penyakit viral penting pada domba dan kambing revisi
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Penyakit viral penting pada domba
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SoremouthContagious ecthyma, contagious pustular dermatitis, scabby mouth, orf
Common skin disease of sheep and goats.
Caused by a Parapox virus
Virus spreads through direct contact and contact with contaminated facilities and tools
Lesions most commonly seen on mouth, lips, and nostrils, but may also occur on udder and between toes.
Extremely infectious
Dried scabs harbor virus
Soremouth Animals that develop the disease usually
develop a strong immunity
May be severe in lambs and kids
Numerous strains – incubation period may vary from 1 to 3 weeks
The disease will clear up in one to four weeks
Soremouth
Treatment not effective on a flock basis
Treat lesions with antibiotic spray or cream (e.g. vasoline + iodine, Biozide ®) Effectiveness marginal
Ewes with infected teats/udders need to be watched for mastitis
Lambs/kids may spread the disease to other ewes/does.
Prevention of Soremouth
Maintain a closed flock
Do not show
Vaccinate (only if you have had disease)
In a hairless protected area
Scabs will appear 1 to 3 days after vaccination
6 weeks before show season
Orf Sore mouth is
contagious to humans
(painful).
Need to be careful
when working with
infected animals and
when working with live
vaccine.
Wear gloves
Sheep and Goat Pox
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Family Poxviridae
Genus Capripoxvirus
Sheep pox and goat pox viruses distinct
But hard to differentiate
Recombination can occur
One serotype, multiple strains
Prolonged survival in environment
Economic Impact
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Presence of disease can
limit:
Trade
Export
Import of new breeds
Development of intensive
livestock production
History and
Geographic Distribution
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
1879: Goat pox
Norway
2nd Century AD: Sheep pox
Central and North
Africa
Central Asia
The Middle East
Portions of India
Morbidity/Mortality
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Mortality up to 50% in fully susceptible flock
Mortality up to 100% in young animals
Symptoms severe in
Stressed animals
Animals with concurrent infections
Naïve animals
Morbidity/Mortality
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
European sheep breeds highly
susceptible
Subclinical cases
No chronic carriers
Only sheep and goats affected
Not seen in wild ungulates
Animal Transmission
Close contact
Inhalation of aerosols
Abraded skin
Fomites
Insects (mechanical)
Infectious virus present in all secretions, excretions, and
scabs
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Clinical Signs
Incubation period: 4 to 21 days
Fever
Conjunctivitis
Depression, anorexia
Dyspnea, nasal or ocular discharge
Secondary bacterial
infections are common
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Clinical Signs
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Papules forming into hard scabs
Lesions may cover body or be
restricted to axilla, perineum
and groin, ears, or tail
Death may occur at any stage
Post Mortem Lesions
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Skin macules, papules
Papules may extend into the musculature
Mucous membrane necrotic or ulcerated
Nodules in lungs
Up to 5cm diameter
Swollen lymph nodes
Differential Diagnosis
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Contagious exthyma
Bluetongue
Mycotic dermatitis
Sheep scab
Mange
Photsensitization
Peste des petits
ruminants
Parasitic pneumonia
Caseous
lymphadenitis
Insect bites
Sampling
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Before collecting or sending any samples, the
proper authorities should be contacted
Samples should only be sent under secure
conditions and to authorized laboratories to
prevent the spread of the disease
Diagnosis
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Clinical
Suspect in animals with characteristic skin lesions, fever, and lymphadenitis
Laboratory
Virus isolation, electron microscopy
PCR
Viral antigen detection (AGID, ELISA)
Serology
Characteristic histopathologic lesions
Treatment
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Antibiotics for secondary infection
Good nursing care
Public Health Significance
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
No conclusive evidence of infection in humans
Anecdotal reports of sheep or goat pox lesions in humans in
India and Sweden
Not verified by virus isolation
Prevention
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Non-endemic areas
Infected animals, fomites, and animal products may introduce
disease
Keep free with import restrictions
Control and Eradication
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Endemic areas
Vaccinate
Outbreak in endemic area, small scale Quarantine, slaughter infected and exposed, clean and disinfect
Ring vaccination
Outbreak in endemic area, large scale Massive vaccination
Movement restrictions
Control and Eradication
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Outbreak in non-endemic area
Quarantine, slaughter infected and exposed, clean and disinfect
Ring vaccination
No carrier state
Isolate infected herds and sick animals for at least 45 days
after recovery
Disinfection
Sodium hypochlorite
Phenol 2% for 15 minutes
Detergents
Virus can survive
For 3 months in wool
For 6 months in the environment
For many years in dried scabs
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Vaccination
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Vaccination can provide effective control in endemic areas
Killed vaccines do not provide long lasting immunity
Attenuated virus vaccines give immunity up to 2 years
Bluetongue Virus
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Family Reoviridae
Genus Orbivirus
24 serotypes worldwide
6 serotypes isolated in the U.S.
Non-contagious
Insect-borne viral disease
Ruminants: Primary host is sheep
Others infected: Cattle, goats, deer
History
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
First described in South Africa
Broad distribution worldwide
Mediterranean outbreak, 1997-2002
Economic Impact
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Trade restrictions
Imposed by BTV-free countries
Animals and animal products
Cost to U.S.
