pems: a look at epa's real world test programs: pilot nonroad equipment ... fulper.pdf ·...
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PEMS: A Look at EPA's "Real World" Test Programs: Pilot Nonroad Equipment & HDDV
"Drayage"
Carl Fulper
United States Environmental Protection Agency, OTAQ
PEMS Conference
UC-CERT
March 24, 2011
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Research Areas
ASD’s KC LDV/LDT PM testing program (Completed) – Over 450 vehicles correlatedl w/ chassis dyno and “real-world”
testing of vehicles using Semtech-G
ASD’s Pilot Nonroad test program (Completed) – Tested nornoad construction equipment in EPA Region 7 using
both PEMS (33) and PAMS (33) (CRADA w/ CRC)
ASD’s HDDV “Drayage” test program (Completed) – Tested HDDVs that move containers to and from Houton’s
ports using PEMS (43) and PAMS (23) (CRADA w/ HGAC)
ASD’s LDV/LDT Evaporative test program (Ongoing) – Test program in Denver, CO to look at separating evaporative
from exhaust emissions (CRADA w/ CO HPDE)
ASD’s Pilot Tier 2 LDV/LDT test program(Ongoing) – Test program to look at sampling methods and driving
routes to help with developing deterioration rates for Tier 2 vehicles (funding provided by CRC and DOE (NREL)
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PEMS Program Objectives:
Improved Methods and Techniques
– How to use equipment in field, safety, SOPs, etc
Sample design and recruitment
– Sampling population: RSD, random sampling, $, etc.
Improved regulations for PEMS usage • Multiple rulemakings to improve & achieve consistent results …reduce
lab-to-lab variability (e.g. PM filter measurements)
• 40 CFR 1065 - linking lab to “real-world” operations
• Harmonizing regulations with other countries Improved Equipment
Develop or take advantage of advancements to
measure emissions & activity
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Test Programs
Nonroad Pilot Program
Field-test the integration and application of portable instruments
– SEMTECH –DS
– Micro-proportional sampler
– Gravimetric filters
To measure exhaust emissions – gaseous: continuous CO2, CO, HC, NOx,
– particulate (aggregate)
from heavy diesel equipment – Used in construction (33 pieces)
– During normal operation
within context of rigorous sample design – four-stage
County / establishment / site / piece
– Within EPA Region 7 (IA, KS, MO)
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Measurement Equipment in Mounting Box
Master Flow
Controller
Exhaust
Flow
Device
Semtech-DS
Filter PM Unit
MPS
Unit
CQCM
Location
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Portable PM Filter System
Portable PM Filter System tested in lab against two engine cell’s particulate system units and CVS system
Both Steady-state and transient (nonroad) tests conducted.
Results: – No statistical difference between
portable PM filter system and the two engine cell particulate system units.
Heated Cyclone
Three Heated 47 mm PM filter Holders
Site # Equipment Type Manufacturer Model MY HP lifetime
usage
Sampling
Class
1 Crawler Tractor Komatsu Avance D65 EX-12 1996 190 UNK N
1 Crawler Tractor Caterpillar 963B 1997 160 134 LgLo
1 Crawler Tractor Caterpillar D8R 1999 302 2,034 LgHi
1 Crawler Tractor Caterpillar D6NXL 2005 143 1,062 LgHi
1 Crawler Tractor Komatsu D65EX-15 2006 190 UNK N
1 Excavator Komatsu PC300LC-7L 2004 254 UNK N
1 Grader Komatsu GD655-3C 2005 175 UNK N
1 Scraper Caterpillar 627G 2004 393 UNK N
1 Scraper Caterpillar 627G 2004 393 UNK N
1 Skid-steer loader Case 60XT 2003 75 UNK N
2 Compactor BOMAG BW145DM-3 UNK 75 UNK N
2 Crane/Lift Omniquip Skytrack 60365 UNK 110 UNK N
2 Crawler Loader Caterpillar 963C 2002 174 1,409 LgHi
2 Crawler Loader Takeuchi TL150 2005 102 751 LgHi
2 Crawler Loader Takeuchi TL150 2006 102 916 LgHi
2 Excavator Komatsu PC200LC-6LE 1997 133 UNK N
2 Excavator Komatsu PC138-USLC-2E0 2005 86 987 LgHi
2 Excavator Komatsu PC40MR-2 UNK 39 UNK N
2 Generator AMIDA AL4060D4MH UNK UNK UNK N
2 Hydraulic Pump AIRMAN SCREW PBS1855 UNK UNK UNK N
2 Skid-steer loader Case 184SC 1998 60 154 LgLo
Site Inventory: an example
Gallery
Experience
Construction operation is harsh environment;
But we have successfully collected data
Date Type Mfr Model CO2 CO THC NO NO2 NOx
(kg/gal) (g/gal) (g/gal) (g/gal) (g/gal) (g/gal)
9/18/2007 Crawler Dozer Cat D4CXL 10.07 51.63 27.45 169.04 19.64 188.68
10/11/2007 Well Driller Cummins 4B-3.9 10.02 47.10 30.40 152.22 35.33 187.55
10/15/2007 Forklift Truck Cat TH83 10.04 25.08 4.61 93.57 11.59 105.61
10/24/2007 Backhoe Case 570 LXT 9.91 97.94 1.00 145.52 62.25 207.76
10/27/2007 Crawler Dozer Deere 550H 10.18 17.69 8.16 93.74 8.41 102.15
Example: Emissions Measurement Type: Crawler Loader
Mfr: Caterpillar
Model: 953C
Engine: 3126
MY: 2004
Rating: 120 hp (appr.)
