d reh a b i l i t a t ive a sp ec t s o f c a res ,

res t ora t ion o f h ea l t h , a l lev ia t ion o f s u f fer in g a n d w h en rec overy

is n ot p oss ib le t ow a rd s a p ea c efu l d ea t h .

N u rs in g Pra c t ic e c overs t h e t h ree a rea s o f n u rs in g , n a mely :

n u rs in g ed u c a t ion , n u rs in g s erv ic e , a n d c ommu n it y h ea l t h n u rs in g

(Ru le 1 Sec t . 3 (d ) IRR RA 9173) .

P r o f e s s i o n a l N u r s e a p erson w h os e n a me a n d

reg is t ra t ion /p rofess ion a l l i c en se n u mb er i s en t ered in t h e

C ommiss ion s reg is t ry b ook a n d c omp u t er ized d a t a b a s e a s lega l ly

a u t h or ized t o p ra c t ic e t h e n u rs in g p rofes s ion (Ru le 1 Sec t . 3 (e )

IRR RA 9173) .Pra c t ic in g Profess ion a l N u rs e- a p ers on w h o i s en ga ged in t h e

p ra c t ic e o f n u rs in g p rofes s ion or i s p er formin g a c t s or a c t iv i t ies ,

w h et h er regu la r ly or oc c a s ion a l ly , in c lu d in g on e w h o i s emp loyed

in a govern men t o f f i c e or in a p r iva t e f i rm, c omp a n y or

c orp ora t ion w h os e d u t ies req u i re k n ow led ge a n d a p p l ic a t ion o f

t h e n u rs in g p rofes s ion (Ru le 1 Sec t . 3 ( f ) I RR RA 9173) .

Fore ign Profess ion a l N u rses fore ign n a t ion a ls w h o, b e in g

l i c en sed p rofess ion a l n u rses in t h e i r ow n c ou n t r ies , a re

a u t h or ized b y ex is t in g la w s t o p ra c t ic e t h e i r p rofes s ion e i t h er a s

h o ld ers o f a c er t i f i c a t e o f reg is t ra t ion a n d p rofess ion a lid en t i f i c a t ion c a rd or a s p ec ia l / t emp ora ry p ermit in t h e

Ph i l ip p in es su b jec t t o s ome p rov is ion s o f RA 9173 (Ru le 1 Sec t . 3

(g ) IRR RA 9173) .

N u rs in g Sp ec ia l t y Progra m a t ra in in g a n d d eve lop men t p rogra m

in t en d ed t o d eve lop /en h a n c e t h e sk i l l s , t o w h ic h a reg is t ered

n u rse d evot es h ims e l f /h ers e l f w h et h er a s a voc a t ion or


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p rofess ion t o en a b le h im/h er t o p rov id e n u rs in g s erv ic e in

sp ec i f i c a rea s in a c c ord a n c e w it h t h e et h ic s o f t h e p rofes s ion a n d

a p p l ic a b le la w .

T H EO RET I CA L F O UN D A T I O N O F N URS I N G A P P L I ED I N H EA LT H CA R E

S I T UA T I O N S P ur pose s of N ur s ing The or ie s a nd Conc e ptua l F r a m e wor k s ( Koz ier et

a l . ,45)

y Prov id e d i rec t ion a n d gu id a n c e for :a . s t ru c t u r in g p rofess ion a l n u rs in g p ra c t ic e , ed u c a t ion

a n d res ea rc h

b. D if feren t ia t in g t h e foc u s o f n u rs in g f rom ot h er

p rofess ion s .

y A ss is t n u rses t o d es c r ib e , ex p la in a n d p red ic t everyd a yex p er ien c es .

y Serves t o gu id e a sses s men t , in t erven t ion , a n d eva lu a t ion o f n u rs in g c a re

y Prov id e a ra t ion a le for c o l lec t in g re l ia b le a n d va l id d a t aa b ou t t h e h ea l t h s t a t u s o f c l ien t s , w h ic h a re ess en t ia l for

ef fec t ive d ec is ion ma k in g a n d imp lemen t a t ion .

y H elp t o es t a b l i sh c r i t er ia t o mea su re t h e q u a l i t y o f n u rs in gc a re

y H elp b u i ld a c ommon n u rs in g t ermin o logy t o u se inc ommu n ic a t in g w i t h ot h er h ea l t h p rofes s ion a ls . Id ea s a re

d eve lop ed a n d w ork s d e f in ed .

y E n h a n c e a u t on omy ( in d ep en d en c e a n d s e l f -govern a n c e) o f n u rs in g t h rou gh d ef in in g i t s ow n in d ep en d en t fu n c t ion s .

y Prov id e a gen era l foc u s for c u rr ic u lu m d es igny Gu id e c u rr ic u la r d ec is ion ma k in gy Offer f ra mew ork for gen era t in g k n ow led ge a n d n ew id ea sy A ss is t in d is c over in g k n ow led ge ga p s in t h e s p ec i f i c f ie ld o f

s t u d y

y Offer a sys t ema t ic a p p roa c h t o id en t i fy q u est ion s f or s t u d y ,se lec t va r ia b les , in t erp ret f in d in gs , a n d va l id a t e n u rs in g

in t erven t ion s

Co n c e p t s a re a b s t ra c t id ea s or men t a l ima ges o f p h en omen a or

rea l i t y . I t c a n b e c on c ret e id ea s t h a t c a n b e men t a l ly p ic t u red

(eg . C a rs , c e l lp h on es , h ou se) ; or i t c a n b e a b s t ra c t id ea s (eg .

Pow er lessn ess , a d a p t a t ion , n u rs in g ) .

N u rs in g t h eor ies a d d resses t h e fo l low in g fou r m a jor c on c ep t s :

1 . Person or c l ien t2 . E n v i ron men t3 . H ea l t h / i l ln ess


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4. N u rs in gConc e ptua l F r a m e wor k grou p of re la t ed c on c ep t s . I t c a n a lso b e

v iew ed a s a n u mb re l la u n d er w h ic h ma n y t h eor ies c a n ex is t

(C res ia & Pa rk er 1991,p 7) .

Conc e ptua l M ode l - i s a sys t em of re la t ed c on c ep t s or a c on c ep t u a l

d ia gra m.M o d e l - gra p h ic i l lu s t ra t ion o f re la t ion s hip s .

The o r y - i s made up of concepts and proposit ions; however, a

t h eory a c c ou n t s for p h en omen a w it h mu c h grea t er sp ec i f i c i t y .G EN ERA L T H EO RI ES I N N URS I N G

N igh t a n g l e s E n v i r o n m e n t a l the or y F loren c e N igh t a n g le , t h e

mot h er o f mod ern n u rs in g esp ou sed h er t h eory foc u s in g on t h e

en v i ron men t . Sh e l in k ed h ea l t h w i t h f ive en v i ron men t a l fa c t ors :

1 . p u re or f res h a i r2 . p u re w a t er3 . ef f ic ien t d ra in a ge4. c lea n l in ess5 . l i gh t

H e n d e r s on s D e f i n i t i o n o f N u r s i n g - Th e d ef in i t ion o f n u rs in g g iven b y

V irg in ia H en d erson in 1955 b ec a me a mi les t on e in t h e

d eve lop men t o f n u rs in g a s d isc ip l in e a p a rt f rom med ic in e . Th e

foc u s on h er N u rs in g C on c ep t i s t o h e lp in d iv id u a ls a n d fa mi l ies

ga in in d ep en d en c e in meet in g t h e 14 fu n d a men t a l n eed s ;

1 . B rea t h in g n orma l ly2 . E a t in g a n d d r in k in g a d eq u a t e ly3 . E l imin a t in g b od y w a st es4 . Movin g a n d ma in t a in in g d es i ra b le p os i t ion5. S leep in g a n d res t in g6 . Se lec t in g su i t a b le c lot h es7 . Ma in t a in in g b od y t emp era t u re w it h in n orma l ra n ge b y

a d ju st in g c lot h in g a n d mod i fy in g t h e en v i ron men t

8 . Keep in g t h e b od y c lea n a n d w el l -g roomed t o p rot ec t t h ein t egu men t

9 . A void in g d a n gers in t h e en v i ron men t a n d a vo id in g in ju r in got h ers

(10)C ommu n ic a t in g w i t h ot h ers in ex p ress in g emot ion s , n eed s ,

fea rs , or op in ion s(11)Worsh ip p in g a c c ord in g t o on es fa i t h

(12) Work in g in s u c h a w a y t h a t on e fee ls a s en se o f

a c c omp l i sh men t

(13) P la y in g or p a r t ic ip a t in g in va r iou s forms of rec rea t ion

(14) L ea rn in g , d i sc over in g , or s a t i s fy in g t h e c u r ios i t y t h a t lea d s t o

n orma l d eve lop men t a n d h ea l t h , a n d u s in g a va i la b le h ea l t h


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fa c i l i t ies .

R o g e r s s S c i e n c e o f U n i t a r y H u m a n B e i n g s - Ma rt h a Rogers v iew s t h e

p erson a s a n i r red u c ib le w h ole , t h e w h ole b e in g grea t er t h a n t h e

su m of i t s p a r t s . H er Key c on c ep t s in d esc r ib in g t h e in d iv id u a l a re

en ergy f ie ld s , op en n es s , p a t t ern a n d orga n iza t ion , a n d

mu lt id imen s ion a l i t y . Sh e d es c r ib ed t h e Un i t a ry Ma n a s :1 . I r red u c ib le , fou r -d imen s ion a l en ergy f ie ld id en t i f ied b y

p a t t ern .