Greater impact on cattle industry
Reservoir for virus
$125 million per year
Lost trade and animal testing
Morbidity/Mortality: Sheep
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Sheep
Severity of disease varies
Breed
Strain of virus
Environmental stress
Morbidity: as high as 100%
Mortality: usually 0 to 30%
Morbidity/Mortality:
Other Species
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Cattle, goats
Morbidity: up to 5%
Death is rare
Deer, antelope
Severe infection
Morbidity: up to 100%
Mortality: 80 to 90%
Lasting effects
Animal Transmission
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Biting midges
Genus Culicoides
Principal vector (U.S.)
C. variipennis var. sonorensis
Ticks, sheep keds
In utero
Mechanical
Venereal?
Clinical Signs: Sheep
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Incubation period: 5 to 10 days
Most asymptomatic
Oral erosions and ulcerations
Tongue
Swollen, protruding
Cyanotic
= “blue-tongue”
Reproductive failure
Clinical Signs: Sheep
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Coronitis
Inflammation of
coronary band
Lameness
Painful hooves
Clinical Signs
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Cattle and goats
Usually subclinical
Erosions, crusts around nose and teats
Coronitis
Reproductive failure
Antelope and deer
Hemorrhage, death
Post Mortem Lesions
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Sheep
Face and ears edematous
Dry, crusty exudate on nostrils
Coronary bands hyperemic
Internal hemorrhaging
Hydranencephaly, cerebellar dysplasia
Cattle
Skin: edematous, ulcerated, dry, thick folds
Mouth: vesicles, ulcers, necrosis
Differential Diagnosis
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Foot-and-mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis
Peste de petits ruminants
Malignant catarrhal fever
Bovine virus diarrhea
Contagious pustular dermatitis
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Parainfluenza-3 infection
Sheep pox
Foot rot
Actinobacillosis
Oestrus ovis infestation
Plant photosensitization
Sampling
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Before collecting or sending any samples, the
proper authorities should be contacted
Samples should only be sent under secure
conditions and to authorized laboratories to
prevent the spread of the disease
Diagnosis
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Clinical signs
History
Insect activity
Wasting or foot rot
Laboratory
Virus isolation
ELISA, IFA, VN
PCR
Serology, complement fixation
Examination of proteins
www.usda.gov
Treatment
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
No specific treatment
Supportive therapy
Protection from the elements
Fluids and electrolytes
Antibiotics
Control of vectors by insecticide
Reduce transmission
Protect susceptible animals
Bluetongue in Humans
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Not a significant threat to humans
One human infection documented
Reasonable precautions should be taken
Disease in humans is not fatal
Treatment is supportive care
Quarantine
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Quarantine and movement controls
Prevent spread of virus
Confine animals indoors (i.e., barn)
When vectors are active
Disinfection
Does not stop virus transmission
Cleaning the premises
Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
3% Sodium hydroxide (lye)
Insect control
Pyrethroids
Organophosphates
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Vaccination
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
Available
Serotype specific
Adverse effects
Fetal malformations
Recombination
New strains of virus
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State
University - 2004
Scrapie
Sheep and goat disease
Recognized 250 years ago
Great Britain and W. Europe
1947 diagnosed in the U.S.
More than 1,000 flocks; mostly Suffolk
Scrapie: Ovine Slaughter Surveillance Study (SOSS)
Overall national prevalence 0.2%
Higher in black-faced sheep
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State
University - 2004
Incubation Period
Scrapie: Sheep 2-5 years
BSE: Cattle 2-8 years
CWD: Deer and elk 18 months
TME: Mink 7+ months
FSE: Feline unknown, most 4-9 years of age
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State
University - 2004
Clinical Signs: BSE, Scrapie, CWD
Initial clinical signs subtle, mainly behavioral
Increased excitability, nervousness, aggressiveness, and
increased sensitivity to noise
Pruritus and rubbing
Sheep
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State
University - 2004
Clinical Signs: BSE, Scrapie, CWD
Terminal state
Hypokinesis, hypermetria, falling and general paresis
Tremors and muscle fasciculations
Neck and face
Wasting despite good appetite
PU/PD in deer and elk
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State
University - 2004
Diagnosis
Post mortem: detection of prion
Microscopic examination of brain tissue at necropsy
Live animal tests:
Tonsillar biopsy in deer
Time consuming and expensive
3rd eyelid test in sheep
Blood tests
Prevention and Control
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State
University - 2004
1989: Import restrictions
Live ruminants and ruminant products
From countries known to have BSE
1997
Import restrictions expanded
to include all European countries
FDA “animal feed rule”
Banned most mammalian proteins as food
source for ruminants
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State
University - 2004
Prevention and Control
Scrapie Flock Certification Program
Voluntary
Producers-industry-states-APHIS
Certify origin in scrapie-free flock
National Accelerated Scrapie Eradication Program
Live animal testing and active slaughter
Animal tracing/animal identification
Clean-up strategies including genotyping