PERIOD 3: 1754-1800APUSH – MS. JUSTICE - BHS

TRIUMPH & TENSIONS IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE

A FRAGILE PEACE

Ohio Valley• Key to controlling N. America

• British• French• Iroquois Confederacy• Local Indians

THE SEVEN YEARS WAR IN AMERICA

THE SEVEN YEARS WAR

• George Washington• General Edward Braddock: early defeats• Two turning points in 1758

• Iroquois• William Pitt

• Surrender of Montreal in 1760

THE END OF FRENCH NORTH AMERICA

• 1763 – Treaty of Paris• Land and claims east of the

Mississippi (except New Orleans)• Florida Britain• Treaty of Ildefonso • Acadians/Cajuns

ANGLO-AMERICAN TENSIONS

• Pacifist Quakers• Quartering of British soldiers• Economic Concerns: profits & debt• King George III

ANGLO-AMERICAN FRICTION

• Allies vs. subjects• Pontiac’s War• Proclamation of 1763

FRONTIER TENSIONS

IMPERIAL AUTHORITY & COLONIAL OPPOSITION

WRITS OF ASSISTANCE

• 1760• American merchants’ trade with the French• 1763 - Massachusetts Supreme Court • Challenged authority of Parliament

SUGAR ACT

• 1764• Raise revenue

• Lowered tax on French molasses and sugar

• Tedious paperwork • Smuggling cases heard in British vice-

admiralty courts• Impacted urban port cities

STAMP ACT

• 1765• Stamped paper: newspapers, documents,

licenses, diplomas, legal documents, playing cards• Internal tax intended to raise money for Britain• Taxation without representation • Sons of Liberty• Stamp Act Congress

IDEOLOGY, RELIGION, RESISTANCE

• John Locke & the “social contract”• “republican” ideas• Protestant ministers – resistance to British

authority

DOCUMENT 4.3 – THE STAMP ACTDOCUMENT 4.4 – PATRICK HENRY

Document 4.3 – The Stamp Act

▪ Read Doc. 4.3 and answer the first 2 Practicing Historical Thinking Qs (Identify & Analyze) on a separate sheet of paper (which will require you to read Doc. 4.2)

Document 4.4 – Patrick Henry

▪ Read Doc. 4.4 and answer the Practicing Historical Thinking Qs on a separate sheet of paper (which will require you to read Doc. 3.9)

RESISTANCE RESUMES

QUARTERING ACT

• 1765• New York Assembly 1766• Anti-American feelings in

Parliament

TOWNSHEND DUTIES

• 1767• Charles Townshend• Revenue Act – taxed glass,

paint, lead, paper, tea• John Dickinson• Samuel Adams• Sons of Liberty• Nonconsumption movement

• Customs “racketeering”

• Wilkes and Liberty

• Women and colonial resistance

THE DEEPENING CRISIS

THE BOSTON MASSACRE

• 1770• 4,000 British soldiers in Boston• Frustrations erupted on March 5th

• 6 wounded, 5 killed• Only 2 soldiers found guilty• Impact?

CONFLICTS IN THE BACKCOUNTRY

• Land-hungry colonists:• Paxton Boys• Green Mountain Boys• North and South Carolina Regulators

TEA ACT

• 1773• British East India Company monopoly • Sam Adams led the “Boston Tea Party”

TOWARD INDEPENDENCE

LIBERTY FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS

• 1775• Virginia Governor Lord Dunmore’s

Proclamation• A military strategy

THE “INTOLERABLE ACTS”

Parliament’s response to the Boston Tea Party:• Boston Port Bill• Massachusetts Government Act • Administration of Justice Act• Quartering Act • Quebec Act

FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

• In response to the Intolerable Acts• September 1774• 56 delegates• Defend the colonies’ rights in

common

FROM RESISTANCE TO REBELLION

• Spring 1775 patriots established provincial congresses, collected arms, organized militia units (minutemen)

• William Dawes and Paul Revere• Lexington and Concord (“the shot heard round the world”)

• Second Continental Congress• Breed’s Hill/Bunker Hill • August 23 – King George III declared that

New England was in a state of rebellion

COMMON SENSE

• January 1776• Thomas Paine:

• Against monarchies • America should ‘start over’ without all the corruptions from

Europe• Convinced a lot of undecided

people to lean towards rebellion

DECLARING INDEPENDENCE

• War seemed inevitable • Delegates from colonies met in Philadelphia• Adopted the Declaration of Independence on

July 2, 1776• Signed on July 4 (and following weeks)

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE “BREAKUP LETTER”

Task: Put yourself in the role of the 13 American colonies & write a “breakup letter” from the colonies to Great Britain

Use the format of the Declaration outlined below for your letter:

▪ Explain why you (in the role of the 13 colonies) are writing the letter and what is about to happen [Preamble]

▪ Explain how you thought the relationship was going to be [Statement of Beliefs]

