periodicity - dr. g's chemistryperiodicity unit 3 the periodic table physical and chemical...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PeriodicityUnit 3
The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties
Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements
![Page 2: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Do You know these terms/phrases?
• Distinguish between the terms group and period
• apply the relationship between electron arrangement & their position on PT
• transition elements
• Z
• valence electrons
• describe the arrangement of elements in the PT
![Page 3: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Physical Properties• Periodicity - what is this?
• Nuclear Charge - # of protons
• shielding of electrons - outer electrons do not receive full attraction from the protons in the nucleus because of the inner electrons
• effective nuclear charge - what is ‘experienced’ by the outer electrons
![Page 4: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Shielding...cont’d
• left to right on the periodic table...
• adding a proton each time with no more shielding electrons...
• top to bottom on periodic table...
• adding more protons (from the trip across the row) while adding an extra shell of electrons
What affect is this going to have on the atomic radius??
![Page 5: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Atomic Radius
Element Electron Arrangement
No. of occupied
shells
Radius 10-12 m
Li 2, 1 2 152
Na 2,8,1 3 186
K 2,8,8,1 4 231
Rb 2,8,18,8,1 5 244
Cs 2,8,18,18,8,1 6 262
![Page 6: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Atomic Radius
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Atomic Radius 186 160 143 117 110 104 99 -
Ar - too difficult to measure as they do not bond with other elements...
![Page 7: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ionic RadiusElement Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Atomic Radius 186 160 143 117 110 104 99 -
Ionic Radius 98 Na+
65 Mg2+
45 Al3+
42 Si4+
271 Si4-212 P3-
190 S2-
181 Cl- -
5 trends in Ionic Radius....Positive Ions are smaller than their parent atoms
Negative Ions are larger than their parent atomsIonic radii decrease (+ ions) as you move from group 1-4
Ionic radii decrease (- ions) as you move from group 4-7 Ionic radii increase as you move down a group
![Page 9: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ionization energies
• ....measure of the attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons
• Talked about at length in Atomic Structure
• explained the subshells! (figure 3.5, pg 78)
• Two general trends
• I.E. increases across a period ➜
• I.E. decrease as you go down a group ⬇
![Page 10: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Electronegativity• ...the measure of the ability of its atoms to attract electrons
in a covalent bond (related to ionization energy)
• trends:
• increases as you go left to right
• decreases as you go down a group
• IE - can be measured directly - property of gaseous atoms
• Electronegativity - derived experimentally (bond energy data)
![Page 11: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Chemical Properties
Noble Gases, Alkali Metals, HAlogens and the Period 3 Oxides
![Page 12: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Noble Gases
• What do you know about them?
• colourless gases
• monatomic
• unreactive
• stable octet
![Page 13: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Group 1: Alkali Metals
• Highly reactive - stored in oil
• form single charged ions: M+
• to form which type of electron configuration
• low ionization energies
• can conduct electricity (mobility of outer electron)
![Page 14: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Alkali metals - RXN w/H2O
• What happens in the reaction??
![Page 15: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Group 7 (17) - The Halogens
• Exist as diatomic molecules - X2 (generally coloured)
• gradual change from gas (F2 and Cl2) to liquid (Br2) to solid (I2)
• very reactive - decreases down the group
• form ionic compounds with metals and covalent compounds with non-metals
![Page 16: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Why do the halogens show this trend in reactivity?
• electronegativity - attraction for electrons
• atomic radius
![Page 17: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Reaction with Group 1 Metals
• React to form Ionic Halides
• 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) ➝ 2NaCl
• causes ions of opposite charges
• Most vigorous ionic halide reaction???
![Page 18: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
displacement reactions
• for example - chlorine gas is bubbled through a solution of potassium bromide and it turns from colourless to orange...what happened? what will the reaction look like?
• 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(g) ➝ 2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)
• Why does this occur?
