perceptions in ob

8/13/2019 Perceptions in ob

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Perception and Emotions


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PERCEPTION

1. What is perception?

2. What causes people to have different

perceptions of the same situation?

3. Can people be mistaken in their perceptions?4. Does perception really affect outcomes?


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PERCEPTION

What Is Perception?

The process by which individuals organize andinterpret their impressions in order to give meaningto their environment.

Why Is It Important?

Because peoples behaviour is based on theirperception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

The world as it is perceived is the world that isbehaviourally important.


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WHYWESTUDYPERCEPTIONS

To better understand how people make attributions

about events.

We dont see reality. We interpret what we see and

call it reality.

The attribution process guides our behaviour,

regardless of the truth of the attribution.


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FACTORSINFLUENCINGPERCEPTION

The Perceiver

The Target

The Situation


9/20FACTORSTHATINFLUENCEPERCEPTION


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PERCEPTUALERRORS

Attribution Theory

Selective Perception

Halo Effect

Contrast Effects Projection

Stereotyping


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ATTRIBUTIONTHEORY

When individuals observe behaviour, they

attempt to determine whether it is internally or

externally caused.

DistinctivenessDoes the individual act the same way in other situations?

Consensus

Does the individual act the same as others in same

situation?

Consistency

Does the individual act the same way over time?


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ATTRIBUTIONTHEORY

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to underestimate external factors andoverestimate internal factors when making judgmentsabout othersbehaviour.

Self-Serving Bias The tendency to attribute ones successes to internal

factors while putting the blame for failures on externalfactors.


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PERCEPTUALERRORS

Selective Perception

People selectively interpret what they see based

on their interests, background, experience, and

attitudes.

Halo Effect

Drawing a general impression about an individual

based on a single characteristic.

Contrast Effects A persons evaluation is affected by comparisons

with other individuals recently encountered.


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PERCEPTUALERRORS

Projection

Attributing ones own characteristics to other people.

Stereotyping Judging someone on the basis of your perception of the

group to which that person belongs.

Prejudice

An unfounded dislike of a person or group based on theirbelonging to a particular stereotyped group.


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WHYDOPERCEPTIONSANDJUDGMENT

MATTER?

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A concept that proposes a person will behave in ways

consistent with how he or she is perceived by others.

Pygmallion Effect

The Pygmalion effect, or Rosenthal effect, is the

phenomenon in which the greater the expectation

placed upon people, the better they perform.[1]The

effect is named after Pygmalion, a play by George

Bernard Shaw.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_effect


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BRANDENSSIXPILLARSOFSELF-ESTEEM

1. Living consciously: Be aware of everything that affects your values and goals,and act with awareness.

2. Self-acceptance: Accept who you are without criticism and judgment.

3. Personal responsibility: Take responsibility for the decisions you make and thethings you do.

4. Self-assertiveness: Honour your wants, needs, and values, and dont be afraidto speak up for things that are important to you.

5. Living purposefully: Develop short- and long-term goals, and make realisticplans to achieve your goals.

6. Personal integrity: Live up to your word and your values.


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WHATAREEMOTIONS?

Two related terms:

Emotions

Intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.

Moods

Feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and thatlack a contextual stimulus.


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CHOOSINGEMOTIONS: EMOTIONALLABOUR

When an employee expresses organizationally-

desired emotions during interpersonal interactions.


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EMOTIONALINTELLIGENCE

Noncognitive skills, capabilities, andcompetencies that influence a person's abilityto interact with others.

Five dimensions

Self-awareness

Self-management

Self-motivation

Empathy

Social skills


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SUMMARYANDIMPLICATIONS

3. Can people be mistaken in their perceptions?

Shortcuts, such as attribution theory, selectiveperception, halo effect, contrast effects, projection,and stereotyping are helpful and even necessary, butcan and do get us in trouble.

4. Does perception really affect outcomes?

Perceptions often affect productivity more than thesituation does.

perceptions in ob

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