2 . Ma n ifes t in g c h a ra c t er i s t i c s d i f feren t f rom t h e su m of t h ep a rt s

3 . In t era c t s c on t in u ou s ly a n d c rea t ive ly w i t h t h e en v i ron men t4 . B eh a v in g a s a t ot a l i t y5 . Pa rt ic ip a t in g c rea t ive ly in c h a n ge

O r e m s S e l f Ca r e D e f ic i t The or y Dorothy Orem developed the sel f -

c a re d ef ic i t t h eory t h a t in c lu d es se l f -c a re , se l f -c a re d ef ic i t a n d

n u rs in g sys t em. Sh e b e l ieved t h a t t h e se l f -c a re o f t h e in d iv id u a ls

a n d t h e se l f -c a re o f d ep en d en t s a re lea rn ed b eh a v iors t h a t

in d iv id u a ls in i t ia t e a n d p er form on t h e i r ow n b eh a l f t o ma in t a in

l i fe , h ea l t h , a n d w el l -b e in g . A c c ord in g t o Rogers , t h ere a re t h ree

k in d s o f se l f -c a re req u is i t es :

1 . Un iversa l req u is i t es ( c ommon t o everyb od y l ik ema in t en a n c e of a i r , w a t er et c )

2 . D evelop men t a l req u is i t es3 . H ea l t h d ev ia t ion req u is i t es

R o y s A d a p t a t i o n M o d e l S is t er C a l l i s t a Roy foc u s es on t h e

in d iv id u a l a s a b iop h ys ic a l a d a p t ive s ys t em. B ot h t h e in d iv id u a l

a n d t h e en v i ron men t a re sou rc es o f s t imu l i t h a t req u i remod i f i c a t ion t o p romot e a d a p t a t ion , a n on go in g p u rp os ive

resp on se. Roy id en t i f ied t h ree c la s s es o f s t imu l i :

1 . Foc a l S t imu lu s : t h e in t ern a l or ex t ern a l s t imu lu s mostimmed ia t e ly c on fron t in g t h e p ers on a n d c on fron t in g t h e

b eh a v ior .

2 . C on t ex t u a l s t imu l i : a l l o t h er in t ern a l or ex t ern a l s t imu l ip resen t

3 . Res id u a l S t imu l i : b e l ie fs , a t t i t u d es , or t ra i t s h a v in g a nin t ermed ia t e ef fec t on t h e p ers on s b eh a v ior b u t w h ose

ef fec t s a re n ot va l id a t ed .K i n g s G o a l A t t a i n m e n t The or y Imogen e K in g b a sed h er t h eory

f rom t h e c on c ep t u a l f ra mew ork o f t h ree d yn a mic in t era c t in g

sys t ems:

1 . p erson a l sys t em c on c ep t s : p erc ep t ion , se l f , b od y ima ge,grow t h a n d d eve lop men t , sp a c e a n d t ime

2. In t erp erson a l s ys t em c on c ep t s : in t era c t ion , c ommu n ic a t ion ,


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t ra n sa c t ion , ro le , a n d s t ress .

3 . Soc ia l sys t em c on c ep t s : orga n iza t ion , a u t h or i t y , p ow er ,s t a t u s , a n d d ec is ion ma k in g .

N e um a ns H e a l th Ca r e S yste m s M ode l B et t y N eu ma n v iew s t h e

c l ien t a s a n op en s ys t em c on s is t in g o f a b a s ic s t ru c t u re or c en t ra l

c ore o f en ergy res ou rc es (p h ys io log ic , p syc h o log ic , s oc ioc u l t u ra l ,d eve lop men t a l , a n d sp i r i t u a l ) su r rou n d ed b y t w o c on c en t r ic

b ou n d a r ies or r in gs refer red t o a s l in e s o f res i s t a n c e. Sh e

id en t i f ied in d iv id u a l s resp on se t o s t ress a n d t h e n u rs in g

in t erven t ion s t o b e c a r r ied ou t on t h ree p reven t ive leve ls :

1 . Pr ima ry p reven t ion2. Sec on d a ry p reven t ion3. Tert ia ry Preven t ion

John s o n s B eha v ior a l S yste m M ode l - D orot h y Joh n s on d ef in es a

sys t em a s a w h ole t h a t fu n c t ion s a s a w h ole b y v i r t u e o f t h e

in t erd ep en d en c e of i t s p a r t s . A b eh a v iora l sys t em is p a t t ern ed ,

rep et i t ive a n d p u rp osefu l . Joh n son s k ey c on c ep t s d es c r ib es t h e

in d iv id u a l a s a b eh a v iora l sys t em c omp os ed of s even s u b syst ems:

1 . a t t a c h men t -a f f i l ia t ive su b sys t em p rov id es su rv iva l a n dsec u r i t y .

2 . D ep en d en c y s u b s yst em p romot es h e lp in g b eh a v ior t h a t c a l l sfor a n u rt u r in g res p on s e.

3 . In gest ive sys t em s a t i s f ies a p p et i t e .4 . E l imin a t ive s u b s ys t em ex c ret es b od y w a st es .5 . Sex u a l su b sys t em fu n c t ion s d u a l ly for p roc rea t ion a n d

gra t i f i c a t ion .

6 . A c h ievemen t s u b sys t em a t t emp t s t o ma n ip u la t e t h een v i ron men t .

7 . A ggress ive su b s ys t em p rot ec t s a n d p res erves t h e s e l f a n dsoc iet y w i t h in t h e l imit s imp os ed b y t h e soc iet y .

P e p l a u s P s y cho d y n a m i c N u r s i n g The o r y - H i ld ega rd Pep la u in t rod u c ed

a n d d ef in ed p syc h od yn a mic n u rs in g a s u n d ers t a n d in g on es ow n

b eh a v ior t o h e lp ot h ers id en t i fy fe l t d i f f i c u l t ies a n d a p p ly in g

p r in c ip les o f h u ma n re la t ion s t o p rob lems a r i s in g d u r in g t h e

ex p er ien c e. Sh e a lso d es c r ib ed t h e n u rs e-p a t ien t re la t ion sh ip in

fou r p h a ses :

1 .

Or ien t a t ion p a t ien t s eek s h e lp a n d t h e n u rse a ss i s t sp a t ien t t o u n d ers t a n d t h e p rob lem a n d t h e ex t en t o f n eed

for h e lp .

2 . Id en t i f i c a t ion - p a t ien t a ssu mes a p os t u re o f d ep en d en c e,in t erd ep en d en c e, a n d in d ep en d en c e in re la t ion t o t h e n u rse

3 . E x p lo i t a t ion - p a t ien t u ses a va i la b le serv ic es on t h e b a s is o f se l f in t eres t a n d n eed s


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4. Reso lu t ion - o ld n eed s a n d goa ls a re p u t a s id e a n d n ew on esadopted.

L e i n i n g e r s T r a n s c u l t u r a l Ca r e The or y Ma d ele in e L e in in ger

est a b l i sh ed t h e t ra n s c u l t u ra l n u rs in g w h ic h s h e d ef in ed a s a

ma jor a rea o f n u rs in g t h a t foc u ses on c omp a ra t ive s t u d y a n d

a n a lys i s o f d i f feren t c u l t u res a n d s u b c u l t u res in t h e w or ld , w i t hresp ec t t o t h e i r :

1 . C a r in g b eh a v ior2 . N u rs in g c a re3 . H ea l t h va lu es4 . B el ie fs5 . Patterns

Wa t s o n s Ph i l o s o phy a nd S c ie nc e of Ca r i n g Jea n Wa t s on b e l ieves

t h e p ra c t ic e o f c a r in g i s c en t ra l t o n u rs in g ; i t i s a u n i fy in g foc u s

for p ra c t ic e . A c c ord in g t o h er , t h ere a re t w o ma jor a s su mp t ion s

t h a t u n d er l ie h u ma n c a re ( c a ra t ive fa c t ors ) :

1 . c a re a n d love c on st i t u t e t h e p r ima l a n d u n ivers a l p syc h icen ergy

2 . c a re a n d love a re req u is i t e for ou r su rv iva l a n d t h en ou r ish men t o f t h e soc iet y

F I E L D S O F N U R S I N G

Th e F ie ld s o f N u rs in g ma y b e c la ss i f ied in gen era l a s fo l low s :

1 . H osp i t a l N u rs in g or t h e In s t i t u t ion a l N u rs in g2 . Pu b l ic H ea l t h N u rs in g3 . C ommu n it y H ea l t h N u rs in g4 . Sc h ool N u rs in g or N u rs in g E d u c a t ion5. Oc c u p a t ion a l H ea l t h N u rs in g or In d u st r ia l N u rs in g6 . Mil i t a ry N u rs in g7 . C l in ic N u rs in g8 . In d ep en d en t N u rs in g Pra c t ic e9 . Pr iva t e D u t y N u rs in g

I n s t i t u t i o n a l N u r s e s - t h ose emp loyed a s s t a f f n u rs es or n u rs in g

p erson n el in a h os p i t a l set t in g or s imi la r in s t i t u t ion s .

P u b l i c H e a l th N u r s e is one who provides nurs ing care and counsel

t o p erson s a n d fa mi l ies , e i t h er t o in d iv id u a l or g rou p s in c l in ic s ,

in t h e i r h omes , in s c h oo l , a n d a t t h e i r p la c e o f w ork , a n d

c oop era t es w i t h ot h ers in h ea l t h p romot ion .Co m m u n i t y H e a l th N u r s e a n u rs e w h os e w ork c omb in es t h e

e lemen t o f n u rs in g a n d p u b l ic h ea l t h p ra c t ic e a n d t a k es p la c e

ou t s id e t h e t h era p eu t ic in s t i t u t ion s .

S cho o l N u r s e a reg is t ered n u rs e emp loyed t o w ork in ed u c a t ion a l

in s t i t u t ion s t o p a r t ic ip a t e in h ea l t h p rogra mmes for s c h oo l -a ged

c h i ld ren . Resp on s ib i l i t ies in c lu d e mon it or in g grow t h a n d


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d eve lop men t , sc reen in g h ea l t h p rob lems a n d su p p ort in g t h ose

p u p i l s w i t h sp ec ia l n eed s .

