pems in the united states

PEMS IN THE UNITED STATES: AND A BROAD LOOK AT ITS APPLICATIONS

Prepared by: Brent Schuchmann, Ph.D.

Senior Research Engineer

SGS North America, Inc

October 16-18, 2017

IQPC Conference – Real Driving Emissions

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OVERVIEW

SGS AT A GLANCE

PEMS TESTING IN THE LAST YEAR

▪ THE ROLE OF TESTING SERVICES WITH PEMS

MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR

ROAD-TO-LAB PEMS CORRELATION

PSEUDO IN-USE PEMS ROUTES FOR RDE

PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS USING MACHINE LEARNING

▪ TRANSPORTATION ANALYTICS PLATFORM (TAPSM)

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Nº1WORLD LEADER

90 000EMPLOYEES

2 000OFFICES AND LABORATORIES

11GLOBAL INDUSTRIES

GLOBAL SERVICELOCAL EXPERTISE

AT A GLANCE

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CHEMICAL CONSUMER GOODS AND RETAIL

MINING OIL AND GAS PUBLIC SECTORLIFE SCIENCES

TRANSPORTATIONAGRICULTURE AND FOOD

ENERGY

INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING

CONSTRUCTION

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US TRANSPORTATION TESTING SERVICES

▪ ISO Certified• 9001, 17025, 14001

▪ Servicing Multiple Market

Segments:• Automotive

• Aerospace

• Rail

• Marine

• Off-road

• Non Road

• Power Sports

• Industry Groups

• Government and Regulatory

Agencies

▪ On-Premise Customer Lab

Environments

▪ Growth, Expansion and

Investment

8 Commercial Labs

150 Employees

2 2

4

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AURORA, CO

▪ High Feature Test Cells with Extreme Environmental Conditions

▪ Variable Altitude Engine and Chassis Dynamometer Testing

• Diesel and Spark Ignited Engines

• AWD/FWD/RWD Vehicles

• Motorcycle and ATV Chassis Dynamometer

• EPA and CARB Compliant Cells

▪ Particulate Matter Characterization

▪ PEMS & RDE Real Driving Emissions Testing

▪ Variable Temperature SHEDs for Evaporative Emissions

▪ Ideal for catalyst conversion efficiency determination,

light-off, drive cycle effects, complete system performance

▪ On-Road program design, consulting and data analytics

▪ 7 Eddy Current absorbing, Single 40” Roll, FWD/AWD, rapid non-road

Mileage Accumulation Dynamometers in a modern, secure facility.

Research, Development and Emissions Certification Testing

Mileage Accumulation Facility in Jackson, MI

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ROCKY MTN. TEST CENTER - EMPIRE, CO

▪ Newly Commissioned User Facility - 8900’ (2710m) above sea level

▪ Centrally located near popular vehicle development venues including

Berthoud Pass, Hoosier Pass, Vail Pass, Loveland Pass, Dillon, and

Mount Evans

▪ Four large 50’ x 20’ bays (3 cold bays and 1 workshop with lift/hoist)• Independently controlled refrigeration -22°F (-30°C)

• Large 12’ wide x 14’ high doors

• Vehicle exhaust ventilation

• Onsite fuel storage

• Accommodates multiple customer applications from individual components,

lawn equipment and power sports to light duty vehicles, Class 8 trucks and

construction equipment

▪ Secure Access• Each bay individually keyed and features 24/7 video surveillance, guest Wi-Fi,

office areas and private restrooms

▪ Cost-effective short and long-term rental solutions

▪ Local engineering and calibration services available

Modern & Accessible, 4,800 sq. ft. High Altitude Cold Testing Facility

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IN-USE REQUIREMENTS AND PEMS

40CFR1065 Subpart J

▪ Field Testing and Portable Emission Measurement Systems

• On-road Heavy-Duty vehicles

• Needs 3 hours of non-idle collection time

• Processes data for valid NTE events

40CFR1039 Subpart E and F

▪ In-use Non-Road Engines

• Does not require PEMS but references 40CFR1065 for testing procedures

40CFR86 Subpart S

▪ In-Use Vehicle Program

• On-road vehicles ≤14,000 lbs GVWR

• Does not require PEMS

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PEMS TESTING IN THE LAST YEAR

