penghan wu. grand border(less) hinterland

1850 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

1953-1957. USSR helped China for its 1st Five-years plan with 156 important projects

R u s s i a became one member of APEC

Asia Pacific countries get involved in the preparation.

The normalization of Soviet-China relations started with the border opened 30 years later.

The Land Code allow foreigners to lease land for maxuim 49 years.

Chinese government opened the country for economic development.

1850s The Original Place of DragonThe Far East is one part of Chinese Empire, as the original place of the King, it was only open to Machu.

1860 Beijing TreatyRussia Empire occuoied Far East, and keep it open to attract Asian for its development of Far East.

1890 Trans-Siberian RailwayThe construction lasted from 1890 to 1916. A lot of Chinese and Korean participated in it.

1937 Forced MigrationDue to the Manchukuo, USSR forced Korean to west Asian and Chinese back to China.

1972 Nixon visited ChinaThe visit started the exchange between US and China, making USSR worried a lot.

2009 Cherkizovsky MarketThe government closed the Cherkizovsky Market so that a lot of Chinese migrants went back to China.,

1994 Visa-free cancledThe visa-free policy for Chinese businessmen and tourist group cancled.

2009 Bolshoi Ussuriysky IslandThe Russian bridge to the island got delayed, but Chinese bridge will be finished on time.

1960 Termination of ContractUSSR distoryed the contract with China.

1920 Civil WarSoviet Union won the battle

1897 Chinese Eastern RailwayAfter finished in 1902, The Chinese Eastern Railway took an important role to support the Far East in Russia-Japan War.

1975 Baikal Amur MainlineUSSR begun the construction of BAM and 7 TPKs with $14 billion due to the relations with China.

1950 Korea WarUSSR provided China with weapons

1953 Chinese 1st Five-year Plan 1998 APEC 2012 APEC Summit1989 Gorbachev visited China

2001 ForeignerLease Land

1978 Chinese Opening Up

1932 ManchukuoJapan found the Manchukuo

1938 Confliction on the BorderFrom 1938 to 1945, a series of confliction took place on the border

1969 Russia-China ConflictionRussia and China have a confliction on the border result in the border got closed.

1904 Russia-Japan WarAfter the war, Russian occupied the north Manchuria, which cooperated with the Far East and form an economic belt for the international trade of soy beans.

The Far East was occupied by Russia Empire

Partly result in the collapse of USSR

The lack of grocer-ries and foods

The relations last till present

Shared with Asia Pacific countries.

INFR

AS

TRU

CTU

RE

INFR

AS

TRU

CTU

RE

MIL

ATA

RY

MIL

ATA

RY

PO

LIC

YP

OLI

CY

CONNECTING

DISCONNECTING

Timeline of openness of the Russian Far East related to the Asia-Pacific Zone on aspects of policy, military and infrastructure

Connecting

Disconnecting1890

1850

1898

1904

1949

1938

1989

1969

1978

1958

1998

1975

2012

2012

After a train journey of nearly 6,000 miles from Moscow, the Russian Pacific port of Vladivostok can feel like a different country. The culture and the language are predominantly still Russian, but the strong Asian influence is undeniable. Many local Russian residents also say that the bond to the rest of Russia has been growing weaker, while the ties to Asia have only become stronger since the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.

Russia became a member of APEC in 1998 after the set-up of transit and natural resource trading with Asia. In the following decade, Russia did not pay much attention to the Asia-Pacific region until 2006, until after the US placed the Asia-Pacific at the top of its foreign policy.

The Asia-Pacific region is home to 40% of the world’s population, produces 57% of the world’s GDP, and has huge diversity of land, natural resource, culture, and so on. With huge potential from the Northeast Asia, which has the old economic power Japan, the

Grand Border(less) Hinterlandgrowing power China, and new economies South Korea and Mongolia, Russia has an opportunity for cooperation not only within the Asia-Pacific region, but also within the Northeast Asia region.

The rise and fall of the Russian Far East is related to its openness and connection to its neighbours, as the history tells us. As the Russian Far East is facing decline, and as the importance and potential of the Asia-Pacific region emerges, Russian Far East has the potential to develop by taking on a more active role in the Asia-Pacific Network.