O c c u p a t i o n a l H e a l th N u r s e / I n d u s t r i a l N u r s e on e emp loyed in

in d u st ry t h a t g ives immed ia t e c a re t o i l l o r in ju red w ork ers ,

fo l low s u p on t h e s ic k a n d t h e in ju red , a n d h e lp s d eve lop a c c id en t

p reven t ion a n d h ea l t h p rogra ms for t h e w ork ers .M a te r na l a nd Ch i l d H e a l th N u r s e one who cares for and safeguards

t h e h ea l t h o f mot h ers a n d c h i ld ren .

N ur se Educ a tor a n u rs e emp loyed in t h e t ea c h in g or

a d min is t ra t ive s t a f f o f a sc h oo l o f n u rs in g or ot h er ed u c a t ion a l

in s t i t u t ion for n u rses .

P e d i a t r i c Ca r e N ur se a reg is t ered n u rse q u a l i f ied in t h e n u rs in g

c a re o f t h e s ic k c h i ld .

P r i v a t e D u t y N u r s e i s a reg is t ered n u rs e w h o in d ep en d en t ly

c on t ra c t s w i t h a p a t ien t ; a p r iva t e d u t y n u rs e i s resp on s ib le for

t h e t ot a l n u rs in g c a re o f t h e p a t ien t d u r in g t h e p er iod sh e i s w i t h

h im.

N u r s i n g A d m i n i s t r a t o r i s a p rofes s ion a l n u rs e w h o i s a memb er o f

t h e a d min is t ra t ive s t a f f o f a h osp i t a l , med ic a l c en t er , p u b l ic

h ea l t h a gen c y , or a s imi la r in s t i t u t ion a n d w h o, a s a memb er o f

t h e a d min is t ra t ive s t a f f , p a r t ic ip a t es in formu la t in g t h e p o l ic y

a n d ob jec t ives o f su c h .

C l i n i c a l N u r s e S p e c i a l i s t A p rofess ion a l n u rs e , w h o h a s h a d sp ec ia l

t ra in in g a n d ex p er ien c e in a p a r t ic u la r c l in ic a l sp ec ia l t y , o f t en

h o ld s a d egree, a n d i s p rep a red t o g ive ex p ert c a re t o t h e a c u t e ly

or c h ron ic a l ly i l l a n d t o a s s i s t c l ien t s t o ma in t a in h ea l t h .

E T H ICO - M O RA L RES P O N S I B I L I T Y E th i c s p a rt o f p h i losop h y t h a t d ea ls w i t h s ys t ema t ic a p p roa c h es

t o q u est ion s o f mora l i t y .

- a t erm for t h e s t u d y o f h ow w e ma k e ju d gmen t s rega rd in g r igh t

a n d w ron g .

y a sys t em of MORA L PRIN C IPL E S or mora l s t a n d a rd sgovern in g c on d u c t .

M o r a l s - h u ma n c on d u c t in t h e a p p l ic a t ion o f et h ic s . C on c ern ed

w it h JUD GME N T PRIN C IPL E S o f r igh t a n d w ron g in re la t ion t o

h u ma n a c t ion s a n d c h a ra c ter .

N u r s i n g E th i cs t h e c od e govern in g t h e N URSE S B E H A V IOR,esp ec ia l ly t ow a rd s p a t ien t s , emp loy in g a u t h or i t y a n d t o t h e

p rofess ion .

B e ne f ic e nc e - a n y a c t ion t h a t w ou ld B E N E F IT ot h ers . Th e p r in c ip le

t h a t imp oses u p on t h e p ra c t i t ion er t o s eek t h e good for t h e

p a t ien t s u n d er a l l c i r c u ms t a n c es . B en ef ic en c e c on n ot es p os i t ive

a c t ion t ow a rd p reven t in g or removin g h a rm a n d p romot in g


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good su c h a s :

1 . On e ou gh t t o p reven t ev i l o r h a rm2. On e ou gh t t o remove ev i l o r h a rm3. On e ou gh t t o d o or p romot e good .

N onm a le f i c e nc e s t a t es t h e id ea t o RE FRA IN f rom in f l i c t in g h a rm.

on e ou gh t N OT t o in f l i c t ev i l o r h a rm. Th e a d mon it ion o f n on ma lef ic en c e i s s t a t ed in t h e n ega t ive ma n n er w h i le t h e

b en ef ic en c e i s in t h e p os i t ive .

Ju s t i c e Th e b a s ic p r in c ip le t h a t d ea ls w i t h FA IRN E SS , ju s t

d esert s , a n d en t i t lemen t s in t h e d is t r ib u t ion o f good s a n d

serv ic es . In h ea l t h c a re , ju s t ic e s eems t o p o in t t o d is t r ib u t ive

ju s t ic e t h a t d ea ls w i t h t h e a l loc a t ion o f sc a rc e resou rc es . A RTIC L E

XI I I o f t h e 1987 C on s t i t u t ion p rov id es : Th e S t a t e s h a l l a d op t a n

in t egra t ed a n d c omp reh en s ive a p p roa c h t o h ea l t h d eve lop men t

a n d sh a l l en d ea vor t o ma k e essen t ia l good s ; h ea l t h a n d soc ia l

serv ic es a va i la b le t o a l l p eop le a t a f ford a b le c ost . Th ere s h a l l b e

p r ior i t y for t h e n eed s o f t h e u n d erp r iv i leged , t h e s ic k , t h e e ld er ly

a n d t h e d isa b led , t h e w omen a n d t h e c h i ld ren . Th e S t a t e sh a l l

en d ea vor t o p rov id e f ree med ic a l c a re t o p a u p ers , es t a b l i sh a n d

ma in t a in a n ef fec t ive food a n d d ru g regu la t ory sys t em, a n d

u n d ert a k e a p p rop r ia t e h ea l t h ma n p ow er a n d d eve lop men t a n d

resea rc h resp on s ive t o t h e c ou n t ry s h ea l t h n eed s a n d p rob lems.

I t sh a l l es t a b l i sh a s p ec ia l a gen c y for d isa b led p erson s for t h e i r

reh a b i l i t a t ion .

Some met h od s o f d i s t r ib u t in g good s a n d serv ic es in ou r soc iet y

a re a s fo l low s :

1 . To ea c h , a n eq u a l sh a re2 . To ea c h , a c c ord in g t o n eed3. To ea c h , a c c ord in g t o e f for t4 . To ea c h , a c c ord in g t o c on t r ib ut ion5. To ea c h , a c c ord in g t o mer i t6 . To ea c h , a c c ord in g t o a b i l i t y t o p a y

A u t o n o m y - In h ea l t h c a re , i t mea n s t h e form of p erson a l L IB E RTY,

w h ere t h e in d iv id u a l i s f ree t o c h oose a n d imp lemen t on es ow n

d ec is ion s , f ree f rom d ec e i t , d u ress , c on s t ra in t , or c oerc ion . Th ree

B a s ic e lemen t s in vo lved :

1 .

a b i l i t y t o d ec id e2. p ow er t o a c t u p on you r d ec is ion s3 . a resp ec t for t h e in d iv id u a l a u t on omy of ot h ers .

S t e w a r d sh ip refers t o t h e a c t ion s ma d e for b y t h e h ea l t h

p ra c t i t ion er IN B E H A L F o f t h e p a t ien t a n d for t h e grea t er b en ef i t

o f t h e p a t ien t .

T r u th T e l l i n g / V e r a c i t y Th e p a t ien t mu s t t e l l t h e t ru t h in ord er


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t h a t a p p rop r ia t e c a re c a n b e p rov id ed . Th e h ea l t h p ra c t i t ion er

n eed s t o d isc lose FA C TUA L IN FORMA TION so t h a t t h e p a t ien t c a n

ex erc ise p erson a l a u t on omy.

Co n f i d e n t i a l i t y - i s a l so k n ow n a s PRIV IL E GE D C OMMUN IC A TION

w h ic h refers t o a n y in forma t ion ob t a in ed b y t h e n u rs e or t h e

h ea l t h t ea m d u r in g t h e c ou rse o f c a r in g for t h e p a t ien t . Th ein forma t ion ga t h ered ma y on ly b e d is c losed u n d er t h e fo l low in g :

1 . t h e p a t ien t a grees t o d ivu lge su c h in forma t ion w it h w r i t t enc on sen t

2 . t h e in forma t ion i s ma t er ia l in a c r imin a l c a s e in ves t iga t ion3. i f p u b l ic sa fet y i s jeop a rd ized (c ommu n ic a b le d isea s e)4 . su c h in forma t ion i s re leva n t t o h is c a re t o b e u t i l i zed b y

ot h er h ea l t h t ea m

P r i v i l i g e d Co m m u n i c a t i o n ma y b e d iv id ed in t o t w o c la sses :

1 . Absolute pr iv i leged communicat ion is one made in thein t erest o f t h e p u b l ic s erv ic e or t h e d u e a d min is t ra t ion o f

ju s t ic e a n d i s p ra c t ic a l ly l imi t ed t o leg is la t ive a n d ju d ic ia l

p roc eed in gs a n d ot h er a c t ion s o f t h e s t a t e .