![Page 19: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Rxns with Silver
• Halogens form insoluble salts with Ag
• This is useful in identifying halides in solutions
![Page 20: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Bonding of the Period 3 oxides
• Depends on electronegativity difference between the atoms
• the greater the electronegativity difference, the greater the ionic character of the bond
Formula Na2O(s) MgO(s) Al2O3(s) SiO2(s)P4O10(s) P4O6(s)
SO3(l) SO2(g)
Cl2O7(l) Cl2O(g)
Oxidation# +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +3
+6 +4
+7 +1
Conductivity in molten state high high high very low none none none
Structure giant ionic giant covalent molecular covalent
![Page 21: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Acid-Base Character of Period 3 Oxides
• based on bonding
• metals
• non-metals
• metalloids
Formula Na2O(s) MgO(s) Al2O3(s) SiO2(s)P4O10(s) P4O6(s)
SO3(l) SO2(g)
Cl2O7(l) Cl2O(g)
Acid-base character basic amphoteric acidic
![Page 22: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Basic Oxides
• dissolve in water to form a base
• Na2O(s) + H2O(l) ➝ 2NaOH(aq)
• MgO(s) + H2O(l) ➝ Mg(OH)2(aq)
• react with acid to form salt and water
• Li2O(s) + 2HCl(aq) ➝ 2LiCl(aq) + H2O(l)
• MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) ➝ MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
![Page 23: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Acidic Oxides
• Non-metallic oxides react with water to produce acidic solutions
• P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) ➝ 4H3PO4(aq)
• Cl2O7(l) + H2O(l) ➝ 2HClO4(aq)
![Page 24: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Amphoteric Oxides
• Al2O3 does not affect pH as it is added to water because it is insoluble
• behaves as a base as it reacts with acid
• behaves as an acid as it reacts with a base
![Page 25: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Trends across period 3
![Page 26: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Bonding of the period 3 Chlorides
• Grab a book...take a look at page 89...what do you notice about the table?
![Page 27: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Reaction of Period 3 Chlorides with water
• Cl2(g) + H2O ➝ HCl + HOCl
• called disproportionation as Cl is both oxidized and reduced in the reaction
• see table at bottom of page 90
![Page 28: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hydration of Ionic Chlorides
• NaCl(s) ➝ Na+ + Cl-
• salt of a strong acid and a strong base - Neutral!
• MgCl2 ➝ Mg2+ + 2Cl-
• slightly acidic (Mg(OH)2) is less basic than NaOH
![Page 29: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Hydration of Covalent Chlorides
• AlCl3 ➝ Al3+ + 3Cl-
• high charge density and a small ionic radius
• Draw the complex...
• attached species are called ligands - attached via a daitive covalent bond (both electrons come from one atom - section 4 - bonding)
• also partially acidic based on the fact that it attracts hydroxide ions as well...
![Page 30: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
First Row d-Block elements
(HL)
![Page 31: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Electron Configurations
• Who has the unusual electron configurations across the first row of d-block elements?
• Cr and Cu
• Why?
![Page 32: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Properties
• Physical
• high electrical/thermal conductivity
• high melting point
• malleable
• high tensile strength
• ductile
• Chemical
• form compounds with more than one oxidation number
• form complex ions
• form coloured compounds
• can act as catalysts
![Page 33: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Scandium and Zinc
• Form ions: Sc3+ and Zn2+
• What is true about the electron configuration of these ions?
• Why might they not be considered transition metals?
![Page 34: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Multiple Oxidation States
• Reasoning: ionization energies of transition metals allow for multiple oxidation states (graph on pg 95)
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
+1
+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3
+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
+5 +5 +5 +5 +5
+6 +6 +6
+7
![Page 35: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Things to Notice...
• +2 and +3 are available for almost all TMs
• M3+ is stable for Sc to Cr, but M2+ is more common for later elements because the increased nuclear charge makes it difficult to remove the 3rd electron
• Oxidation states above +3 show covalent character
• K2Cr2O7 - tend to be oxidizing agents
![Page 36: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Complexes - Ligands
• ...Octahedral complex formed by Al3+...
• relatively high charge and small size allow transition metals to attract the lone pair of electrons from the ligand
• the number of dative bonds from the ligands to the central ion is called the coordination number
• shapes...
![Page 37: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Colour of Transition Metals
• related to the partially filled d-orbitals
• Which ions are colourless??
• Sc and Zn
• they absorb visible light and depending on the colour, it is transmitted back as a complementary colour
![Page 38: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Transition Metals as Catalysts
• heterogeneous catalyst - in a different state from the reactants - provide a surface for the reactants to come together with the correct orientation
• examples:
• Iron in the Haber Process
• Nickel in the conversion of alkenes to alkanes
• Palladium and Platinum in catalytic converters
• MnO2 in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
![Page 39: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The “Contact Process”
• V2O5 is the catalyst
• 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ➝ 2SO3(g)
• sulfur trioxide is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, “the manufacturing world’s most important chemical”
![Page 40: Periodicity - Dr. G's ChemistryPeriodicity Unit 3 The Periodic Table Physical and Chemical Properties Periodic Trends (period 3) First Row d-Block Elements Do You know these terms/phrases?](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042711/5f79fe27aac8206d2a102922/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Ions of transition metals as Homogeneous Catalysts
• same state of matter as the reactants
• particularly effective in REDOX reactions because of the multiple oxidation states
• Examples:
• Fe2+ in heme - transports O2 in blood
• Co3+ in vitamin B12 - 5 nitrogens attached leaving the 6th spot open for biological activity
• (B12 is needed for red blood cell production and for a healthy nervous system)