hinterland, influence, environs
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Axel G. Posluschny: Hinterland, Influence, Environs - The analysis of Celtic “Princely Sites” with the help of Geographic Information Systems Presentation at Uppsala University, 22/10/2012TRANSCRIPT
Hinterland, Influence, EnvironsThe analysis of Celtic “Princely Sites” with the
help of Geographic Information Systems
Dr. Axel G. Posluschny M.A.
EU-Project ArchaeoLandscapes Europe
Roman-Germanic Commission of the
German-Archaeological Institute
Palmengartenstr. 10-12
D-60325 Frankfurt
http://www.archaeolandscapes.eu
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Content
• Defining an “Early Celtic Fürstensitz”• Examples of “Princely Sites”• Data and Methodological Background• Rethinking “Princely Sites” – Examples of GIS
Analyses• Central Places, Central Functions & the Hinterland• Summary, Some Kind of Synthesis
• Beyond GIS and “Fürstensitze”: The ArchaeoLandscapes Europe Project
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Defining an “Early Celtic Fürstensitz”
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
“Fürstensitze” – “Princely Sites”
“Fürstensitz”
Area ofResearch
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Definition “Fürstensitz” / “Princely Site”
W. Kimmig (1969):1. Fortified settlement on an
outstanding hill site
2. Imported goods from the Mediterranean (Greek tableware, transport amphorae, … )
3. Settlement with associated rich graves
4. Acropolis and suburbium
Burial mound “Kleinaspergle”Burial mound “Kleinaspergle”
““Fürstensitz” HohenaspergFürstensitz” Hohenasperg
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Examples of “Princely Sites”
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Heuneburg “Fürstensitz”
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Heuneburg “Fürstensitz”
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Heuneburg “Fürstensitz”
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Heuneburg “Fürstensitz”
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Heuneburg “Fürstensitz”
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Glauberg “Fürstensitz”
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Glauberg “Fürstensitz”
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Ipf “Fürstensitz”
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Ipf “Fürstensitz”
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Marienberg “Fürstensitz”
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Marienberg “Fürstensitz”
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Data and Methodological Background
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Research Questions of the “Fürstensitze” Project
- Concentration of Power?- Concentration of Economic Wealth?- Integration of Local and Microregional Societies into Supraregional Societies?
Research Basis:-Analysis of Settlement Structures
• (Source: http://www.fuerstensitze.de/)
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Project Regions1: Marienberg (Würzburg)
2: Glauberg (Wetterau)
3: Heuneburg (Obere Donau)
4: Ipf (Ries)
5: Ehrenbürg (Oberfranken)
6: Münsterberg (Breisach)
7: Straubinger Donautal
8: Hohenasperg (Neckar)
9: Vladař (Böhmen)
10: Zavist (Böhmen, nicht erfasst)
11: Altmühltal
12: Bad Dürkheim (Pfalz, nicht erfasst)
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Archaeological Data• All Settlement Sites (ca. 5800)• All Burial Sites (ca. 7700, thereof
ca. 5000 undated burial mounds)• Other Sites (single finds, caves,
road structures, ...; ca. 1400)
• 3 Epochs:- Late Bronze Age Urnfield Period(ca. 1200–750 v. Chr.)- Early Iron Age Hallstatt Period (ca. 750–450 v. Chr.)- Early Iron Age Early Latène Period (ca. 450–250 v. Chr.)
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Environmental Data• Topography:
• Height
• Slope
• Aspect
• Distance to water
• Geology:• Distance to Löß soils
• Soil type
• …
• Climate:• Annual precipitation
• Beginning of Spring and beginning of late Summer
• Environmental classes• ...
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
16.09.2006
source: V. Gaffney/Z. Stančič, GIS approaches to regional analysis: A case study of the island of Hvar2 (Ljubljana 1996)
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Centralisation
• “Concentration of Power”• Centralisation of Power• Economic Wealth = Power?• Central Power = Central Place?