A series of case studies are used here to explore in detail the different aspect and dimension of relations between the Russian Hinterland and Asia-Pacific countries (including the economy, agriculture, energy and so on). The aim is to develop a proposal for cooperation to integrate the Russian Hinterland into a global context.

88

Mr. Liu (36) A Chinese farmer, living with his wife Ma-sha (21) in Russian Far East, produce vegetables for the citizens of Far East. Source: englishrussia.com

help from foreign countrieson funds, technology, workforceattract the foreign countries

other projects

01.Vladivostok International Airport

02.Casino

Bridge

05.Soller Automobile Plant

07.Shipyard08.Far East Federal University

09.Aquarium

04.Bridge over the Zolotoy Rog Bay

06.Bridge over the Eastern Bosphorus Strait

Seaport

03.Opera House

10.Wind Power Station

Guambase: 2personnel:5,000

60% of USWarships in Asia Pacific

Japanbase: 17personnel:40,178

Singaporebase: 1personnel:157

South Koreabase: 12personnel:29,000

Afghanistanbase: 11personnel:100,000

Australiabase: not availablepersonnel:2,500

Tailandbase: not availablepersonnel:162

Philippinesbase: not availablepersonnel:182

Asia-Pacific Region

Importance of APECRussia became a member of APEC in 1998, three years after its application. However, the cooperation between Russia and APEC members worked very slowly in the first decade. Russia preferred to adopt a wait-and-see policy, due to a stagnant economy in the Russian Far East, hampered by Moscow’s efforts to launch effective and goal-oriented cooperation with APEC members and a lack of a goal-oriented strategy towards APEC.

In September 2012, Vladivostok will host the APEC summit. According to Russian authorities, they hold high expectations for this event with the aim to pro-mote the domestic economy integration into the sys-tem of economic ties in the Asia-Pacific Zone. And

APEC 2012 Vladivostok: New ties between the Asia-Pacific countries through key projects of the APEC Summit 2012. Source: ERINA

The US launched the deployment of around 2,500 ma-rines in northern Australia to extend its military coopera-tion in Asia-Pacific, 2012: With China’s growing influence in the Asia-Pacific and globally, the gravity of the US’s foreign policy shifted towards on the Asia-Pacific region. Source: BBC 2012

they regard this as an important driver to accelerate the modernization and innovation-driven economic development, primarily in Siberia and the Far East.

At APEC 2012, there will be a new strategy to strengthen ties with the Asia-Pacific region through key projects, including the conference center on Russky Island, new bridges, modernisation of the airport, new shipyards and an auto-mobile plant. All these projects are to be completed as part of the preparation for the event. On one hand, Asian countries provide Russia with their funds, technol-ogy and workforce; while on the other hand, some projects are aimed to attract foreigners to the region. Chinese, Japanese and Korean tourists are consid-ered the main target-group for the gambling zone in Vladivostok, for example.

01.Vladivostok Airport

03.Opera House

05.Automobile Plant

07.Bridge

09.Aquarium

02.Casino

04.Bridge

06.Shipyard

08.FEFU

10. Wind Power Station

90

President Vladimir Putin will make brief visits to three

countries during his two-day foreign tour to discuss

bilateral relations and international issues, including the

situations in Syria, Iran and Afghanistan, presidential

aide Yury Ushakov said on Thursday.

Putin Arrives in China, Seeking Stronger Ties

Russia-China military links growing closer

Russia and China to strengthen trade ties

SCO:Vehicle For China, Russia to Defend Themselves Against West

start of high growth

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Japan

Rest of the World

South Korea

China

Russia

ChinaJapanSouth Korea

Russia

Mongolia

61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 01 06 11

-30.00%

-20.00%

-10.00%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00% Japan South Korea China Mongolia

Challenges to the Far EastThe Asian-Pacific region is getting more and more attention because it is home to 40% of the world’s population, 54% of the world’s GDP, and 44% of world trade, which is higher than any other geo-graphical area in the world. And many of the main players in the global economy as well as important emerging powers such as China, South Korea, India and Indonesia are located here.

