persistent organic pollutants in marine ecosystems
Post on 19-Dec-2015
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Persistent Organic Pollutants in Marine
Ecosystems
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PoPs in Swedish Breast Milk
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HalogenatedAromatic Hydrocarbons
ChlorineBromineFluorine
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Types of PoP
• Pesticides• Industrial Chemicals• By-Products
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Toxicity of PoPs
• Related to structure• Related to ‘most toxic substance’
– 2,3,7,8 tetrachloro dibenzo dioxin
• Toxicity Equivalent - TEQ– Relative Factor of 1 for 2,3,7,8 TCDD
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Dioxins/Furans
• 75 individual chlorinated dioxins
• 135 individual chlorinated furans
• Very stable & bind to soils and sediment
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Associated Issues
• Bioaccumulation – Biomagnification• Loss of higher predators• Adverse impacts on marine food chains• Fish eating – Gt Lakes of North America,
Baltic & North Sea• Birth defects, reduced aptitude in new
born babies• Endocrine Disruption
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pcwww.liv.ac.uk/aquabiol/BIOL202_Web/
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PCBs – Major Problems
• Baltic Sea & North Sea• Gt Lakes of North America• Hudson River
• Local “difficulties” :– Mersey Estuary & Liverpool Bay
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Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls
• 209 Compounds - ca 100 in env• Highly inert• Introduced 1930s• Discovered in environment 1966
by Jensen in Sweden during analysis for DDT
• 750,000 tonnes manufactured
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Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls
• Banned by USEPA in new uses in 1979
• Manufacture completely banned in 1984
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Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls
• Technical Mixtures
– Arochlor 1242– Arochlor 1254– Arochlor 1262
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2000190018000
100
200
300
400
500
600
Total Arochlor W2
Date
Conc(µg/kg)
PCBs
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Flame Retardents
• Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
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Impacts of tissue residues
Endocrine Disruption
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Intersex
Mersey
Male
Flounder
Gonad
Intersex Flounder
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Endocrine Disruption
• Molluscs –– TBT - IMPOSEX
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Nucella