1) Periodontal probes1) Periodontal probes

2) Explorers2) Explorers

3) Scaling, root-planning and curettage 3) Scaling, root-planning and curettage instruments i) Sickle scalersinstruments i) Sickle scalers

ii) curettesii) curettes

iii) hoe, chisel & file scalersiii) hoe, chisel & file scalers

iv) ultrasonic & sonic instrumentsiv) ultrasonic & sonic instruments

4) Periodontal endoscope4) Periodontal endoscope

5) Cleaning & polishing instruments5) Cleaning & polishing instruments

1) Tapered,rodlike 1) Tapered,rodlike instrument calibrated instrument calibrated in millimeters, with a in millimeters, with a blunt rounded tip.blunt rounded tip.

2) Locate, measure,&2) Locate, measure,&

mark pockets.mark pockets.

4) Determine their 4) Determine their course course

on individual tooth on individual tooth surface.surface.

1) Locate subgingival 1) Locate subgingival deposits & carious deposits & carious areas.areas.

2) Check the 2) Check the smoothness of the smoothness of the root surfaces.root surfaces.

1)The sickle scaler is 1)The sickle scaler is primarily used for primarily used for supragingival supragingival calculus removal.calculus removal.

2) First instrument 2) First instrument used to remove used to remove large, heavy large, heavy deposits thus deposits thus improving access to improving access to subgingival area for subgingival area for other instruments.other instruments.

Used for removing Used for removing deep subgingival deep subgingival calculus.calculus.

Curettes is finer Curettes is finer than sickle scalers.than sickle scalers.

Each working end Each working end has a cutting edge has a cutting edge on both sides of the on both sides of the blade and a blade and a rounded toe.rounded toe.

They are used for They are used for scaling the ledges or scaling the ledges or the rings of the the rings of the calculus.calculus.

Blade is slightly bowed Blade is slightly bowed so as to maintain so as to maintain contact at two points contact at two points on a convex surface.on a convex surface.

Cutting edge is Cutting edge is bebelled at 45 bebelled at 45 degrees.degrees.

Primary function is Primary function is to fracture or crush to fracture or crush large firm deposits large firm deposits of tenacious of tenacious calculus,calculus,

They can easily They can easily gouge & roughen gouge & roughen the root surface the root surface when used when used improperly.improperly.

Used for removing Used for removing plaques , scaling, plaques , scaling, curetting, & curetting, & removing stains.removing stains.

They are of two They are of two typestypes

MagnetostrictiveMagnetostrictive

PiezoelectricPiezoelectric

Used in the anterior Used in the anterior part of the mouth.part of the mouth.

Designed for Designed for proximal surfaces of proximal surfaces of teeth.teeth.

Double ended Double ended instrument with a instrument with a curved shank at one curved shank at one end and a straght at end and a straght at the other.the other.

Used to visualize Used to visualize deeply into the deeply into the subgingival pockets & subgingival pockets & furcations.furcations.

Used for the diagnosis Used for the diagnosis & treatment of the & treatment of the periodontal disease.periodontal disease.

Fibreoptic endoscopes Fibreoptic endoscopes fits onto the fits onto the periodontal probes & periodontal probes & ultrasonic ultrasonic instruments easily.instruments easily.

Rubber cupsRubber cups

Bristle brushesBristle brushes

Dental tapesDental tapes

Air-powder polishingAir-powder polishing

VARIOUS INSTRUMENTS USED VARIOUS INSTRUMENTS USED IN PERIODONTICSIN PERIODONTICS

GENERAL GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PRINCIPLES OF INSTRUMENTATINSTRUMENTAT

IONION

Facilitates thoroughness of the instrumentation.

CLINICIAN POSITION:- Feet flat on the floor; thighs parallel to the floor; back straight; head erect.

PATIENTS POSITION :- Supine position; chin should be raised slightly, for maxillary arch; lowering the chin until the mandible gets parallel to the floor, for mandibular arch.

ACCESIBILITY

Direct illumination:- from dental light.

Indirect illumination:- using mouth mirror.

Retraction provides visibility accessibility & illumination. Fingers & mouth mirror can be used for retraction depending on the position of the operator.

Visibility, illumination & retraction

Instruments should be clean & sterile.

Working ends should be sharp as it enhances the tactile sensitivity & increases the efficacy of the operator.

Dull instruments lead to incomplete calculus removal.

Condition and sharpness of the

instruments

Adequate suction of saliva is necessary as it interferes with the visibility during instrumentation & impedes control because firm finger rest cannot be established.

Maintaining a clean field

Adaptation refers to the manner in which the working end of the periodontal instrument is placed against the surface of the tooth.

Angulation refers to the angle between the face of the bladed instrument & the tooth surface.

Lateral pressure refers to the pressure applied against the surface of the tooth.

INSTRUMENT ACTIVATION