In the last 60 years, Northeast Asia has always been an engine of high-speed economic growth, from Ja-pan to South Korea to China. Mongolia, a landlocked country, is currently growing faster than any other country. It started to trade its rich resources with more countries in 2000, and now is attracting more foreign investments for its development. Russia is the fifth country in this region, and has the opportunity to be the next one to experience high-speed growth.

Within Northeast Asia, the land and natural resourc-es of Russia, the workforce, capital and agriculture investment from China, the technology and funds of Japan and South Korea can create a diverse coop-eration platform. In which every country can benefit from the diversity.

With the advantages and potentials of this cooperation, the Russian Hinterland will have a new challenge.

Recent newspaper illustrate that Russia is shifting and growing toward Asia. This is not only to try to strengthen the ties with China on both economy and military, but also to try and deal with the international issues related to Iran and Afghanistan. Source: mailonline, the New York Times, CNN, RiaNovosti, CBCnews, Globalresearch

start of high growth

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Japan

Rest of the World

South Korea

China

Russia

ChinaJapanSouth Korea

Russia

Mongolia

61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 01 06 11

-30.00%

-20.00%

-10.00%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00% Japan South Korea China Mongolia

Northeast, the most dynamic area, has more than one country which experiences a high-speed GDP growth. Source: google publicdata

Mongolia started its growth when the foreign trade became di-verse in 2000. Source;ERINA

GDP gowth rate

Mongolia’s Foreign Trade Turnover (Percentage share of total, 1990-2009)

01.Vladivostok Airport

03.Opera House

05.Automobile Plant

07.Bridge

09.Aquarium

02.Casino

04.Bridge

06.Shipyard

08.FEFU

10. Wind Power Station

GRAND BORDER(LESS) HINTERLAND 91

An abandoned collective farm in the Far East: After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many collective farms were abandoned. Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai receive around 1% to 2% in foreign investment and are therefore regions with the highest investments in the Russian Far East

Agriculture in the Far East

ALL:40,000ha

USED:3,200ha

all:40,000 ha

used:3,200 ha

riceeconomic crops

corn

bean

wheat

fruitvegetableothers

8%

3,200ha

net income: 100 million RUB/year (2010)

wheatproduction in Far East

0 20 40 60 80 100%

import decreasing of agriculture in Russia & Far East

Russia Far East

vegetable

meat

milk0 20 40 60 80

61%

76%

75%

67%

58%

100%

farm areawheat productionmilk productionmeat productionegg production

CHINA RUSSIA FAR EAST

0.092

0.84

1.2

Arable Land (ha) per Capita in 2010

DONGNING FAR EAST

MIKHAYLOVKA

AgriculturalProducts

LabourSeedsTractorFertilizer

CapitalIncome

ALL:40,000ha

USED:3,200ha

all:40,000 ha

used:3,200 ha

riceeconomic crops

corn

bean

wheat


8%

3,200ha



0 20 40 60 80 100%


Russia Far East

vegetable

meat

milk0 20 40 60 80

61%

76%

75%

67%

58%

100%



0.092

0.84

1.2


DONGNING FAR EAST

MIKHAYLOVKA



CapitalIncome

The share of production in the Far East: the region strongly depends on import , especially potatoes and vegetables. Source: euroasia.cass.cn

Declining agriculture in the Far East and Russia (1990-2003): From 1990 to 2003, the arable land and production of the agricultural products declined faster than other areas because of agriculture reform, decreasnig subsides and depopulation. Source: euroasia.cass.cn

Declining agricultureProduction in the Far East

The arable land and production of the agricultural products in Russian Far East are declining faster than ever and faster than in any other areas in Rus-sia. The production of wheat has decreased by 76% in the region, compared to the average decrease of 38% across Russia. Right now, Russia strongly depends on import from across the world; about 85% of wheat and 64% of vegetables today are imported.

From 2001 onwards, the Land Code of the Russia Federation permits foreigners to lease land in Russia for a maximum period of 49 years. Based on a con-versation with an export. In general companies tend to lease land for only 5-10 years due to the unstable investment climate.