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Central places – central functions
(after Gringmuth-Dallmer 1999)
governance/administration
protection
trade
commerce/craft/ ...
cult/religion
settlements with several central functions
complex centre
settlements with one central function settlements with one central function
self-sustaining autarkic rural settlements
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Central places – central functions
governance/administration
protection
trade
commerce/craft/ ...
cult/religion
strong relationship/dependency
weak relationship/dependency
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Methods and Theory
„With experience, GIS becomes simply an extension of one's own analytical thinking. The system has no
inherent answers, only those of the analyst. It is a tool, just like statistics is a tool. It is a tool for thought.
...In many ways, learning GIS involves learning to think—
learning to think about patterns, about space and about processes that act in space.“
J. R. EASTMAN, IDRISI Kilimanjaro.Guide to GIS and Image Processing
(Worcester/MA 2003) 20
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Landscape Archaeologyand Settlement Archaeology
"The key point to emphasis is that externalfactors influenced behaviour, and this
behaviour left patterns in space that could be objectively measured and quantified."
D. Wheatley/M. Gillings, Spatial technology and archaeology. The archaeological application of GIS (London, New York 2002) 7
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Rethinking “Princely Sites”Examples of GIS Analyses
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Viewshed Heuneburg ( )Viewshed Bussen ( )
Prominence and ViewshedsThe area around the Heuneburg “Fürstensitz”
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Glauberg and its Environs
Ha Ha/Lt eLt
Visibility of the Glaubergs from contemporary settlements in the Wetterau (max. visibility 10 km [top] und 20 km [bottom])
Ha Ha/Lt eLt
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Glauberg – a Wealthy Place
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Glauberg – a Wealthy Place
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Glauberg – a Wealthy Place
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Glauberg – a Wealthy Place
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Glauberg – a Wealthy Place
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Glauberg – a Wealthy Place
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Glauberg – a Wealthy Place
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Glauberg – a Wealthy Place
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Glauberg and its Connections
Hunsrück area
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Routes According to Traditional ResearchAssumptions:1. It is possible to
reconstruct ancient routes by projecting back from modern ones
2. Ancient roads always run along crests of hills and mountains
3. Prehistoric routes follow lines of prehistoric burial mounds – Prehistoric burial mounds were built along roads and paths
after Loewe 1956
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Testing the Traditional ModelWalking on Hilltops?
Iron Age routes, river and swamp bridgesin Switzerland (after Jud 2003)
Swamp bridge in Bavaria(after Schußmann 1996)
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Testing the Traditional ModelHilltops?
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Testing the Traditional ModelHilltops?
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500
Cross Section
Met
ers
Meters
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Testing the Traditional ModelRoutes and Burial Mounds
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Testing the Traditional ModelRoutes and Burial Mounds
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
lpi burials lpi burials visible from roads (1000m) lpi random points
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
But ...
Routes and roads depend on the aim of the traveller:
• Trade (carriage, load)
• Social contact
• Migration
• …
They depend also on:
• The climate: Winter/Summer vs. Spring/Autumn
• Personal/social experience
• Tradition
• Regularity vs. “spontaneity”
There is not one single road or track, there is a large variety of options, based on different needs and circumstances There is no proof of prehistoric roads/routes being the basis of the economic wealth and power of the Glauberg
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Glauberg - Explaining Meaning
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Glauberg - Explaining Meaning
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Glauberg - Explaining Meaning
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Explaining Meaning – A Calendar Buildingafter Deiss 2008
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Explaining Meaning – A Calendar Building
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Central Places, Central Functions & the Hinterland
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Importance of the Environs
Aspect of settlement sites
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Site Catchment
Site Soil types
Site surrounding
