perception. perception the organization and interpretation of our sensations. it is how we create...
TRANSCRIPT
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Perception
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PerceptionThe organization and
interpretation of our sensations. It is how we create meaning for what we see, touch, hear, feel and smell.
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Bottom-up Processing
Analysis of the stimulus begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the level
of the brain and mind.
Letter “A” is really a black blotch broken down into features by the brain that we perceive as an
“A.”
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Top-Down ProcessingInformation processing guided by higher-
level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations.
Top Down Processing explains how our expectations and prior experiences guide our perceptions.
THE CHT
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Top-Down Processing
Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at Cmabrigde
Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the
ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng
is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit
pclae. The rset can be a total mses and you
can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is
bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey
lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.
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How many faces do you see?
Making Sense of Complexity
“The Forest Has Eyes,” Bev Doolittle
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Selective Attention: the idea that we are only aware of a small percentage of what we experience.
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Selective Attention
The most famous example to illustrate selective attention is known as the “cocktail party effect.”
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RedGreenBlueYellowOrangeRedYellowBlack
BlueRedOrangeGreenBlueGreenYellow
BlueYellowOrange Yellow BlackGreenRedRed
The Stroop EffectTry to read the COLOR of the words!
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The Stroop Effect
Selective Attention Theory: the interference occurs because naming colors requires more attention than reading words.
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Perception
Visual Capture: refers to the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses.
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Perceptual OrganizationGestalt: an organized
whole.
Gestalt psychologists emphasize humans’ tendencies to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
Things are not seen as sum of parts but immediately as wholes.
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Gestalt Principle: Mind Always Wants to Make Stimuli Meaningful.The fact that you can read this
sentence… “it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the
ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprometnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae”
…illustrates gestalt principles are at work to make things a meaningful whole.
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Gestalt PsychologyGrouping: the perceptual tendency to
organize stimuli into coherent groups
Gestalt/Grouping Principles: ◦Proximity◦Similarity◦Continuity◦Closure◦Connectedness
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Proximity: tendency to group nearby figures together
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Similarity: tendency to group figures that are similar
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Continuity: tendency to perceive continuous patterns
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Closure: tendency to fill in the gaps in visual information.
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Connectedness: spots, lines and areas are seen as a unit when connected
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Perceptual Organization
Figure-Ground Relationship: tendency to organize information into objects (figure) that stand out from their background(ground)
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Figure Ground Illusion
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The Big Ten collegiate conference has eleven schools but they didn’t want to change their name. However, they used their logo to hide the numerical “11” in the name.
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I never noticed the brilliant logo until recently. You must be thinking what is there to find out as it clearly shows the Swiss Alps? Let me explain…Toblerone originated in Bern, Switzerland - A city whose name is rumored to mean, “City of bears.” When you look at it again you will find a bear in the logo.
Toblerone Chocolate
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It’s a really good zoo and the logo is pleasant. However, it becomes an awesome logo when you see the animals in the white space on the left and right sides of the tree.
Pittsburgh Zoo
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The most famous bicycle race in the world has a beautiful logo that becomes more impressive when you finally perceive the bicycle rider on the right side.
Tour de France
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Depth PerceptionDepth Perception:
the ability to see objects in three dimensions. Allows us to gauge distance.
Visual Cliff: illustrated that crawling infants and newborns perceive depth.
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Types of Depth Perception
Binocular Cues: depth cues that rely on the use of two eyes.
Examples of Binocular Cues:
◦Retinal Disparity: idea that images of an object from the two eyes differ. The closer the object, the larger the difference (disparity.)
◦Convergence: extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object that brain keeps track of in order to measure distance.
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Retinal Disparity and the Sausage Illusion
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Types of Depth Perception
Monocular Cues: distance cues that are available to either eye alone. Often used in art.
Examples of Monocular Cues◦Relative size: smaller image is more distant
◦Interposition: closer object blocks distant object
◦Relative Clarity: hazy object seen as more distant
◦Texture: coarse=close; fine=distant
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James J. GIBSONAmong the first to discover the
importance of texture gradient for perceiving depth. Most surfaces have a texture but it becomes less detailed as the surface recedes into the background.
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Types of Depth Perception
Examples of Monocular Cues Continued:◦Relative Height: higher objects seen as
more distant◦Relative Motion: closer objects seem to
move faster◦Linear Perspective: parallel lines converge
with distance◦Relative Brightness: closer objects appear
brighter◦Light and Shadow: nearby objects reflect
more light to our eyes.
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Monocular Cue?
Who is closer: Snoopy or Woodstock?
Woodstock
How do you know? Woodstock blocks part of Snoopy. In other words, INTERPOSITION.
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More
deta
ilLess d
eta
ilC
loser
Fu
rther a
way
Monocular Cue?
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Real Quick: Phi Phenomenon
Motion Perception: Illusion of Movement with Blinking Lights
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Perceptual Constancy
Perceptual Constancy: perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image shape size
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Interplay Between Perceived Size and Distance
Using monocular cues for distance can often cause us to perceive incorrect information.
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Muller-Lyer Illusion Involves Misperception of Line Segments
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Poggendorf's Optical Illusion*
The single line if continued joins with the _______ line.
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Poggendorf's Optical Illusion*
The single line if continued joins with the red line.One explanation for this illusion isthat the lower right end of the line appears nearer than the upper left; that is, the line is seen as receding in space.
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Sensory Deprivation and Perception
Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars.
Remember that sensory deprivation affects infants worse than older animals and humans.
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Perceptual AdaptationPerceptual
Adaptation
◦(vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field
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Perceptual Set – the power of expectancy
Perceptual Set
A situation where a person is predisposed (more likely) to perceive one thing over another.
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Perceptual Set
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Usually See Saxophone Player Now Instead of…
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Woman
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Illusions VideosAuditory:https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzo45hWXRWU
Visual:◦https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=VxTFGVp2R-8
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Is there Extrasensory Perception?Extrasensory Perception: claim that
perception can occur apart from sensory input.◦Telepathy◦Clairvoyance◦Precognition
Parapsychology: study of paranormal phenomenon, including ESP and psychokinesis.