Future for Agriculture in Russian Far EastToday there are more opportunities for the transforma-tion of the agricultural situation in the Far East, after the successful case of leasing land for agricultural farming by Chinese and Korean and other internation-al examples in the region. Both the Russian govern-ment and APEC countries are showing some interest in cooperation on leasing arable land for the develop-ment of Russian agriculture. Russia’s minister for Economic Development is proposing a plan of land of up to 200,000 hectares with the aim to developing the agriculture of the Far East with the help of investors from East Asia to discuss in the APEC summit. APEC members include Vietnam, Singapore, Thailand and Japan. Russia also hopes that Malaysia, South Korea, and North Korea would be interested in investing in Russia’s Far East agriculture.

92

Huaxin Farm in Mikhaylovka

Facing the lack of the available arable lands in China, Chinese companies are heading to Russia’s Far East to lease lands for agriculture (managed by Chinese farmers, using Chinese seeds and tractors).

ALL:40,000ha

USED:3,200ha

all:40,000 ha

used:3,200 ha

riceeconomic crops

corn

bean

wheat


8%

3,200ha



0 20 40 60 80 100%


Russia Far East

vegetable

meat

milk0 20 40 60 80

61%

76%

75%

67%

58%

100%



0.092

0.84

1.2


DONGNING FAR EAST

MIKHAYLOVKA



CapitalIncome

The Chinese company rented 40,000 hectares of land in Mikhaylovka, but only used 8% of the land. The existing land is not good for agriculture, and needs time to be redeveloped for agricultural purposes. Furthermore, the number of migrants coming in is limited by the migration policy, which resulted in a lack of farmers to work the land. Source: Huaxin Group

The operating cycle

The Land Code of the Russia Federation (2001) permits foreigners to lease Russian land for maximum period of 49 years. Durign the last ten years, Korean and Chinese companies have leased land in Russia’s border areas for vegetables and other agricultural production.

The Operating CycleThe company hires Chinese farmers and buys the seeds, tractors and fertilizers in Dongning, 90 kilo-metres away from Mikhavlovka, which is then trans-ported to the farm. The agricultural products are sold in the Far East. The Dongning government helps the company to employ local farmers. This cycle creates a win-win for both Russia and the Chinese Hinter-land, by linking the arable land in Russia to the town in China.

ALL:40,000ha

USED:3,200ha

all:40,000 ha

used:3,200 ha

riceeconomic crops

corn

bean

wheat


8%

3,200ha



0 20 40 60 80 100%


Russia Far East

vegetable

meat

milk0 20 40 60 80

61%

76%

75%

67%

58%

100%



0.092

0.84

1.2


DONGNING FAR EAST

MIKHAYLOVKA



CapitalIncome

The arable land per capita in Russia, Russian Far East and China 2010: Far East has much more arable land than China per capita. Source: euroasia.cass.cn

Arable Land (ha) per Capita in 2010 CHINA RUSSIA RUSSIAN FAR EAST

ALL:40,000ha

USED:3,200ha

all:40,000 ha

used:3,200 ha

riceeconomic crops

corn

bean

wheat


8%

3,200ha



0 20 40 60 80 100%


Russia Far East

vegetable

meat

milk0 20 40 60 80

61%

76%

75%

67%

58%

100%



0.092

0.84

1.2


DONGNING FAR EAST

MIKHAYLOVKA



CapitalIncome

RisksAt the moment there is a growing competition between companies from Japan, South Korea and Malaysia. The unstable policy on migration increases the risk of more Chinese farmers working in the area without proper permits.

The still unstable political environment and high levels of corruptionand inadequate law enforce-ment increase the risk associated with investing in the Far East. Contracts with a local government or farm can be cancelled anytime, and so the rights of a company are generally not protected well. As Russia will join in WTO soon, the investment climate might become better for more foreign investment in agricul-ture.


The proposal to integrate the Russian Hinterland into Northeast Asia: Different zones have different potential in agriculture, energy and economy, free movement of people. This works as a key to formulate a network between the Russian Far East hinterland and the hinterland of the Northeast Asia for a more effective cooperation.

The potential richness of the Russian Hinterland including agriculture, transit, economic cooperation, energy, tourism will function as a hub in Northeast Asian, bringing a new future to Russia,and especially to the Russian Far East.