▪ Describe the specific things you found wrong with the relationship [List of Complaints]

▪ Describe how you tried to change the relationship [Steps Taken to Address Complaints]

▪ Explain your current feelings and final decision [Declaration]

LOYALISTS & OTHER BRITISH SYMPATHIZERS

LOYALISTS & OTHER BRITISH SYMPATHIZERS

Loyalists/Tories Patriots/Whigs

White colonists: 20% White colonists: 80%

Slaves: 20, 000 African Am.: 5,000

Native Americans: most sided with British

Native Americans: few sided with patriots

THE OPPOSING SIDES: BRITAIN

11 million people Had to pay for it all

Largest navy in the world Had to transport it all

Exceptional army Debt = higher taxes

Hessians and loyalists Had to defeat the colonists

No formidable allies

THE OPPOSING SIDES: THE COLONIES

Home-field advantage 2.5 million people (1/3 were loyalists and slaves)

220, 000 troops Untrained army

European allies (later) Most Indians fought with Britain

Didn’t have to win – just outlast British

Inexperienced officers

Short-term service

WAR & PEACE

SHIFTING FORTUNES IN THE NORTH

• British success early in the war• October 1777 – Battle of Saratoga was a

turning point• February 1778 - France formally recognized

the United States• Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben

VICTORY IN THE SOUTH

• 1778 – war’s focus shifted• Battle of Yorktown• General Cornwallis surrendered on Oct. 19, 1781• 1783 - Treaty of Paris

• Notably missing in the treaty…

THE REVOLUTION & SOCIAL CHANGE

SOCIAL CHANGE

• Egalitarianism among white men• White women• African-Americans• Native Americans

FORGING NEW GOVERNMENTS

FROM COLONIES TO STATES

• Bicameral legislatures• Voting requirements• State constitutions• Executive branch

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

• Written in 1776• Ratified in 1781• Weak national

government / power to the states

Land Ordinance of 1785

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

SHAYS’ REBELLION

• 1786• Daniel Shays• Significance?

THE PHILADELPHIA CONVENTION

• May 25, 1787 – September 17, 1787• 55 Delegates from all states but Rhode Island• Biggest hurdle = how to represent states in Congress

SLAVERY & THE CONSTITUTION

• Can’t interfere with the international slave trade for 20 years (until 1808)

• Can’t prevent escaped slaves from being returned to their owners• Slaves count as 3/5 of a person for representation & taxation

purposes

CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENTTAKES SHAPE

IMPLEMENTING GOVERNMENT

▪ 1789 – George Washington & John Adams

▪ Political party?

▪ Inauguration – New York City

THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY AND THE BILL OF RIGHTS

▪ The Judiciary Act of 1789

▪ 1791 - Bill of Rights ratified

HAMILTON’S DOMESTIC POLICIES

NATIONAL CREDIT & A NATIONAL BANK

▪ Alexander Hamilton – Sec. of the Treasury

▪ National debt = $54 million + $12 million

▪ Hamilton’s plan

▪ National bank

▪ Jefferson (Sec. of State) & Madison (Congressman) disapproved

EMERGING PARTISANSHIP

Although there were no formal political parties… two distinct parties began to emerge…

Federalists: Republicans:Wealthy Not as wealthyNortherners SouthernersEasterners WesternersHamilton, Washington, and Adams Jefferson and Madison

THE WHISKEY REBELLION

▪ Hamilton’s tax on whiskey

▪ 1794 - Pennsylvania farmers refuse to pay the tax

▪ 13,000 militiamen

▪ Significance?

THE UNITED STATES IN A WIDER WORLD

CHALLENGING AMERICAN EXPANSION

▪ Disputed area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River

▪ 3 new states:

▪ Vermont

▪ Kentucky

▪ Tennessee

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

▪ French inspired by the American Revolution

▪ Americans divided

▪ France declared war on Spain and Britain

▪ Edmond Genet (“Citizen Genet”)

▪ Washington’s proclamation of neutrality

DIPLOMACY & WAR

▪ Treaty of Greenville

▪ Jay’s Treaty

▪ Pinckney’s Treaty

PARTIES & POLITICS

IDEOLOGY & POLITICAL PARTIES

▪ Federalists:

▪ Jefferson Republicans:

▪ Washington’s response:

ELECTION OF 1796

▪ Federalist John Adams vs. Republican Thomas Jefferson

THE ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS

▪ 1798

▪ Federalists took a majority in both houses of Congress

▪ Passed the Alien Acts & the Sedition Act

ELECTION OF 1800

▪ Role of political parties

▪ Power shift in executive branch

▪ No civil war

▪ A tie!

Aaron Burr

Thomas Jefferson

J. Adams

SOCIAL CHANGE

SOCIAL CHANGE

▪ White women & “republican motherhood”

▪ Native Americans

▪ African-Americans