2 . Qu a l i f ied p r iv i leged c ommu n ic a t ion i s a s la n d erou ss t a t emen t u t t ered in good fa i t h , a n d ma d e on a p rop er

oc c a s ion , f rom a p rop er mot ive , b a s ed u p on a p rob a b le

c a u se a n d in h on est b e l ie f t h a t su c h s t a t emen t i s t ru e .M O RA L P RI NC I P L E S

y G O LD EN RULE D o u n t o ot h ers w h a t you w ou ld l i k e ot h ersd o u n t o you . I t i s a b a s ic mora l p r in c ip le t h a t i f you w a n t

ot h ers t o res p ec t you , you mu st a l so a c c ord res p ec t t o

t h em.y T H E TWO F O LD - EF F ECT - fa c in g a s i t u a t ion w h ic h w ou ld h a ve

good a n d b a d ef fec t s req u i res t h e fo l low in g b a s is for

a r r iv in g a d ec is ion :

a . t h a t t h e a c t ion mu st b e mora l ly goodb . t h a t t h e good ef fec t mu s t b e w i l led a n d t h e b a d ef fec t

mere ly a l low ed

c . t h a t t h e good ef fec t mu st n ot c ome f rom a n ev i la c t ion b u t f rom in i t ia l a c t ion i t se l f d i rec t ly ; a n d

d . t h a t t h e good ef fec t mu s t b e grea t er t h a n t h e b a def fec t .

y T H E P RI NC I P L E O F T O T A L I T Y s t a t es t h a t t h e w h ole i s a lw a ysgrea t er t h a n i t s p a r t s . To sa ve t h e p a t ien t s l i fe a s a w h ole ,

i t i s ju s t i f ied u n d er t h is p r in c ip le t o s u rg ic a l ly c u t -o f f a

d isea se b od y p a r t o f t h e p a t ien t .

y EP IK I A ex c ep t ion t o t h e gen era l ru le . I t i s rea s on a b lep resu mp t ion t h a t t h e a u t h or i t y ma k in g t h e la w w i l l n ot w ish


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t o b in d a p erson in s ome p a rt ic u la r c a se , even t h ou gh t h e

c a se i s c overed b y t h e let t er o f t h e la w .

I f a men t a l ly i l l p a t ien t b ec omes b erserk a n d t he d oc t or c ou ld n ot

b e c on t a c t ed , t h e p a t ien t ma y b e res t ra in ed b y v i r t u e o f ep ik ia .

A n ot h er ex a mp le o f t h is i s a l low in g a re la t ive t o s ee a s er iou s ly i l l

p a t ien t w h o ex p resses t h e d es i re t h e re la t ive a l t h ou gh i t i s n otyet v i s i t in g h ou rs

y T H E EN D D O ES N O T JUS T I F Y T H E M EA N S g iv in g a s leep in gt a b let t o a c h ron ic a l ly i l l p erson s o h e/s h e c a n d e in p ea c e

is mora l ly w ron g .

y T H E G REA T ES T G O O D F O R T H E G REA T ES T N UM B ER d u r in g a nep id emic , immu n iza t ion a ga in s t c ommu n ic a b le d is ea ses i s

a d min is t ered t o t h e p eop le . A l t h ou gh t h ere ma y b e some

w h o ma y h a ve s l igh t rea c t ion s t o t h e va c c in e , t h e grea t er

ma jor i t y o f t h e p op u la t ion sh a l l b e c on s id ered .

y N O O N E I S H ELD T O T H E I M P O S S I B LE t h e d oc t ors a n d n u rsesa re n ot gu a ra n t ors o f l i fe . Th ey c a n n ot b e h e ld l ia b le a s

lon g a s t h ey h a ve d on e everyt h in g t h a t mod ern med ic in e

c a n a f ford t o sa ve a p a t ien t f rom d y in g .

y T H E M O RA LI T Y O F CO O P ERA T I O N forma l c oop era t ion in a nev i l a c t i s n ever a l low ed . A n u rse s h a l l n ot p a r t ic ip a t e u p on

immora l op era t ion s su c h a s a b ort ion even i f t h e d oc t or

c omma n d s i t .

y P R I NC I P LE RELA T I N G T O T H E O RI G I N A N D D ES T RU CT I O N O F L I F E merc y k i l l in g or eu t h a n a s ia i s n ot a l low ed b ec a u s e i t w i l l

lessen t h e in c en t ive t o med ic a l resea rc h . Th e s t a t e

rec ogn izes t h e s a n c t i t y o f l i fe . I t sh a l l p rot ec t t h e l i fe o f t h emot h er a n d t h e u n b orn s in c e c on c ep t ion . A n y d i rec t a t t a c k

on t h e l i fe o f a fet u s for w h a t ever c a u se i s immora l . A fet u s

sh a l l b e b u r ied in c on sec ra t ed grou n d s . I f i t i s d ea d a n d

c a me f rom d ea d mot h er , i t s h a l l b e b u r ied w it h t h e m ot h er .

P r i v a c y the r ight to be left a lone or be apart f rom others . This

r igh t i s gu a ra n t eed b y most c iv i l i zed s t a t e la w s a n d en sh r in ed

a lso in t h e p a t ien t s b i l l o f r igh t s . Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o

every c on s id era t ion o f h i s p r iva c y c on c ern in g h is ow n med ic a l

c a re p rogra m. C a se d is c u ss ion , c on su l t a t ion , ex a min a t ion a n d

t rea t men t a re c on f id en t ia l a n d s h ou ld b e c on d u c t ed d is c reet ly .Th ose n ot d i rec t ly in vo lved in h is c a re mu st h a ve t h e p ermiss ion

of t h e p a t ien t t o b e p resen t . Th is r igh t a l so in c lu d es p r iva c y o f

on es t h ou gh t s , op in ion s a n d p h ys ic a l p res en c e a n d p r iva c y o f

on es rec ord s .

I n f or m e d Conse nt Th e p a t ien t UN D E RSTA N D S t h e rea son for t h e

p rop osed in t erven t ion , w i t h i t s b en ef i t s a n d r i sk s , a n d a grees t o


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t h e t rea t men t b y a f f ix in g h is s ign a t u re in t h e c on s en t form. I t

gen era l ly c on t a in s t h e fo l low in g e lemen t s :

1 . d isc losu re2 . u n d ers t a n d in g3 . vo lu n t a r in es s4 . c omp et en c e5. p ermiss ion g iv in gy In ou r p resen t j u r i sd ic t ion u n d er t h e 1987 C on s t i t u t ion , t h e

a ge of ma jor i t y i s 18 yea rs o ld . I t mea n s t h a t on ly 18 yea rs

o ld a n d a b ove c a n s ign for t h emselves in lega l ma t t ers su c h

a s t h e s ign in g o f c on s en t (h osp i t a l a d mis s ion , c on t ra c t s , w i l l

e t c . . )

The P a t i e n t s B i l l o f R i gh t s ( F i l i p i n o )

1 . Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o c on s id era t e a n d res p ec t fu l c a re ,i r resp ec t ive o f s oc ioec on omic s t a t u s

2 . Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o ob t a in f rom h is p h ys ic ia nc omp let e c u rren t in forma t ion c on c ern in g h is d ia gn os is ,

t rea t men t a n d p rogn os is in t erms t h e p a t ien t c a n

rea son a b ly b e ex p ec t ed a n d u n d ers t a n d . Wh en i t i s n ot

med ic a l ly a d v isa b le t o g ive su c h in forma t ion t o t h e p a t ien t ,

t h e in forma t ion s h ou ld b e ma d e a va i la b le t o a n a p p rop r ia t e

p erson in h is b eh a l f . H e h a s t h e r igh t t o k n ow b y n a me a n d

in p erson , t h e p h ys ic ia n a n d n u rs e res p on s ib le in

c oord in a t in g h is c a re .

3 . Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o rec e ive f rom h is p h ys ic ia nin forma t ion n ec es s a ry t o g ive in formed c on sen t p r ior t o t h est a r t o f a n y p roc ed u re a n d /or t rea t men t . E x c ep t in

emergen c ies , su c h in forma t ion for in formed c on s en t sh ou ld

in c lu d e b u t n ot n ec es s a r i ly l imi t ed t o t h e s p ec i f i c p roc ed u re

a n d /or t rea t men t , t h e med ic a l ly s ign i f i c a n t r i sk s in vo lved ,

a n d t h e p rob a b le d u ra t ion o f in c a p a c i t a t ion . Wh ere

med ic a l ly s ign i f i c a n t a l t ern a t ives for c a re or t rea t men t

ex is t , o r w h en t h e p a t ien t req u est s in forma t ion c on c ern in g

med ic a l a l t ern a t ives , t h e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o su c h

in forma t ion . Th e p a t ien t h a s a l s o t h e r igh t t o k n ow t h e

n a me of t h e p erson res p on s ib le for t h e p roc ed u res a n d /or

t rea t men t .

4 . Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o refu se t rea t men t / l i feg iv in gmea su res , t o t h e ex t en t p ermit t ed b y la w , a n d t o b e

in formed of t h e med ic a l c on seq u en c es o f h i s a c t ion .

5 . Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o every c on s id era t ion o f h isp r iva c y c on c ern in g h is ow n med ic a l c a re p rogra m. C a se


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d isc u ss ion , c on su l t a t ion , ex a min a t ion a n d t rea t men t a re

c on f id en t ia l a n d sh ou ld b e c on d u c t ed d isc reet ly . Th ose n ot

d i rec t ly in vo lved in h is c a re mu st h a ve t h e p ermiss ion o f

t h e p a t ien t t o b e p res en t .

6 . Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o ex p ec t t h a t a l l c ommu n ic a t iona n d rec ord s p er t a in in g t o h is c a re sh ou ld b e t rea t edc on f id en t ia l .

7 . Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o ex p ec t t h a t w i t h in i t s c a p a c i t y ,a h osp i t a l mu st ma k e rea s on a b le res p on se t o t h e req u est o f

p a t ien t for serv ic es . Th e h osp i t a l mu s t p rov id e eva lu a t ion ,

serv ic e a n d /or refer ra l a s in d ic a t ed b y t h e u rgen c y o f c a re .

Wh en med ic a l ly p ermis s ib le a p a t ien t ma y b e t ra n s fer red t o

a n ot h er fa c i l i t y on ly a f t er h e h a s rec e ived c omp let e

in forma t ion c on c ern in g t h e n eed s a n d t h e a l t ern a t ives t o

su c h t ra n s fer . Th e in s t i t u t ion t o w h ic h t h e p a t ien t i s t o b e

t ra n s fer red mu s t f i r s t h a ve a c c ep t ed t h e p a t ien t for

t ra n s fer .