A Grand Hinterland

Tourism Zone

Clean Energy Zone

Economic Belt

Agriculture Zone

Interstate Energy Grid

0hr with China & Mongolia

0hr with Japan & Korea

Amur River Basin

In addition to agriculture, others aspects also strongly link Russian hinterland to the hinterland in the Asia-Pacific region, such as economy, energy and environment. With the aim to develop a proposal for cooperation to integrate Russian hinterland into a global context, a series of case studies are used here to examine the potential in detail.

Russia shares a land border with China and North Korea, and a sea border with Japan and South Korea, but the distance between them is increased by the difference of infrastructure, policy of migration and distribution of time zone. The potential of the Far East as an Eurasia Land Bridge has not yet been developed.

Russian Far East has a huge potential in clean en-ergy, especially hydro-and creates about 68% of the total production in Russia. The energy potential of the Far East, the capital and technological advance-ment of China and Japan could effectively link to form a broader Northeast Asia energy network.

The shared Amur River basin, between Russia, Chi-na and Mongolia, calls for international cooperation on the environment following the economic coopera-tion due to the growing pollution in the region.

Following the opening of the Chinese border in 1988, China has created a series of special economic zones along the Russian-Chinese border: A principle that should be further expanded and would strength-en the region.

94

time zone and physical borders: In order to “thin” the border, it is necessary to reorganised the time zone difference in the region and reduce the time gap with Moscow.

energy cooperation: With the huge clean energy potential in the Far East include hydro, wind and solar energy, a proposal is made for an interstate power grid, which integrated the energy network in Northeast Asia.

cooperation in ecology, environment and tourism: the Far East and Siberia both have huge natural resources with great potential for the development of tourist industry. With the special recreation-economic zone on Russkiy Island, a tourism network is defined to attract more tourists from the Northeast Asia, and even US and Canada.

special economic hinterland zone: this is an extension to the Special Economic Zones along the border to allow for more effective exchange of goods, services, resources and the development of a good trans-border cooperation within the region.

SEOUL

TOKYO

ULAANBAATAR

PYONGYANG BEIJING

0 250 500 1000 km

WIND SPEED

slowestfastest

2000

2200

2200 2000

2400

2600

1800

16001400

1200Novgorod

Tver

PskovSt. Petersburg

Vologda

YaroslaylKostroma

IvanovoVladimir

Nizhniy NovgorodRyazan

Tula

Kaluga

Smolensk

MOSCOW

Lipetsk

Bryansk

OrëlKursk

Voronezh

Belgorod

Rostov

Tambov

Penza

Saratov

Volgograd

Samara

Ul’yanovsk

Astrakhan

Orenburg

Chelyabisnk

Kurgan

Yekaterinburg

Perm

Tyumen

OmskTomsk

KemerovoNovosibirsk

IrkutskKyzyl Chita

Blagoveshchensk

Vladivostok

Yuzhno-Sakhalisnk

Magadan

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy

Arkhangel’sk

Murmansk

Salekhard

Khanty-Mansiysk

Syktyvkar

Naryan-Mar

Norislk

Krasnoyarsk

Yakutsk

Ulan-Ude

Khabarosvsk

Krasnodar

Stavropol Elista

Makhachkala

Maykop

Cherkessk

Nalchik

Vladikavkaz

Grozny

Izhevsk

KirovYoshkar-Ola

Kazan

Ufa

Gorno-Altaysk

AbakanBarnaul

CheboksarySaransk

Kaliningrad

interstate power grids

WIND

HYDRO

SOLAR

Russky Island

SOUTH KOREA

CHINA

JAPAN

UNITED STATES

CANADA

Amur River Basin

Tourism Route

water recreation

ski recreation

mountain recreation

cycling recreation

The area with the largest poten-tial of di�erent recreation

UTC+3

UTC+4

UTC+6

UTC+7

UTC+8

UTC+9

9

12

3

6

9

12

3

6

9

12

3

6

9

12

3

6


U

U

U

$

$

U$

$

Russia

East Asian

U$

Land

Population

Funds

Natural Resource

University

Technology

Potential Connection

Agriculture Line

Northeast Asia Sphere (Infrastructure, Energy, Environment, Tourism)

Culture & Education CircleAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

European Union (EU)North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Country with More than

One Network

ASEAN +3Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (TPP)Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia

Japan

Russian Far EastSiberia

Hawaii

AlaskaMoscowBelarus

Kazakhstan Mongolia China South Korea

USA

Canada

Mexico

Peru

Australia

Hong Kong

SingaporeMalaysia

Indonesia

Germany

FinlandDenmark

Vietnam

Thailand

Philippines

Poland

NetherlandsFrance

Spain

Austria

Italy

UK

New Zealand

Chile

Northeast Asia

Network of Difference

ASEAN

ASEAN+3NAFTA

TPPAPEC

EU27 Northeast Asia

Customs Union of Belarus,

Kazakhstan&Russia

MOSCOW

WorldEconomy

Link

around 5 million ha by 2050around 6 million ha by 2100

global warming will bring to Russian Far East:

Germany

USAgriculture Sphere

CHIN

ESE

| KO

REAN

| JAPA

NESE | RUSSIAN | FRENCH | ENGLISH | SPANISH ENGLISH | MALAY | INDONESI

AN

|

WorldEducation

Center

40% of World Population with 12

languages

Russia

East Asia

Southeast Asia

Australia

US

Mexico

South America

Asia-Pacific CultureNetwork

ASEAN

ASEAN+3NAFTA

TPPAPEC

EU27 Northeast Asia


Kazakhstan&Russia

MOSCOW

WorldEconomy

Link



Germany


CHIN

ESE

| KO

REAN

| JAPA


AN

|

WorldEducation

Center


languages

Russia

East Asia

Southeast Asia

Australia

US

Mexico

South America


World Education Center Asia-Pacific Culture NetworkAgriculture Sphere

World Economy LinkThe Northeast Asian- Grand Hinterland has a strategic location in the world economic free trade zones, with the EU on the west, ASEAN+3 to the south, NAFTA to the east. The potential of the Grand Hinterland will become a link among each FTZ, and will stimulate the economy of the world.

The Grand Hinterland and the integration of North-east Asia, has a lot of potential for further develop-ment and growth on a broader Asia-Pacific scale.To establish a world economy link (based on a diverse exchange - technology, education, agricul-tural and culture and so on), establishing a strategic location in the world economic free trade zones. Developing a world education centre, linking 40% of the world population and 12 main languages in the Asia-Pacific, building agricultural and technological cooperation, and an Asia-Pacific Cultural Network.

ASEAN

ASEAN+3NAFTA

TPPAPEC

EU27 Northeast Asia


Kazakhstan&Russia

MOSCOW

WorldEconomy

Link



Germany


CHIN

ESE

| KO

REAN

| JAPA


AN

|

WorldEducation

Center


languages

Russia

East Asia

Southeast Asia

Australia

US

Mexico

South America


U

U

U

$

$

U$

$

Russia

East Asian

U$

Land

Population

Funds

Natural Resource

University

Technology


Agriculture Line




One Network


Japan


Hawaii

AlaskaMoscowBelarus


USA

Canada

Mexico

Peru

Australia

Hong Kong

SingaporeMalaysia

Indonesia

Germany

FinlandDenmark

Vietnam

Thailand

Philippines

Poland

NetherlandsFrance

Spain

Austria

Italy

UK

New Zealand

Chile

Northeast Asia

96

U

U

U

$

$

U$

$

Russia

East Asian

U$

Land

Population

Funds

Natural Resource

University

Technology


Agriculture Line




One Network


Japan


Hawaii

AlaskaMoscowBelarus


USA

Canada

Mexico

Peru

Australia

Hong Kong

SingaporeMalaysia

Indonesia

Germany

FinlandDenmark

Vietnam

Thailand

Philippines

Poland

NetherlandsFrance

Spain

Austria

Italy

UK

New Zealand

Chile

Northeast Asia

Special thanks to Michael Schindhelm, Irina Trocuk and Jiang Jun.

Beyond the SimilaritiesIn addition to cooperation, cultural diversity, languag-es, population, the size of the country, and quality of education facilities and capital in the Asia-Pacific re-gion creates an expanded potentials for the coopera-tion.

The Russian Hinterland is never isolated. It is a shared hinterland in the global context, with global potential.

ReferencesAuthor Unknown, “Agricultural production status of the Russian Far East.” IRECASS. December 12, 2008, Accessed June 18, 2012. http://goo.gl/qtWkU.