NON-ROAD CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

▪ IN-USE, MODAL, ALTITUDE, COLD-START EMISSIONS

ON-ROAD HEAVY-DUTY DEVELOPMENT

ON-TRACK HEAVY-DUTY DEVELOPMENT

LIGHT-DUTY CORRELATION CVS TO PEMS

LIGHT-DUTY RDE DEVELOPMENT

LIGHT-DUTY IN-USE VERIFICATION

LIGHT-DUTY ROAD TO LAB

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MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING

PEMS

Available Non-road Excavator

▪ MY 2015, Final Tier 4 engine

▪ 124kW rated engine

▪ Emission Control Technologies:

• Exhaust Gas Recirculation, Turbocharger, Charge Air Cooler, Direct Fuel Injection,

SCR-U, AMOX

▪ PM standard: 0.02 g/kWhr (0.015 g/hphr)

▪ NOx standard: 0.4 g/kWhr (0.3 g/hphr)

Series of modal operations were performed mimicking in-use applications

▪ Several ambient conditions (ambient temperature and elevations)

▪ Data were analyzed for cold starts, warmups, crawls, operation, shutdowns

and the whole test

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PEMS

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PEMS

AVL 493 GAS PEMS

▪ CO/CO2, NO/NO2, THC

AVL 494 PM PEMS

▪ Real-time soot concentration (black carbon)

▪ Gravimetric collection of total PM

40CFR1065 compliant

494 PM PEMS 493 GAS PEMS

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PEMS

Brake-Specific g/kWh

< -1 °C > 1670 m > 1670 m

13 days of testing:

▪ 300m (MI)

• 1400 ft

▪ 1980-2650m (CO)

• 6500 – 8700 ft

▪ -10C to 35C

• 14 - 95F

Data processed with

no exclusions

comparing similar

“modal operations”

▪ Warmups, crawls,

operations

Outside NTE Zone

~ 20x NOx

emissions

at 2650 m

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PEMS

Outside NTE Zone

< -1 °C > 1670 m > 1670 m

13 days of testing:

▪ 300m (MI)

• 1400 ft

▪ 1980-2650m (CO)

• 6500 – 8700 ft

▪ -10C to 35C

• 14 - 95F

Data processed with

no exclusions

comparing similar

“modal operations”

▪ Warmups, crawls,

operations

Fuel-Specific g/kg

~ 20x NOx

emissions

at 2650 m

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PEMS

< -1 °C 1670 m 2650 m

NOx emission

reduction strategies

can be observed in

real-time with PEMS

streaming data

It is easy to observe

when EGR and urea

dosing are shut off or

reduced when above

the altitude

requirements for NTE

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PEMS

Outside NTE Zone

< -1 °C > 1670 m > 1670 m

NOx emissions during

“operations” are

similar to the overall

result for each testing

day

An “operation”

represents the work

performed for a

specific job (i.e.

excavation, trenching)

Fuel-Specific g/kg

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PEMS

Outside NTE Zone

< -1 °C

Average NOx g/mi during

a “crawl” event are

nearly 2x during cold

temperatures excluded

from the NTE Zone at

the same elevation

A “crawl” event

represents the machine

traveling to or from job

site, refueling, or

maintenance

The “crawls” shown to

the right represent a

distance of 0.6 - 1 km

▪ 2000 – 3000 ft

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PEMS

Outside NTE Zone

< -1 °C

Average NOx

emissions during a

“Warmup” event are

37g/kg for multiple

conditions outside of

the NTE Zone

A “Warmup” event

represents first

stationary 10-15

minutes after engine

start. In most cases

the ECU controlled the

RPM until the coolant

reached a certain

temperature> 1670 m > 1670 m > 1670 m

< -1 °C

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ROAD TO LAB CORRELATION

Highway

FTP and City

Real World Cycle

LA92

Downhill

Uphill

SRC

US06

Accels

NOx vs CO2 (g/mi) for

a variety of drive

cycles for on-road and

on-dyno

2013 Jeep Wrangler

▪ 3.6L V6

▪ T2B4: 0.04g/mi NOx

Similar emissions are

measured within the

standards for both on-

road and on-dyno

cycles

Simulated road-grade

for on-dyno cycles

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12mg/mi Average

(±3mg/mi St.Dev)