8 . Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o ob t a in in forma t ion a s t o a n yre la t ion sh ip o f t h e h osp i t a l t o ot h er h ea l t h c a re a n d

ed u c a t ion a l in s t i t u t ion s in s o fa r a s h is c a re i s c on c ern ed .

Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o ob t a in in forma t ion a s t o t h e

ex is t en c e o f a n y p rofess ion a l re la t ion s h ip a mon g

in d iv id u a ls , b y n a me, w h o a re t rea t in g h im.

9 . Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o b e a d v ised i f t h e h osp i t a lp rop oses t o en ga ge in or p er form h u ma n ex p er imen t a t ion

a f fec t in g h is c a re or t rea t men t . Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o

refu se or p a r t ic ip a t e in s u c h res ea rc h p ro jec t .10 . Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o ex p ec t rea s on a b le

c on t in u i t y o f c a re ; h e h a s t h e r igh t t o k n ow in a d va n c e w h a t

a p p oin t men t t imes t h e p h ys ic ia n s a re a va i la b le a n d w h ere .

Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o ex p ec t t h a t t h e h os p i t a l w i l l

p rov id e a mec h a n is m w h ereb y h is p h ys ic ia n s or a d e lega t e

of t h e p h ys ic ia n o f t h e p a t ien t s c on t in u in g h ea l t h c a re

req u iremen t s fo l low in g d isc h a rge in forms h im.

11 . Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o ex a min e a n d rec e ive a nex p la n a t ion o f h is b i l l rega rd les s o f s ou rc e o f p a ymen t .

12 .

Th e p a t ien t h a s t h e r igh t t o k n ow w h a t h osp i t a l ru lesa n d regu la t ion s a p p ly t o h is c on d u c t a s a p a t ien t .

Th e P A T I EN T S RES P O N S I B I L I T I ES t ow a rd s h is c a re in t h e h osp i t a l :

1 . P r o v i d i n g i n f o r m a t i o n I t i s a res p on s ib i l i t y o f t h ep a t ien t t o p rov id e t h e s t a f f w i t h a c c u ra t e a n d

c omp let e in forma t ion , t o t h e b est o f h i s k n ow led ge,


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a b ou t t h e h is t ory o f h i s i l ln es s , c omp la in t s . I f t h e

p a t ien t i s u n a b le t o d o so , t h en h er immed ia t e fa mi ly

memb er ma y g ive s u c h in forma t ion .

2 . Co m p l y i n g w i th i n s t r u c t i o n s t h e p a t ien t i s res p on s ib lefor c omp ly in g w i t h t h e t rea t men t rec ommen d ed b y

the attending phys ic ian or health team that isp r ima r i ly res p on s ib le for h is c a re .

3 . I n f o r m i n g the phy s i c i a n o f r e f u s a l t o t r e a t m e n t Ap a t ien t w h o refu s es t rea t men t or t o b e c omp l ia n t w i t h

t h e t rea t men t reg imen mu s t in form t h e p h ys ic ia n o f

h i s d ec is ion .

4 . P a y i n g the ho s p i t a l ch a r ge s u p on a d mis s ion , t h ep a t ien t u n d ers t a n d s t h a t h e or s h e mu st p a y t h e

c h a rges t h a t h e or sh e ma y in c u r in t h c ou rs e o f h er

t rea t men t . Th e ex c ep t ion i s o f c ou rse i f t h e p a t ien t i s

a d mit t ed on c h a r i t y h os p i t a l s g iv in g everyt h in g for

f ree .

5 . Adhe r e nc e to ho s p i t a l r u l e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s the pat ienti s a l so govern ed b y t h e ru les a n d regu la t ion o f t h e

h osp i t a l w h ic h h e or s h e i s s eek in g med ic a l h e lp for

h is/h er c on d i t ion . Th e p a t ien t or t h e immed ia t e fa mi ly

memb er mu s t rea d t h e ru les or mu s t b e in formed

a b ou t t h e p o l ic y o f t h e h os p i t a l a n d mu s t a d h ere t o

t h em.

6 . Co n s i d e r a t i o n a n d r e s p e c t f o r o the r s t h e p a t ien t mu sta lso s h ow res p ec t for ot h er p a t ien t s a d mit t ed in t h e

h osp i t a l .

N URS ES B I LL O F R I G H T S

1 . N u rses h a ve t h e r igh t t o p ra c t ic e in a ma n n er t h a tfu l f i l l s t h e i r ob l iga t ion t o s oc iet y a n d t o t h ose w h o

rec e ive n u rs in g c a re .

2 . N u rses h a ve t h e r igh t t o p ra c t ic e in en v i ron men t s t h a ta l low t h em t o a c t in a c c ord a n c e w it h p rofess ion a l

s t a n d a rd s a n d lega l ly a u t h or ized sc op es o f p ra c t ic e .

3 . N u rses h a ve t h e r igh t t o a w ork en v i ron men t t h a tsu p p ort s a n d fa c i l i t a t es et h ic a l p ra c t ic e , in

a c c ord a n c e w it h t h e c od e of E t h ic s for n u rses a n d i t s

in t erp ret ive s t a t emen t s .

4 . N u rses h a ve t h e r igh t t o f ree ly a n d op en ly a d voc a t efor t h ems elves a n d t h e i r p a t ien t s , w i t h ou t fea r or

ret r ib u t ion

5. N u rses h a ve t h e r igh t t o a fa i r c omp en sa t ion for t h e i r


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w ork , c on s is t en t w i t h t h e i r k n ow led ge, ex p er ien c e,

a n d p rofess ion a l res p on s ib i l i t ies .

6 . N u rses h a ve t h e r igh t t o a w ork en v i ron men t t h a t i ssa fe for t h ems elves a n d t h e i r p a t ien t s .

7 . N u rses h a ve t h e r igh t t o n egot ia t e t h e c on d i t ion s o f t h e i r emp loymen t , e i t h er a s in d iv id u a ls orc o l lec t ive ly , in a l l p ra c t ic e s et t in gs .

B A S IC H UM A N RI G H T S O N RES EA RCH S UB JECT S :

1 . Righ t t o in formed c on sen t2 . Righ t t o refu se a n d /or w i t h d ra w a l f rom p a rt ic ip a t ion3. Righ t t o p r iva c y4 . Righ t t o c on f id en t ia l i t y5 . Righ t t o b e p rot ec t ed f rom h a rm

CO D E O F ET H ICS I N N URS I N G

y Th e fu n d a men t a l resp on s ib i l i t y o f t h e n u rse i s fou r fo ld : t op romot e h ea l t h , t o p reven t i l ln es s , t o res t ore h ea l t h a n d t o

a l lev ia t e su f fer in g .

y Th e n eed for n u rs in g i s u n ivers a l . In h eren t in n u rs in g i sresp ec t for l i fe , d ign i t y a n d t h e r igh t s o f ma n . I t i s

u n rest r ic t ed b y c on s id era t ion o f n a t ion a l i t y , ra c e , c reed ,

c o lor , a ge s ex , p o l i t i c s , or soc ia l s t a t u s .

y N u rses ren d er h ea l t h s erv ic es t o t h e in d iv id u a l , t h e fa mi lya n d t h e c ommu n it y a n d c oord in a t e t h e i r serv ic es w i t h t h ose

of re la t ed grou p s .

Th e fo l low in g C od e for N u rses , a d op t ed b y t h e C ou n c i l o f N a t ion a lRep resen t a t ives o f t h e In t ern a t ion a l C ou n c i l o f N u rs es w a s a l so

a d op t ed b y t h e B oa rd o f N u rs in g a n d b ec a me a n in t egra l p a r t o f

t h e a men d ed C od e of N u rs in g E t h ic s in t h e Ph i l ip p in es :

Nu rse s a n d Pe o p l e

y Th e n u rse s p r ima ry resp on s ib i l i t y i s t o t h ose p eop le w h oreq u ire n u rs in g c a re .

Th e n u rse , in p rov id in g c a re , p romot es a n en v i ron men t in w h ic h

t h e va lu es , c u s t oms a n d sp i r i t u a l b e l ie fs o f t h e in d iv id u a l a re

resp ec t ed .

Th e n u rse h o ld s in c on f id en c e p ers on a l in forma t ion a n d u ses

judgment in shar ing th is informat ion.Nu rse s a n d Pra ct i ce

y Th e n u rse c a r r ies p ers on a l resp on s ib i l i t y for n u rs in gp ra c t ic e a n d for ma in t a in in g c omp et en c e b y c on t in u a l

lea rn in g .

Th e n u rse ma in t a in s t h e h igh est s t a n d a rd s o f n u rs in g c a re


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p oss ib le w i t h in t h e rea l i t y o f a sp ec i f i c s i t u a t ion

Th e n u rse u ses ju d gmen t in re la t ion t o in d iv id u a l c omp et en c e

w h en a c c ep t in g a n d d e lega t in g resp on s ib i l i t ies .

Th e n u rse w h en a c t in g in a p rofes s ion a l c a p a c i t y , s h ou ld a t a l l

t imes ma in t a in s t a n d a rd s o f p ers on a l c on d u c t w h ic h ref lec t c red i t

u p on t h e p rofess ion .N ur se s a nd S oc ie ty

y Th e n u rse sh a res w i t h ot h er c i t i zen s t h e resp on s ib i l i t y forin i t ia t in g a n d su p p ort in g a c t ion t o meet t h e h ea l t h a n d

soc ia l n eed s o f t h e p u b l ic .

Nu rse s a n d the Pro f e ss i o n

y Th e n u rse p la ys t h e ma jor ro le in d et ermin in g a n dimp lemen t in g d es i ra b le s t a n d a rd s o f n u rs in g p ra c t ic e a n d

n u rs in g ed u c a t ion .

Th e n u rse i s a c t ive in d eve lop in g a c ore o f p rofess ion a l

k n ow led ge.