Author Unknown, “Feasibility Study Report of Huaxin Farm.” Huaxin Group. March 10, 2010, Accessed June 18, 2012. http://goo.gl/QULZ6

Author Unknown, “Russia offers to lease land in the Far East to APEC countries.” Russia & India Report. January 30, 2012, Accessed Jun. 18, 2012. http://goo.gl/rH7NZ

Borodko, A. (chief editor). National Atlas of Russia (digital version). Moscow: “Roskartographiya”, 2006.

Saito, Daisuke, “The Preparations for APEC and the Situation for the Participation of Foreign Capital.” ERINA Report 104 (2012). 27-38. http://goo.gl/rDfQV.

U

U

U

$

$

U$

$

Russia

East Asian

U$

Land

Population

Funds

Natural Resource

University

Technology


Agriculture Line




One Network


Japan


Hawaii

AlaskaMoscowBelarus


USA

Canada

Mexico

Peru

Australia

Hong Kong

SingaporeMalaysia

Indonesia

Germany

FinlandDenmark

Vietnam

Thailand

Philippines

Poland

NetherlandsFrance

Spain

Austria

Italy

UK

New Zealand

Chile

Northeast Asia


RUSSIAN ARRIÈRE-GARDE

DEPENDENCIES

RURAL DEVELOPERS

RISE OF NATURE

WARMING RUSSIA

GRAND BORDER(LESS) HINTERLAND

UTOPIA

BRICX

Hunchun Border crossingPrimorsky Krai- Strategic international project

Far Eastern Federal UniversityRussky Island, Vladivostok

Amur River Basin- River shared by China and Russia

Heiheborder with Blagoveshensk- Russians living in China

Huazin farmMikhailovka, Primorsky Krai- Chinese agricultural enterprise in Russia

Far East Wind Power PlantRussky Island, Vladivostok

Culture activitiesKhavarovsk Krai- International cultural exchage

Belomorkanal - Proposal to reconstruct the canal

Hydro power plants Angara- New plant construction

Aral Sea- Environmental disaster

Peat extraction Shatura, Moscow Region

Transformation of Nature steppe and forest regions of Russia- Stalin’s Nature transformation plan

Prirazlomnoye oil fieldPechora Sea - Battle for Arctic- Oil development

Survival of the fittestYamal-Nenets AO- Conflicts within ethnic-economical system and impact of global warming

Permafrost meltingYakutsk- Advantages and threats of melting permafrost

Growing Unpredictabili-ties: The Rise of NatureLena River

Outgoing ContaminationChelyabinsk

Ecovillage “Tiberkul” Krasnoyarsk Krai- Religious community

Kolkhoz FrunzeBelgorod Region - Continuous success during and after Soviet regime

Kolkhoz VerbludRostov Region- One of the first kolkhozes, introduction of mechanizationin cooperation with the US

Kolkhoz “Shukty”Dagestan- Successful kolkhoz

LavkaLavkaMoscow- Farmers cooperative

Science townPushchino, Moscow Region

NadymYamal region- Gas mono-city

Arakcheev’s military settlementNovoselitsy, Novgorod Region- Utopian community

Partner’s counsil foundationN.Novgorod- Founder of school for young farmers

Consultancy centerSemenov- Agricultural development

NKO “Zeleniy dom”Khabarovsk- Self-governing institutions, financed by U.S. sources

