sensation and perception hearing, touch, smell. hearing
TRANSCRIPT
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Sensation and Perception
Hearing, touch, smell
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Hearing
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Audition: energy form is sound waves – slower range of speeds, but work similar to sound waves
Pitch: how high or low sound is
Timbre: complexity of tone (instrument variations)
Decibels: measurement of the intensity of the sound – above 130 they are painful (siren, shot gun blast, jet airplane on runway, FULL VOLUME HEADSET!)
Sleep is disturbed by noise at about 70 decibels; soothing with a continuous sound around 50 decibels
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Shape of ear has a purpose – cupped design of the outer ear catches the sound waves and funnels them toward the eardrum – piece of skin stretched tightly
Sound waves hit drum – it vibrates; this causes small bone to vibrate; this bone is attached to another bone and acts like a lever, causing it to vibrate; third bone is attached to a snail shaped unit (cochlea)
Key to hearing is small hairs called cilia – 20,000 hair cells are found in cochlea – we lose them as we age – tuned to different frequencies – respond to movement on only a trillionth of an inch
Electrical impulses go through auditory nerve to the brain where it is interpreted
Cells specialize – certain cells recognize important sound patterns – mothers tuned to sounds of children; newborns soothed by sound of mother’s voice
http://www.ted.com/talks/neil_harbisson_i_listen_to_color?language=en
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iabuAiYZVxI
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Touch
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Skin contains three types of touch receptors or cutaneous – each sends message to brain
Pressure – pinpricks, bruises, bug crawling Changes in temperature Injury or poison – cause painful feelings like when we have a major
cut or burn https://www.ted.com/talks/katherine_kuchenbecker_the_technology_of_touch
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Smell
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Olfaction is sense of smell – most animal like of human senses – hard to define using words – but associate with emotional event and we never forget
Nasal cavity has layer of mucus imbedded with cilia – collect molecules of odor – sent to olfactory bulbs wich generate a code to send to brain
Most critical is conveying information about food heading to our mouths – smell more important than taste
Pheromones – used by animals to communicate sexual interest
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuR6QuWrHrc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxQiNOiscRc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxQiNOiscRc
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Taste
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Taste receptors work through chemical communication
Major receivers are taste buds (little red spots, rich in blood supply)
Mucus and saliva in mouth cleanse the buds – takes a while – think brushing your teeth and drinking orange juice
Four types of receptors – sweet, salt, bitter, sour (umami?)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2xPOZPlxo4
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Salt needs Necessary for survival – operates nerve cells, keeps body chemistry in
balance, used for muscle contraction
Newborns don’t like salt, after few months, we crave it; tapers off as we age and then reappears later in life
Pregnant women often crave salt for the fetus
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Sugar Needs Most animals need sugar – newborns will actively seek it
Vital for energy to run body
Often put on food in restaurants to make us crave it (hamburgers at fast food chains)
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Sourness and Bitterness
More than one type of bitterness detectors
Help us detect poisons – most are bitter in one way or another
Sourness is also a protective sense – spoiled food often tastes sour
https://www.ted.com/talks/jinsop_lee_design_for_all_5_senses