Th e n u rse , a c t in g t h rou gh t h e p rofes s ion a l orga n iza t ion ,

p a r t ic ip a t es in es t a b l i s h in g a n d ma in t a in in g eq u i t a b le soc ia l a n d

ec on omic w ork in g c on d i t ion s in n u rs in g .A M EN D ED CO D E O F ET H ICS F O R N U R S E S

Th e i r c on d u c t s h ou ld b e s u c h t h a t w ou ld b r in g c red i t t o t h e

p rofess ion . Ju s t l i k e a n y ot h er p rofess ion a l , n u rses a re look ed

u p on w it h resp ec t in t h e c ommu n it y . Th ey s h ou ld t h erefore

en d ea vor t o l i ve a l i f e t h a t w ou ld u p h o ld t h e i r se l f - resp ec t .

E sp ec ia l ly w h en n u rses a re on d u t y , t h ey sh ou ld t ry t o look

n ea t a n d a t t ra c t ive . Fema le n u rs es a re a d v ised t o u s e mod era t e

ma k e-u p a n d h a ve a n ea t h a i r s t y le . Th ey s h ou ld w ea r u n i formst h a t a re n ot t oo s h ort or t igh t f i t t in g t h a t w ou ld t en d t o res t r ic t

movemen t s , n or ex p ose u n n ec essa r i ly a n y p a r t o f t h e b od y w h i le

g iv in g c a re t o t h e p a t ien t s . C lea n u n i forms a n d c lea n b od ies t en d

t o en h a n c e t h e ima ge of n u rs es . Us e o f a n t i -p ersp i ra n t i s a d v ised

most sp ec ia l ly d u r in g h ot s u mmer mon t h s .

Ma le n u rses a re l i k ew is e a d v ised t o b e c lea n , sh a ven , h a i r

c l ip p ed c lose t o t h e n a p e of t h e n ec k in s t ea d of f low in g t o t h e

sh ou ld ers .

Th e u se o f t h e u n i form s h ou ld b e s p ec i f ied in t h e p o l ic y o f

t h e h osp i t a l /a gen c y . I t s h ou ld b e w orn on ly w h en on d u t y . D in in g

in t h e p u b l ic , sh op p in g or go in g t o t h e ma rk et w h i le in u n i form i s

d isc ou ra ged . N u rses c a p s a re w orn on ly w h i le on d u t y . Th ese a re

e i t h er c a r r ied in b a gs or a re le f t in t h e i r p la c es o f a s s ign men t .

Jew elry , su c h a s ea rr in gs , n ec k la c es or b ra c e let s a re n ot a l low ed

w h i le on d u t y . H ow ever , w ed d in g r in gs , s c h oo l r in gs or sc h oo l

p in s ma y b e w orn .


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N u rses a re look ed u p on b y n u rs in g s t u d en t s a s t h e i r ro le

mod els . Th erefore , es p ec ia l ly w h i le t h ey a re on d u t y , t h ey sh ou ld

a c t in a ma n n er t h a t i s w ort h emu la t in g . S in c ere a n d

c omp a ss ion a t e a t t i t u d es t ow a rd p a t ien t s a re c a u gh t b y t h ose

a rou n d t h em. Soon t h e i r w ork in g en v i ron men t b ec omes

p ermea t ed w it h good w ork in g re la t ion sh ip s t h a t a re s o v i t a l ind ea l in g w i t h p a t ien t s .

LEG A L RES P O N S I B I L I T Y L e g a l A s p e c t s i n th e P r a c t i c e of N ur s ing

y Th e la w h a s a lw a ys govern ed t h e p ra c t ic e o f mod ernn u rs in g . Th is w h a t ma k es t h e every er ron eou s n u rs in g

a c t ion l ia b le t o t h e la w , e i t h er a n s w era b le t o t h e C iv i l L a w

or t h e C r imin a l L a w or b ot h . Th e k ey w ord t o rememb er in

t h e lega l resp on s ib i l i t y o f n u rs es i s A C C OUN TA B IL ITY . Th e

p rofess ion a l n u rse i s ex p ec t ed t o ren d er rea s on a b ly

c omp et en t n u rs in g c a re t o a vo id get t in g en t a n g led w it h t h elon g a rm of t h e la w . A n yt h in g s h ort o f s u c h s t a n d a rd

req u ired t h a t w ou ld c a u s e h a rm or in ju ry t o t h e p a t ien t

ma k es t h e n u rs e res p on s ib le or l ia b le t o t h e la w b y w a y of

n eg l igen c e or even ma lp ra c t ic e su i t . Th e sa fe w a y t o a vo id

su c h p ot en t ia l lega l p rob lems i s a mp l i f ied in t h e Ph i l ip p in e

N u rs in g A c t o f 2002 (RA 9173) t h a t i s , for n u rses t o u t i l i ze

t h e n u rs in g p roc es s in t h e p er forma n c e of t h e i r fu n c t ion

a n d ob serve t h e p rov is ion o f RA 9173 w h ic h govern s t h e

p ra c t ic e o f n u rs in g in t h e Ph i l ip p in es .

The Ph i l i p p i n e N u r s i n g A c t o f 2 0 0 2 ( R A 9 1 7 3 ) A rt ic le V I I I Sec t ion 35en u mera t es t h e p roh ib i t ion s in t h e p ra c t ic e o f n u rs in g : A f in e o f

n ot less t h a n 50 ,000. 00 n or more t h a n 100,000. 00 or

imp r ison men t o f n ot les s t h a n 1 yea r n or more t h a n 6 yea rs , or

b ot h , u p on t h e d isc ret ion o f t h e c ou rt , sh a l l b e im p osed u p on :

a . a n y p erson p ra c t ic in g n u rs in g in t h e Ph i l ip p in es w i t h in t h emea n in g o f RA 9173 of 2002:

1 . w it h ou t c er t i f i c a t e o f reg is t ra t ion /p rofes s ion a l l i c en se a n dp rofess ion a l id en t i f i c a t ion c a rd or s p ec ia l t emp ora ry p ermit

or w i t h ou t h a v in g b een d ec la red ex emp t f rom ex a min a t ion

in a c c ord a n c e w it h t h e p rov is ion o f t h is A c t ; or

2 . w h o u ses a s h is /h er ow n c er t i f i c a t es o f reg is t ra t ion /p rofess ion a l l i c en se a n d p rofess ion a l id en t i f i c a t ion c a rd or

sp ec ia l / t emp ora ry p ermit o f a n ot h er ; or

3 . w h o u ses a n in va l id c er t i f i c a t e o f reg is t ra t ion /p rofess ion a ll i c en se , a su s p en d ed or revok ed c er t i f i c a t e o f

reg is t ra t ion /p rofes s iona l l i c en se , or a n ex p i red or c a n c e l led


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sp ec ia l / t emp ora ry p ermit ; or

4 . w h o g ives a n y fa l s e ev id en c e t o t h e B oa rd in ord er t o ob t a ina c er t i f i c a t e o f reg is t ra t ion /p rofess ion a l l i c en se , a

p rofess ion a l id en t i f i c a t ion c a rd or s p ec ia l p ermit ; or

5 . w h o fa lse ly p os es or a d vert i s es a s a reg is t ered a n d l i c en sedn u rse or u ses a n y ot h er mea n s t h a t t en d t o c on vey t h eimp ress ion t h a t h e/sh e i s reg is t ered a n d l i c en s ed n u rse ; or

6 . w h o a p p en d s B . S . N . /R . N . or a n y s imi la r a p p en d a ge t oh is/h er n a me w it h ou t h a v in g b een c on ferred sa id d egree or

reg is t ra t ion ; or

7 . w h o, a s a reg is t ered a n d l i c en s ed n u rse , a b et s or a s s i s t s t h ei l lega l p ra c t ic e o f a p erson w h o i s n ot la w fu l ly q u a l i f ied t o

p ra c t ic e n u rs in g .

b. a n y p erson or t h e c h ief ex ec u t ive o f f i c er o f a ju r id ic a len t i t y w h o u n d ert a k es in -serv ic e ed u c a t ion a l p rogra ms or

w h o c on d u c t s rev iew c la ss es for loc a l a n d fore ign

ex a min a t ion w it h ou t p ermit /c lea ra n c e f rom t h e b oa rd a n d

t h e C ommiss ion ; or

c . a n y p erson or emp loyer o f n u rses w h o v io la t e t h e min imu mb a se p a y o f n u rses a n d t h e in c en t ives a n d b en ef i t s t h a t

sh ou ld b e a c c ord ed t h em a s s p ec i f ied in Sec t ion s 32 a n d 34;

or

d. a n y p erson or t h e c h ief ex ec u t ive o f f i c er o f a ju r id ic a len t i t y v io la t in g a n y p rov is ion o f t h is A c t a n d i t s ru les a n d

regu la t ion s .


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I . PE RSON A L A N D PROFE SS ION A L GROWTH A N D D E V E L OPMEN Ta . H i st o r i ca l Pe rsp e ct i v e s i n Nu rs i n g

Th e Ph i l ip p in e N u rs es A s s oc ia t ion (PN A ) es t a b l i s h ed in 1922 w a s

resp on s ib le in lob b y in g ou r govern men t for t h e a d op t ion o f t h erec ommen d a t ion s ma d e b y t h e In t ern a t ion a l L a b or Orga n iza t ion

in 1977 w it h rega rd t h e s t a t u s o f t h e ec on omic a n d s oc ia l w el fa re

of ou r n u rs in g p erson n el . Th e Profess ion a l Regu la t ion C ommiss ion

of t h e Ph i l ip p in es d u ly rec ogn izes t h e PN A a s t h e lea d in g

A ssoc ia t ion o f n u rs es in t h e c ou n t ry . I n 1924, i t p u b l i sh ed a

s t a n d a rd ized c u rr ic u lu m for s c h oo ls o f n u rs in g t o a d op t .