18.2mpg Average

(±0.5mpg St.Dev)

50mg/mi Average

(±6mg/mi St.Dev)

21mpg Average

(±0.4mpg St.Dev)

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Discrepancy in CO

emissions between

on-road and on-dyno

10x greater emissions

on-dyno

PEMS also captures

the excess CO

emissions on-dyno

On-road

On-dyno

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Significant high-

throttle events on-

dyno produce excess

CO emissions not

present on-roadExcess CO emissions

Significant high-throttle events

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American

WLTP

DurationStop

DurationDistance p_stop v_max

v_ave w/o

stops

v_ave w/

stopsa_min a_max

s s miles mi/h mi/h mi/h m/s² m/s²

Low 589 156 1.9 26.50% 35.1 16.0 11.7 -1.47 1.47

Middle 433 48 3.0 11.10% 47.6 27.7 24.5 -1.49 1.57

High 455 31 4.4 6.80% 60.5 37.8 35.2 -1.49 1.58

Extra-High 323 7 5.1 2.20% 81.6 58.4 57.2 -1.21 1.03

Total 1800 242 14.5 81.6 28.9

Phase

PEMS route

IUVP

DurationStop

DurationDistance p_stop v_max

v_ave w/o

stops

v_ave w/

stopsa_min a_max

s s miles mi/h mi/h mi/h m/s² m/s²

Low 471 - 1.8 - 25.5 - 7.3 -2.361 2.0809

Middle 259 - 2.1 - 41.0 - 15.3 -1.944 2.3611

High 591 - 5.2 - 63.4 - 21.9 -2.639 3.1944

Extra-High 738 - 7.5 - 70.2 - 35.5 -2.5 2.6389

Total 2059 16.6 70.2 29.3

Phase

Urban Rural Motorway

% % %

Low 100 0 0

Middle 58.9 41.1 0

High 23 55.5 21.5

Extra-High 14.4 18.1 67.5

Whole Trip 32.4 30.6 37

Phase

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Low

Middle

HighExtra

High

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On-road NOx

emissions for gasoline

vehicles were at or

below their respective

standard.

On-road NOx

emissions for the

diesel vehicle were 4-

5x greater than its

respective standard

(200 mg/mi)

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NOx emissions from

gasoline combustion were

more sensitive to higher

altitude conditions when

compared to route selection

▪ 2 tests were repeated in

reverse order for the F150

with minimal change in

NOx emissions.

▪ 4 different routes with

different trip shares were

driven for the Wrangler with

no significant change in

NOx emissions

On-road NOx emissions

from diesel combustion

were much higher relative to

the emission standard

regardless of route selection

Different Routes Reverse Order RWC & BreakdownRDE

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CASE STUDY:

PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS FOR LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE

PERFORMANCEChassis Dyno Testing

On-Road Testing

PEMS provides laboratory-grade fuel consumption and emissions

data but may not be practical for testing all fleet vehicles over long

duration test campaigns

SGS has used “machine learning” to determine if vehicle

performance can be learned in the chassis dyno lab and then used

to predict on-road fuel consumption and emissions

MY 2013 Jeep Wrangler, 3.6L V6, PFI, EPA T2B4, no MAF

• On Dyno: 122 micro trips, 3.1 hours of operation

• On Road: 93 micro trips, 3.8 hours of operation

Predictions were compared to measurements from AVL 493

MOVES

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LDV FUEL ECONOMY PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING

The range of engine operation on-dyno was similar

to on-road tests

Micro Trip R2 = 0.972

Good fuel economy predictions were achieved,

and were more accurate than “OBD dongle”

estimates (not shown)

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LDV EMISSIONS PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING

Vehicle Specific Power bins were used to compare overall emissions rates

The predictions showed potential to faithfully represent the real-world emissions rate

distribution by Vehicle Specific Power operating mode

More explanatory data would improve predictions at the highest power conditions