persistent organic pollutants in marine ecosystems
DESCRIPTION
Persistent Organic Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems. Persistent Organic Pollutants. Fate of PoPs Mechanisms of Environmental Control Characteristics Main groups Issues. pcwww.liv.ac.uk/aquabiol/BIOL415_Web/. Tri-Butyl Tin. Nucella Imposex. Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chlorine - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Persistent Organic Pollutants in Marine
Ecosystems
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Persistent Organic Pollutants
• Fate of PoPs• Mechanisms of Environmental
Control• Characteristics• Main groups• Issues
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pcwww.liv.ac.uk/aquabiol/BIOL415_Web/
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Tri-Butyl Tin• Nucella• Imposex
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HalogenatedAromatic Hydrocarbons
ChlorineBromineFluorine
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Types of PoP
• Pesticides• Industrial Chemicals• By-Products
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Associated Issues• Bioaccumulation – Biomagnification• Loss of higher predators• Adverse impacts on marine food chains• Fish eating – Gt Lakes of North America,
Baltic & North Sea• Birth defects, reduced aptitude in new
born babies• Endocrine Disruption
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Stockholm ConventionUNEP decided to convene an
Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) to prepare an legally binding instrument
on persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
The INC completed work on the instrument, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, in December 2000.
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Stockholm conventionThe Convention entered into force on
17 May 2004.
The first meeting of the Conference of the Parties took place from 2-6 May 2005 in Punta del Este, Uruguay
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PoPs in Swedish Breast Milk
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Toxicity of PoPs• Related to structure• Related to ‘most toxic substance’
– 2,3,7,8 tetrachloro dibenzo dioxin• Toxicity Equivalent - TEQ
– Relative Factor of 1 for 2,3,7,8 TCDD
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Dioxins/Furans• 75 individual chlorinated dioxins
• 135 individual chlorinated furans
• Very stable & bind to soils and sediment
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DDT• Old problem – Peregrine Falcons
etc• Residues remain• DDE – oxidative environments• DDD – reducing environments• Mersey estuary and Irish Sea
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PCBs – Major Problems• Baltic Sea & North Sea• Gt Lakes of North America• Hudson River
• Local “difficulties” :– Mersey Estuary & Liverpool Bay
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Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls
• 209 Compounds - ca 100 in env
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PCB• Congener 209 –
Deca-choro biphenyl
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Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls
• 209 Compounds - ca 100 in env• Highly inert• Introduced 1930s• Discovered in environment 1966
by Jensen in Sweden during analysis for DDT
• 750,000 tonnes manufactured
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Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls
• Banned by USEPA in new uses in 1979
• Manufacture completely banned in 1984
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Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls
• Technical Mixtures
– Arochlor 1242– Arochlor 1254– Arochlor 1262
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2000190018000
100
200
300
400
500
600
Total Arochlor W2
Date
Conc(µg/kg)
PCBs
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Brominated Fire Retardents
• Poly brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
• 209 Congeners
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Brominated FRs• Among the many BFRs used in the world
the main commercial BFRs are the following:
• TBBPA: Tetrabromobisphenol -A
• HBCD: Hexabromocyclododecane
• PBB: Polybrominated biphenyls - Phased out in Europe
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PBDEs • Deca-BDE (Decabromodiphenyl ether)
• Octa-BDE (Octabromodiphenyl ether) -
Phased out in Europe
• Penta-BDE (Pentabromodiphenyl ether) - Phased out in Europe
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Flame Retardents
• Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
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Other Brominated materials:
• Brominated polymers such as brominated epoxy, brominated polystyrene, brominated polycarbonate, poly (brominated acrylate), and brominated polyols.
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Mersey Estuary• High levels of
BDEs especially : DecaBromoDiphenylEther 209
• On-going research
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PoPs: Impacts of tissue residues
Endocrine Disruption
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IntersexMerseyMaleFlounder Gonad
Intersex Flounder
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Endocrine Disruption
• Molluscs –– TBT - IMPOSEX
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Nucella