Soil types in the site’s hinterland
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
source: V. Gaffney/Z. Stančič, GIS approaches to regional analysis: A case study of the island of Hvar2 (Ljubljana 1996)
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
‘Cost dependent’ Settlement Hinterlands
Each point within the catchment area can be reached from the settlement (red spot) with the same maximum effort (time, calorie expenditure, …)(Basis: slope, large streams)
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Hinterland Strategies
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The Marienberg costbuffers
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Defining borders by limits of visibility:5 km cumulative viewsheds (green) and the burial mounds in the Glauberg vicinity
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Excursus:LiDAR scans and burial mounds in the forests
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
LiDAR /Airborne Laser Scanning
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
LiDAR /Airborne Laser Scanning
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
LiDAR /Airborne Laser Scanning
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The “hinterland” and its size
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The “hinterland” and its size
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
The “hinterland” and its size
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Natural resourcesSoil – suitability for plant cultivation
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Natural resourcesSoil – suitability for plant cultivation
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Natural resourcesSoil – suitability for plant cultivation
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Natural resourcesSoil – suitability for plant cultivation
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Hinterland Sizes
IpfIpf
GoldbergGoldberg„Bugfeld“„Bugfeld“
„Zaunäcker“„Zaunäcker“
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Hinterland & Alimentation
• Elske Fischer ([email protected])=> palaeobotany
• Axel G. Posluschny ([email protected]) => archaeology, GIS analyses
• Manfred Rösch ([email protected]) => palaeobotany
• Kristine Schatz ([email protected]) => archaeozoology
• Elisabeth Stephan [email protected]) => archaeozoology
• Astrid Stobbe ([email protected]) => pollen analyses
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Environmental Basics
• Soil• values based on the
“Reichsbodenschätzung”
• > 40 --> potential fields
• Topography• slope < 10% --> ploughable• slope > 10% --> potential grazing
land• meadows --> potential grazing
land
<20
20-2728-4041-6061-75
>75
E. Fischer
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Data CombinationHeuneburg (Baden-Württemberg)
Utilisation/suitability:fields, medium (48.9%)
fields, medium/high (2.2%)
fields, high (2.2%)
meadows, wetland/pasture (37.6%)
woods, dryland/pasture (8.4%)
indeterminable/nondescript (0.6%)
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Environmental Basics
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Dynamics of Soil Development
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Calculating Needs and Supply
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Calculating Needs and Supply
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Calculation of Potential - Crops
400
0
200
0
150
0
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Calculation of Potential - Crops
400
0
200
0
150
0
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Calculation of Potential - Livestock
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Calculation of Potential - Livestock
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Outlook
• Refinement of the model, taking into account the possibilities of replacing exhausted nitrogen and phosphate
• Rechecking the used parameters for times of fallow, calorie consumption, hinterland sizes, ...
• Revision of the model on the basis of the environmental reconstruction with the help of pollen analyses
• Conversion of the Excel file in use into a runtime database (FileMaker) for a free distribution
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Outlook
• Development of a calculation model within a GIS software (gvSIG) based on the actual model
• Calculation and analysis of the feeding potential of about 5500 settlement sites
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Densities and Gaps
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
km
Zuw
achs
Maindreieck, Uk-SiedlungenMaindreieck, Ha-SiedlungenMaindreieck, fLt-Siedlungen
A. Zimmermann/J. Richter/Th. Frank/K. P. Wendt, Landschaftsarchäologie II – Überlegungen zu Prinzipien einer Landschaftsarchäologie. Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 85, 2004 (2005) 37–95.
Zimmermann et al. 52, fig. 5
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Marienberg: Settlement Densities
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
km
Zuw
achs
Maindreieck, Uk-Siedlungen
Maindreieck, Ha-Siedlungen
Maindreieck, fLt-Siedlungen
Uk period Ha period
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Glauberg: Settlement Densities
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 12. 15 17.