Th e fo l low in g w ere t h e f i r s t g rou p s in t eres t ed a n d reg is t ered w it h

t h e Ph i l ip p in e N u rses A s soc ia t ion (PN A ) , t o w i t :

A c a d emy of N u rs in g o f t h e P h i l ip p in es , In c . (A N PH I)

A c a d emy of N u rs in g o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es , In c . (A N PH I)

A ssoc ia t ion o f D ea n s & Pr in c ip a ls o f Sc h oo ls a n d C o l leges

of N u rs in g o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es (A D PSC N P)

A ssoc ia t ion o f N u rs in g A d min is t ra t ors o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es

( A N SA P)

A ssoc ia t ion o f Pr iva t e D u t y N u rs e Pra c t i t ion ers o f t h e

Ph i l ip p in es (A PD N PP)

C r i t i c a l C a re N u rses A s s oc ia t ion o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es

(C C N A P)

C a t h o l ic N u rses Gu i ld o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es (C GN P) Gold en A ge N u rs es A s s oc ia t ion (GA N A )

Min is t ry o f H ea l t h N a t ion a l L ea gue of N u rses (MH N L N )

Oc c u p a t ion a l H ea l t h N u rses A ssoc ia t ion o f t h e Ph i l ip p ines

(OH N A P)

Op era t in g Room N u rs es A s soc ia t ion o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es

(ORN A P)

Ph i l ip p in e N u rs e Mid w ifery Soc iet y

Ph i l ip p in e N u rs in g S t u d en t s A s s oc ia t ion (PN SA )

Ph i l ip p in e Ort h op ed ic N u rses Soc iet y

Psyc h ia t r ic N u rs in g Sp ec ia l i s t s Fou n d a t ion o f t h e

Ph i l ip p in es , In c . (PN S I )

Ph i l ip p in e Sc h oo l N u rs es A s s oc ia t ion (PSN A )



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A ssoc ia t ion o f D ia b et es N u rs e E d u c a t ors o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es

(A D N E P)

A ssoc ia t ion o f D ia b et es N u rs e E d u c a t ors o f t h ePh i l ip p in es (A D N E P)

Gra d u a t e N u rses C h r is t ia n Fe l low s h ip (GN C F)

In t egra t ed N u rses A ssoc ia t ion o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es ( IRN UP)

N a t ion a l L ea gu e of Ph i l ip p in e Govern men t N u rses

(N L PGN )

Ma t ern a l a n d C h i ld N u rs es A s s oc ia t ion o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es

(MC N A P)

Mil i t a ry N u rses A ssoc ia t ion o f t h e Ph i l ip p in es (MN A P)

Ph i l ip p in e On c o logy N u rs es A s s oc ia t ion (PON A )

Ph i l ip p in e Ort h op ed ic N u rs es Soc iet y (PON S)

T I M ELI N E I N T H E N URS I N G H I S T O RY :

y In t h e ea r ly d a w n of h u ma n h is t ory , d i sea ses or i l ln ess w ereoft en re la t ed t o s u p ers t i t iou s b e l ie fs a n d t h e t rea t men t a l so

oft en in vo lved ma g ic a l c u res .

y Th e Su mer ia n C iv i l i za t ion i s b e l ieved t o h a ve rec ord ed in ac la y- t a b let 4 ,000 yea rs a go some h ea l in g p resc r ip t ion s b u t

d id n ot sp ec i fy t h e i l ln esses .

y Th e C od e of H a mmu ra b i t ra c ea b le t o t h e B a b y lon ia n emp irein 1900 B C d oc u men t ed regu la t ion s p er t a in in g t o s a n i t a t ion

a n d p u b l ic h ea l t h , t h e p ra c t ic e o f s u rgery , d i f feren t ia t ion in

t h e p ra c t ic e o f h u ma n a ga in s t vet er in a ry med ic in e , a t a b le

of fees for op era t ion s a n d p en a l t ies for v io la t ion o f t h e

c od e. D u r in g t h es e ea r ly d a ys , n u rs in g p ra c t ic e w a s va gu ely

d esc r ib ed a s t h os e w h o ren d er c omfort a n d s u p p ort t o

p a t ien t . In t h e O ld Test a men t , i t ma d e men t ion of w omen a s

n u rses w h o p rov id ed c a re for in fa n t s a n d c h i ld ren , t h e s ic ka n d d y in g

y Th e Greek a n d Roma n emp ires re la t ed t h e c a re o f t h e s ic ka n d t h ose in ju red t o t h e myt h o log ies t h a t t h ey h a ve c rea t ed

a n d b e l ieved t h a t t h e god s a n d god d es s es p os ses sed sp ec ia l

h ea l in g p ow ers . H yge ia , d a u gh t er o f Greek god A sk lep ios ,


24/151

t h e c h ief h ea ler , w a s revered t o b e t h e emb od imen t o f t h e

n u rse .

y A n c ien t In d ia N u rs in g fu n c t ion s w ere b e in g c a r r ied ou t b yma le n u rses p rov id ed t h ey meet t h e fou r q u a l i f i c a t ion s :

1 . k n ow led ge of t h e ma n n er in w h ic h d ru gs sh ou ld b e

p rep a red for a d min is t ra t ion2. c levern ess

3 . d evot ed n es s t o t h e p a t ien t

4 . p u r i t y o f min d a n d b od y

y C h r is t ia n B en evo len c e- love t h y n e igh b or a s t h yse l f h a d as ign i f i c a n t imp a c t on t h e d eve lop men t o f Wes t ern N u rs in g .

y Th e p r in c ip le o f Good Sa ma r i t a n i s t h e b a s is o f c a r in g formost C h r i s t ia n s t h a t even t u a l ly la id d ow n s ome p r in c ip les o f

nurs ing.

y D u r in g t h e t ime of t h e Roma n E mp ire , r i c h ma t ron s su c h a sFa b io la u sed t h e i r w ea l t h t o p rov id e h ou s es o f c a re a n d

h ea l in g t h a t served a s t h e ea r ly h os p i t a l s for t h e p oor , s i c k

a n d t h e h omeles s .

y Th e T ime of C ru s a d es ( H o ly miss ion or p i lg r im t o rega in t h eH oly la n d b y t h e C h r is t ia n s ) , k n igh t s w ere t ra in ed t o

p rov id e c a re for t h e w ou n d ed so ld iers in t h e b a t t le t h is i s

p erh a p s t h e ea r l ies t rec ogn i t ion o f men p rov id in g n u rs in g

c a re .

y C a mi l lu s D e L e l l i s c on s id ered t h e p a t ron sa in t o f n u rsesw a s t h e fou n d er o f t h e N u rs in g Ord er o f t h e Min is t r ies w h o

p rov id ed c a re t o t h e s ic k a n d t h e p oor .

y F loren c e N igt h a n g le b orn f rom a w ea l t h y fa mi ly c h ose t od ed ic a t e h er l i fe in p rov id in g c a re for t h e s ic k a n d in ju red

esp ec ia l ly d u r in g t h e C r imea n Wa r . Sh e a lso s t a r t ed a sc h oo l

t o t ra in n u rses in 1860, w h ic h even t u a l ly sp a rk ed t h e

d eve lop men t o f Mod ern N u rs in g .y

N URS I N G A S A P RO F ES S I O N

P r o f e s s i o n - a n oc c u p a t ion or c a l l in g req u ir in g a d va n c ed t ra in in g

a n d ex p er ien c e in s ome sp ec i f i c or sp ec ia l i zed b od y of k n ow led ge

w h ic h p rov id es serv ic e t o s oc iet y in t h a t sp ec ia l f ie ld .

y I t i s a c a l l in g t h a t req u i res sp ec ia l k n ow led ge, sk i l l a n dp rep a ra t ion .

y a c a l l in g in w h ic h i t s memb ers p rofess t o h a ve a c q u iredsp ec ia l k n ow led ge, b y t ra in in g or b y ex p er ien c e or b y b ot h ,

so t h a t t h ey ma y gu id e or a d v ic e or s erve ot h ers in t h a t

sp ec ia l f ie ld .

A p rofess ion i s gen era l ly d i s t in gu ish ed f rom ot h er k in d s o f


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oc c u p a t ion s/voc at ion s b y :

1 . Req u iremen t o f p ro lon ged , s p ec ia l i zed t ra in in g t o a c q u i re a

b od y of k n ow led ge p ert in en t t o t h e ro le t o b e p er formed u su a l ly

en t ru st ed t o h igh er ed u c a t ion .

2 . A n or ien t a t ion o f t h e in d iv id u a l t ow a rd s erv ic e , e i t h er t o a

c ommu n it y or t o a n orga n iza t ion.3 . Th e memb ers mu st b e u n i t ed a n d id en t i f ied t h rou gh t h e i r

memb ersh ip a n d t h ey mu st b e c lea r ly sep a ra t ed f rom t h e

la yp eop le or t h e ord in a ry c on grega t ion s .

4 . Th e soc iet y w h ic h i t in t en d s t o s erve h a s a n in d is p en s a b le n eed

for su c h serv ic es a n d w h ic h ot h ers c a n n ot p rov id e a n d t h e soc iet y

a c c ep t s i t .

5 . Th e t ec h n iq u es or sk i l l s a p p l ied a re t h e p rod u c t o f

sc ien t i f i c a l ly p roven a n d lon g ex p er ien c e.

6 . Req u iremen t t o ex erc is e d isc ret ion a n d ju d gmen t a s t o t h e

t ime a n d ma n n er o f t h e p er forma n c e of t h e d u t y .

7 . Th e p resen c e of c ommon va lu es , c u l t u res , a n d n orms u n iq u ely

fou n d a mon g i t s memb ers w h ic h a re a l s o b e in g gu id ed b y i t s ow n

c od e of et h ic s .

8 . Th e a b i l i t y t o c on t in u e i t s res ea rc h t o ex p a n d c on s t a n t ly i t s

b od y of k n ow led ge.Cha r a c t e r is t i c s o f a p r o f e s s i o n :

1 . A u t on omy ( in d ep en d en c e a n d se l f -govern a n c e) t h e a b i l i t yt o c h a rt or c a rve i t s ow n d es t in y in d ep en d en t f rom ot h ers .

