November 13, 2014

Periodicity

Periodicity: HL

- d-block elements

November 13, 2014

d-block elements

58 59 60 61 62 6463 65 67 68 69 70 71Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

66Dy

Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

90 91 92 93 94 9695 97 99 100 101 102 103Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Es Fm Md No Lr

98Cf

Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

Ru

Ti

Rhenium

Ruthenium Rhodium

H

Li Be

Na Mg

K Ca

Rb Sr

Cs Ba

Fr Ra

Sc

Y

La

Ac

Zr

Hf

Rf

V

Nb

Ta

Db

Cr

Mo

W

Sg

Mn

Tc

Re

Bh

Fe

Os

Hs

Co

Rh

Ir

Mt

Ni

Pd

Pt

Cu

Ag

Au

Zn

Cd

Hg

Hydrogen

Lithium

Sodium

Potassium

Rubidium

Cesium

Beryllium

Magnesium

Calcium

Strontium

Barium

Radium

Scandium

Yttrium

Lanthanum

Actinium

Vanadium

Niobium

Tantalum

Dubnium

Chromium

Molybdenum

Tungsten

Manganese

Technetium

Iron Cobalt Copper Zinc

Palladium Silver Cadmium

Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury

Hassium Meitnerium

B

Al

Ga

In

Tl

C

Si

Ge

Sn

Pb

N

P

As

Sb

Bi

O F

Cl

Br

I

At

He

Ne

Ar

Kr

Xe

Rn

S

Se

Te

Po

Francium

Titanium

Rutherfordium

Zirconium

Hafnium

Seaborgium

Osmium

Bohrium

1

3 4

11 12

Nickel

19 20

37 38

55 56

87 88

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

89 104 105 106 107 108 109

5 6 7 8 9 10

13 14 15 16 17 18

31 32 33 34 35 36

50 51 52 53 54

81 82 83 84 85 86

2

Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton

Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon

ArgonChlorineSulfurPhosphorusSiliconAluminium

Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon

Helium

Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

Only focus on the first row

A transition metal is defined as an element that possesses an incomplete d sub-level in one or more of its oxidation state.

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Zn, full 10 electrons in the d orbitals

Characteristics and properties of Transition Elements

Variable oxidation state

Coloured complexes

Formation of complex ions

Catalytic behaviour

5. Display magnetic properties

November 13, 2014

Variable Oxidation State

Coloured ComplexesFor example, the chromium (III) ion, Cr3+, has five 3d orbitals of the same energy. However, when the ion is surrounded by six water ligands, the five d orbitals are split into three orbitals of lower energy and two orbitals of higher energy.When white light falls on the complex, energy is absorbed and electrons in the lower energy d orbitals are excited to a higher energy d orbital. The wavelength of energy absorbed depends on the difference in the energy of the split orbitals. The remaining wavelengths of the light combine to give the colour that is observed (the complementary colour).

Catalytic Behaviour

November 13, 2014

Complex Ions:

A ligand has an electron pair that it can donate to the central metal ion.

Monodentate ligands:

Ligands such as water and cyanide ions are known as monodentate ligands as they utilize just one non-bonding pair to form two or more coordinate bond to the metal ion.

Some ligands contain more than one non-bonding pair and can form two or more coordinate bonds to the metal ion.

three common ones are:

ethylenediamine

oxolate ions

EDTA

Magnetic Properties:Many complexes of transition metal contain unpaired electrons.

unlike paired electrons, where the spins cancel each other out, the spinning unpaired electrons create a small magnetic field and will line up in an applied electric or magnetic field to make the transitional metal complex weakly magnetic. This is referred to as paramagnetism.

When all the electrons in a transitional metal complex are paired up the complex is said to be diamagnetic.

November 13, 2014

HW