km
Zuw
achs
Wetterau, Uk-Siedlungen
Wetterau, Ha-Siedlungen
Wetterau, fLt-Siedlungen
Wetterau, Ha/fLt- und fLt-Siedlungen
Uk period Ha period Ha/eLt & eLt period
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012 Dijon, 23.-25.6.2008
good poor
SlopeSoil quality
flat steep
Wetterau: Settlement Gaps
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Summary and Some Kind of Synthesis
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Central meaning vs. central locationDistance of „Princely Sites“ to macrochore
borders
Distance of „Princely Sites“ to main water streams
Uppsala University – 22/10/2012
Settlement sitesper 100 years
Beyond GIS and “Fürstensitze”:
The ArchaeoLandscapes Europe Project
www.archaeolandscapes.eu
ArchaeoLandscapes Europe
Roman-Germanic Commission
• Agreement Number: 2010-1486• Start: 15th September 2010• End: 14th September 2015• EU Advancement: 2,5 Mio €• Total Budget: 5 Mio €• Partner Institutions: 61(at present)• Project Leadership: Roman-Germanic Commission of the
German Archaeological Institute
ArchaeoLandscape Europe is supported by the EU within the framework of the Culture 2007-2013 programme
www.archaeolandscapes.eu
ArchaeoLandscapes Europe
Roman-Germanic Commission
Coordinator/Project Leader 1. Roman-Germanic Commission, German Archaeological Institut (DE)
Co-organisers:1. In Flanders Fields Museum, Belgium (BE)2. Cyprus Research and Education Foundation (STARC) (CY)3. Holstebro Museum (DK)4. State Heritage Service Baden-Württemberg (DE)5. Institute for Mediterranean Studies (FORTH) (GR)6. Baranya County Museum Authority (HU)7. Institute of Archaeology (IS)8. Discovery Programme (IE)9. University College Dublin (IE)10. University of Foggia (IT)11. University of Salento (LabTAF), Lecce (IT)12. University of Siena (LAP&T) (IT)13. University of Klaipeda (LT) 14. University of Leiden (NL)15. Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research (NIKU) (NO)16. Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań (PL)17. Institute for Cultural Memory (CIMEC) (RO) 18. Institute of Archaeology (RS)19. Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK)20. Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (ZRC SAZU) (SI) 21. University of Ljubljana (SI)22. Instituto de Estudos Galeos Padre Sarmiento (ES)23. English Heritage (UK)24. University of Exeter (UK)25. University of Glasgow (UK)26. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (UK)
Associated Partners:1. University of Vienna (AT)2. University of West Bohemia (CZ)
3. Estonian Heritage Society (EE)4. Aalto University School of Science and Technology (FI)5. National Museum of the Faroe Islands (FO)6. Université de Franche Comté (FR)7. University of Applied Sciences - i3mainz (DE)8. University of Bamberg (DE)9. University of Frankfurt (DE)10. Aerial Archaeology Research Group (international)11. Culture Lab - International Cultural Expertise (BE)12. Dutch Expertise Centre for Archaeological Remote Sensing (NL/BE)13. Dundalk Institute of Technology (IE)14. Latvian Academy of Culture (LV)15. University of Granada (ES)16. University of Uppsala (SE)17. University of Ulster (IE)18. Landscape & Geophysical Services (IE)19. Macquarie University, NSW (AU)20. The DART Project - University of Leeds (UK)21. Leuven University (BE)22. Department of Earth and Environment of the Italian National Research
Council (IT)23. University of Zagreb (HR)24. VU Amsterdam (NL)25. Moesgaard Museum (DK)26. The Rathcroghan Heritage Centre (IE)27. The Landscape Research Centre (UK)28. Polytechnic Institute of Tomar University (PT)29. ArchaeoPhysica (UK)30. University of Bologna (IT)31. Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)32. Szczecin University - Institute of History and International Relations,
Department of Archaeology (PL)33. University of California, Merced (USA)34. Cyprus University of Technology (CY)
...
61 Project Partner from all over Europe
www.archaeolandscapes.eu
ArchaeoLandscapes Europe
Roman-Germanic Commission
Project Aims
• "To increase public appreciation, understanding and conservation .....
• of the landscape and archaeological heritage • of Europe ....
• through the application and international sharing of skills and experience ....
• in airborne and other forms of remote sensing"
www.archaeolandscapes.eu
ArchaeoLandscapes Europe
Roman-Germanic Commission
Activities
• At least 6 Technical Workshops• More than 4 Aerial Archaeology Training Schools• 2 International Conferences (2013 Dublin, 2015 Frankfurt)• Symposia, Workshops, Meetings, Conference Sessions, ...• Travelling Exhibition (Start: 8th May 2013 in Dublin)• Publications (2 Monographs, Flyer, Conference Papers, Best
Practices Guides, ...)• Website http://www.archaeolandscapes.eu
(the site will be updated continuously during the 3 coming years of the project)
• Grants for Students and Young Researchers to participate in Workshops, Schools and Conferences
www.archaeolandscapes.eu
ArchaeoLandscapes Europe
Roman-Germanic Commission
Thank you very much for your attention