2 . A u t h or i t y p oss ess ion o f h igh ly a d va n c ed a n d c omp et en tsk i l l s /ma st ery o f s u c h k n ow led ge a n d s k i l l s n ot a va i la b le t o

t h e gen era l p u b l ic .3 . A c c ou n t a b i l i t y resp on s ib i l i t y/ l ia b i l i t y t o ow n u p i t s

a c t ion s .

N u r s i n g - i s p r ima r i ly a ss i s t in g t h e in d iv id u a l ( s i c k or w el l ) in t h e

p er forma n c e of t h ose a c t iv i t ies c on t r ib u t in g t o h ea l t h , or i t s

rec overy (or t o a p ea c efu l d ea t h ) t h a t h e w ou ld p er form u n a id ed

i f h e h a d t h e n ec es s a ry s t ren gt h , w i l l , o r k n ow led ge. I t i s l i k ew ise

t h e u n iq u e c on t r ib u t ion o f n u rs in g t o h e lp in d iv id u a l t o b e

in d ep en d en t o f s u c h a ss i s t a n c e a s soon a s p oss ib le . (V i rg in ia

H en d erson , 1958; 1978)

N u rs in g i s p u t t in g t h e p a t ien t in t h e b es t c on d i t ion for n a t u re t oa c t . Th is d esc r ip t ion /d ef in i t ion w a s g iven b y F loren c e

N igh t a n g le , d u b b ed a s t h e f i r s t n u rs in g t h eor is t . Sh e ma d e u se o f

t h e en v i ron men t ( c lea n a n d h ea l t h y s u rrou n d in g) in t h e rec overy

of a n i l l p a t ien t .

N u rs in g- i s t h e d ia gn os is a n d t rea t men t o f h u ma n res p on ses t o

a c t u a l a n d p ot en t ia l h ea l t h p rob lems (A N A ) .


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y Th e c ommon foc u s o f n u rs in g i s t h e n eed t o p rov id eh u ma n is t ic a n d h o l i s t i c c a re t h a t in c lu d es t h e fou r a rea s

re la t ed t o h ea l t h :

1 . H ea l t h Promot ion

2. H ea l t h Ma in t en a n c e

3. H ea l t h Rest ora t ion4. C a re o f t h e D y in g

R A 9 1 7 3 o r the Ph i l i p p i n e N u r s i n g A c t o f 2 0 0 2 g ives t h e mea n in g o f

n u rs in g p ra c t ic e t h rou gh t h e fo l low in g :

-a lon e or in c o l la b ora t ion w it h a n ot h er , in i t ia t es a n d p er forms

n u rs in g serv ic es t o in d iv id u a ls , fa mi l ies a n d c ommu n it ies in a n y

h ea l t h c a re set t in g t h a t in c lu d es :

1 . n u rs in g c a re d u r in g c on c ep t ion , la b or , d e l ivery ,

c h i ld h ood , a d u l t h ood a n d o ld a ge

2. , p romot ion of h ea l t h a n d p reven t ion o f i l ln es s .

3 . c o l la b ora t ion w it h ot h er h ea l t h c a re p rov id ers for t h e

c u ra t ive , p reven t ive , a n d reh a b i l i t a t ive a sp ec t s o f c a res ,

res t ora t ion o f h ea l t h , a l lev ia t ion o f s u f fer in g a n d w h en rec overy

is n ot p oss ib le t ow a rd s a p ea c efu l d ea t h .

N u rs in g Pra c t ic e c overs t h e t h ree a rea s o f n u rs in g , n a mely :

n u rs in g ed u c a t ion , n u rs in g s erv ic e , a n d c ommu n it y h ea l t h n u rs in g

(Ru le 1 Sec t . 3 (d ) IRR RA 9173) .

P r o f e s s i o n a l N u r s e a p erson w h os e n a me a n d

reg is t ra t ion /p rofess ion a l l i c en se n u mb er i s en t ered in t h e

C ommiss ion s reg is t ry b ook a n d c omp u t er ized d a t a b a s e a s lega l ly

a u t h or ized t o p ra c t ic e t h e n u rs in g p rofes s ion (Ru le 1 Sec t . 3 (e )

IRR RA 9173) .Pra c t ic in g Profess ion a l N u rs e- a p ers on w h o i s en ga ged in t h e

p ra c t ic e o f n u rs in g p rofes s ion or i s p er formin g a c t s or a c t iv i t ies ,

w h et h er regu la r ly or oc c a s ion a l ly , in c lu d in g on e w h o i s emp loyed

in a govern men t o f f i c e or in a p r iva t e f i rm, c omp a n y or

c orp ora t ion w h os e d u t ies req u i re k n ow led ge a n d a p p l ic a t ion o f

t h e n u rs in g p rofes s ion (Ru le 1 Sec t . 3 ( f ) I RR RA 9173) .

Fore ign Profess ion a l N u rses fore ign n a t ion a ls w h o, b e in g

l i c en sed p rofess ion a l n u rses in t h e i r ow n c ou n t r ies , a re

a u t h or ized b y ex is t in g la w s t o p ra c t ic e t h e i r p rofes s ion e i t h er a s

h o ld ers o f a c er t i f i c a t e o f reg is t ra t ion a n d p rofess ion a lid en t i f i c a t ion c a rd or a s p ec ia l / t emp ora ry p ermit in t h e

Ph i l ip p in es su b jec t t o s ome p rov is ion s o f RA 9173 (Ru le 1 Sec t . 3

(g ) IRR RA 9173) .

N u rs in g Sp ec ia l t y Progra m a t ra in in g a n d d eve lop men t p rogra m

in t en d ed t o d eve lop /en h a n c e t h e sk i l l s , t o w h ic h a reg is t ered

n u rse d evot es h ims e l f /h ers e l f w h et h er a s a voc a t ion or


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p rofess ion t o en a b le h im/h er t o p rov id e n u rs in g s erv ic e in

sp ec i f i c a rea s in a c c ord a n c e w it h t h e et h ic s o f t h e p rofes s ion a n d

a p p l ic a b le la w .

T H EO RET I CA L F O UN D A T I O N O F N URS I N G A P P L I ED I N H EA LT H CA R E

S I T UA T I O N S P ur pose s of N ur s ing The or ie s a nd Conc e ptua l F r a m e wor k s ( Koz ier et

a l . ,45)

y Prov id e d i rec t ion a n d gu id a n c e for :a . s t ru c t u r in g p rofess ion a l n u rs in g p ra c t ic e , ed u c a t ion

a n d res ea rc h

b. D if feren t ia t in g t h e foc u s o f n u rs in g f rom ot h er

p rofess ion s .

y A ss is t n u rses t o d es c r ib e , ex p la in a n d p red ic t everyd a yex p er ien c es .

y Serves t o gu id e a sses s men t , in t erven t ion , a n d eva lu a t ion o f n u rs in g c a re

y Prov id e a ra t ion a le for c o l lec t in g re l ia b le a n d va l id d a t aa b ou t t h e h ea l t h s t a t u s o f c l ien t s , w h ic h a re ess en t ia l for

ef fec t ive d ec is ion ma k in g a n d imp lemen t a t ion .

y H elp t o es t a b l i sh c r i t er ia t o mea su re t h e q u a l i t y o f n u rs in gc a re

y H elp b u i ld a c ommon n u rs in g t ermin o logy t o u se inc ommu n ic a t in g w i t h ot h er h ea l t h p rofes s ion a ls . Id ea s a re

d eve lop ed a n d w ork s d e f in ed .

y E n h a n c e a u t on omy ( in d ep en d en c e a n d s e l f -govern a n c e) o f n u rs in g t h rou gh d ef in in g i t s ow n in d ep en d en t fu n c t ion s .

y Prov id e a gen era l foc u s for c u rr ic u lu m d es igny Gu id e c u rr ic u la r d ec is ion ma k in gy Offer f ra mew ork for gen era t in g k n ow led ge a n d n ew id ea sy A ss is t in d is c over in g k n ow led ge ga p s in t h e s p ec i f i c f ie ld o f

s t u d y

y Offer a sys t ema t ic a p p roa c h t o id en t i fy q u est ion s f or s t u d y ,se lec t va r ia b les , in t erp ret f in d in gs , a n d va l id a t e n u rs in g

in t erven t ion s

Co n c e p t s a re a b s t ra c t id ea s or men t a l ima ges o f p h en omen a or

rea l i t y . I t c a n b e c on c ret e id ea s t h a t c a n b e men t a l ly p ic t u red

(eg . C a rs , c e l lp h on es , h ou se) ; or i t c a n b e a b s t ra c t id ea s (eg .

Pow er lessn ess , a d a p t a t ion , n u rs in g ) .

N u rs in g t h eor ies a d d resses t h e fo l low in g fou r m a jor c on c ep t s :

1 . Person or c l ien t2 . E n v i ron men t3 . H ea l t h / i l ln ess


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4. N u rs in gConc e ptua l F r a m e wor k grou p of re la t ed c on c ep t s . I t c a n a lso b e

v iew ed a s a n u mb re l la u n d er w h ic h ma n y t h eor ies c a n ex is t

(C res ia & Pa rk er 1991,p 7) .

Conc e ptua l M ode l - i s a sys t em of re la t ed c on c ep t s or a c on c ep t u a l

d ia gra m.M o d e l - gra p h ic i l lu s t ra t ion o f re la t ion s hip s .

The o r y - i s made up of concepts and proposit ions; however, a

t h eory a c c ou n t s for p h en omen a w it h mu c h grea t er sp ec i f i c i t y .G EN ERA L T H EO RI ES I N N URS I N G

N igh t a n g l e s E n v i r o n m e n t a l the or y F loren c e N igh t a n g le , t h e

mot h er o f mod ern n u rs in g esp ou sed h er t h eory foc

personal and professional growth and development

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