Kolkhoz GorinskoeYaroslavl Region - Priest as a head of kolhoz

Ugorsky projectKostroma Region

AKKORMoscow- Social organization working on the Federal level

Sale-supply cooperativeOlonets, Karelia- Farmer cooperation

NKO “Pervotsvet”Village Nagornoe, Primorsky Krai- Self-governing programs

Novoe PikalevoLeningrad Region

Yury Luzhkov’s projectMoscow- Governmental support of folk arts

Gzhel porcelanGzhel, Moscow Region

Palekh miniaturePalekh,Ivanovo Oblast

Derevenskaya GornitsaBelgorod Region- House of culture

Kamouflazh BytaNizjni Tagil,Sverdlovsk region

KhohlomaSemenov,Nizhny Novgorod Region

Nikola-LenivetsKaluga Region- Art as a development tool

Higher School of Folk CraftsSt.Petersburg

“Sportivnaya”Vladivostok- Chinese market

“Green Corner”Vladivostok- Second hand car market

Milk farmIlino-Zaborskoe,N.Novgorod Region- Profitable animal breeding

ALROSASakha (Yakutia)- Diamond powered economy

AndreevkaOkhansky area,Perm region- Regeneration of the village

APEC Summit Vladivostok

2014 Winter OlympicsSochi

G8 summitSt.Petersburg

BRIC summitEkaterinburg

Hinterland Cases

98

RUSSIAN ARRIÈRE-GARDE

DEPENDENCIES

RURAL DEVELOPERS

RISE OF NATURE

WARMING RUSSIA

GRAND BORDER(LESS) HINTERLAND

UTOPIA

BRICX

Hunchun Border crossingPrimorsky Krai- Strategic international project

Far Eastern Federal UniversityRussky Island, Vladivostok

Amur River Basin- River shared by China and Russia

Heiheborder with Blagoveshensk- Russians living in China

Huazin farmMikhailovka, Primorsky Krai- Chinese agricultural enterprise in Russia

Far East Wind Power PlantRussky Island, Vladivostok

Culture activitiesKhavarovsk Krai- International cultural exchage

Belomorkanal - Proposal to reconstruct the canal

Hydro power plants Angara- New plant construction

Aral Sea- Environmental disaster

Peat extraction Shatura, Moscow Region

Transformation of Nature steppe and forest regions of Russia- Stalin’s Nature transformation plan

Prirazlomnoye oil fieldPechora Sea - Battle for Arctic- Oil development

Survival of the fittestYamal-Nenets AO- Conflicts within ethnic-economical system and impact of global warming

Permafrost meltingYakutsk- Advantages and threats of melting permafrost

Growing Unpredictabili-ties: The Rise of NatureLena River

Outgoing ContaminationChelyabinsk

Ecovillage “Tiberkul” Krasnoyarsk Krai- Religious community

Kolkhoz FrunzeBelgorod Region - Continuous success during and after Soviet regime

Kolkhoz VerbludRostov Region- One of the first kolkhozes, introduction of mechanizationin cooperation with the US

Kolkhoz “Shukty”Dagestan- Successful kolkhoz

LavkaLavkaMoscow- Farmers cooperative

Science townPushchino, Moscow Region

NadymYamal region- Gas mono-city

Arakcheev’s military settlementNovoselitsy, Novgorod Region- Utopian community

Partner’s counsil foundationN.Novgorod- Founder of school for young farmers

Consultancy centerSemenov- Agricultural development

NKO “Zeleniy dom”Khabarovsk- Self-governing institutions, financed by U.S. sources

Kolkhoz GorinskoeYaroslavl Region - Priest as a head of kolhoz

Ugorsky projectKostroma Region

AKKORMoscow- Social organization working on the Federal level

Sale-supply cooperativeOlonets, Karelia- Farmer cooperation

NKO “Pervotsvet”Village Nagornoe, Primorsky Krai- Self-governing programs

Novoe PikalevoLeningrad Region

Yury Luzhkov’s projectMoscow- Governmental support of folk arts

Gzhel porcelanGzhel, Moscow Region

Palekh miniaturePalekh,Ivanovo Oblast

Derevenskaya GornitsaBelgorod Region- House of culture

Kamouflazh BytaNizjni Tagil,Sverdlovsk region

KhohlomaSemenov,Nizhny Novgorod Region

Nikola-LenivetsKaluga Region- Art as a development tool

Higher School of Folk CraftsSt.Petersburg

“Sportivnaya”Vladivostok- Chinese market

“Green Corner”Vladivostok- Second hand car market

Milk farmIlino-Zaborskoe,N.Novgorod Region- Profitable animal breeding

ALROSASakha (Yakutia)- Diamond powered economy

AndreevkaOkhansky area,Perm region- Regeneration of the village

APEC Summit Vladivostok

2014 Winter OlympicsSochi

G8 summitSt.Petersburg

BRIC summitEkaterinburg

99INTRODUCTION

penghan wu. grand border(less) hinterland

Documents

russian far east

chinese government

chinese bridge

chinese empire

china relations

chinese businessmen

weapons1953 chinese

development of far east