Hour-meter: 3,760 hrs
Life-time activity: 1,250
hr/yr
Sampling
Class: LgHi
Time Series: Engine Parameters
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
1,0
00
2,0
00
3,0
00
4,0
00
5,0
00
6,0
00
7,0
00
8,0
00
9,0
00
10
,00
0
Elapsed Time (Sec)
Exhaust Flow Temperature (°C)
Exhaust Mass Flow (SCFM)
Engine Speed (RPM × 0.1)
Proportional exhaust sampling: Example: (Dozer, Deere 550H)
y = 2.9916x + 11.012
R2 = 0.983
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Exhaust Flow (kg/hr)
MP
S S
am
ple
Flo
w ,
sccm
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Brake-specific NOx Emissions:
Excavators
4.32
9.88
4.36
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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2003, 190 kW (255 hp) 2003, 190 kW (255 hp) 2006, 260 kW (350 hp)
g/k
W-h
r
T2 NMHC+NOx
6.6 g/kW-hr
same engine:
about
50%
idle
almost
no
idle
T3 NMHC+NOx
4.0 g/kW-hr
over
50%
idle
2. Non Road PEMS Study30
Example: Portable Activity Measurement System (PAMS)
Type: Skid-Steer Loader
Mfr: Bobcat
Model: T300
MY: 2003
Rating: 81 hp
Hour-meter: 3,500 hrs
Life-time activity: 875 hr/yr
Sampling
Class: SmHi
Skid-steer loader: Operation by Day of Week
Measurement Period: Monday June 11, 2007 – Monday, July 2, 2007
Total operation: 16.6 hours
Skid-steer loader: Operation by Hour of Day
Houston Port Study - Objectives
Characterize activity and emissions of HD
“drayage” trucks in Houston
• Improve Houston inventory/transportation modeling
• Currently Drayage vehicles are part of MOVES as part of
source types: short/long haul single/combo trucks
• Texas wanted to study the activity around the Ports to
characterize the activity/emissions in and around the Ports
• EPA wants to use data to understand the real world
activity/emissions from such trucks for future updates to
MOVES
• Pilot project for users to expand MOVES by creating new
“source type”
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RSD
Equipment
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• Conducted by University of Denver (two weeks in July 2009)
• Gaseous pollutants (CO2, CO, THC & NOx)
• Measured at entry gate of Barbour’s Cut port
• Matched license plates to TX DOT database
• RSD readings: 4,032
• Unique vehicles: 1,877
PEMS Vehicle Example MY 1994 Freightliner
Exhaust
System
PM
Proportional
Sampler
System Semtech_DS
PM Filters
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Portable Emissions - SEMTECH DS
• Gaseous pollutants (CO2, CO, THC, NO & NO2), with exhaust flow
• Teflon membrane filters (PM) @ 47 C
Portable Activity
• Isaac data loggers
• GPS and RPM (older vehicles)
• GPS & engine parameters (J1708 & J1939)
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Port vs. Non-Port (Onroad)
Activity & Emissions
For All Vehicles
CO (kg) Nox (kg) HC (kg) time (hrs) Idle % Distance Number
(miles) of Vehs
OTHER 33.44 103.66 6.02 288 35.6 4148.7 34
PORT 6.61 11.63 1.66 73 58.2 197.8 34
Note: Most time spent on idle and low speeds where
emissions are higher
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PEMS NOx as a function of VSP (fuel specific) 2001 Freightliner
RSD NOx shown by *
Conclusions Areas can take advantage of MOVES
flexibility using available local data and targeted field work
RSD screening very useful for improving sampling in portable emissions/activity measurement studies
Preliminary data shows that in-port emissions are important to quantify
State, Local and Federal collaboration is key for comprehensive field studies
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PEMS Next Steps:
Experience is key in using PEMS equipment in “real world”
Improve “in-field” Methods and Techniques
– Installation in field, safety, SOPs, etc
– Lower cost (time & $) to use equipment
Reduce burden to Vehicle Owner
Improve sample design and recruitment methods
Equipment needs to be: – More reliable (increase mean-time failure rate);
– Smaller in size, weight, & power consumption;
– Repairable in field
Acknowledgements
EPA Office of Transportation & Air Quality: – Robert Caldwell, Ethan Schaer, Brian Ratkos, Craig Swan,
Charles Schenk, Michael Christiansen, Prashanth Gururaja, David Choi, Dr. Robert Giannelli, Constance Hart, James Warila
Eastern Research Group: – Gopi Manne, Rick Baker, Diane Preusse, Scott Fincher
Coordinating Research Council (E-70)
Sensors: – Christopher Darby, Louis Moret
Houston-Galveston Area Council (HGAC): – Shelly Whitworth, Patricia Franco
Texas Commission of Environmental Quality (TCEQ): – Donna Huff, Mary McGarry-Barber, Amy Muttoni, David Brymer
Port of Houston Authority: – Dana Blume, Ken Gathright
EPA Region 6: – Sandra Rennie, Carl Young
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Questions?
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Recruitment Procedure
“Ownership Interview”
1) Screening
- Verify identity of firm
- Verify business activity
2) Eligibility
- Verify employer status
- Verify Equipment Use
- verify role as prime contractor
“Equipment Inventory”
List available equipment on site
- Type
- Manufacturer
- MY
- usage patterns
“Instrumentation”
- PEMS: measure emissions over 8 hours
AND/OR
- PAMS: measure activity over one month
- Collect fuel and oil samples
$ incentive to half of
respondents
“Equipment Selection”
Stratify by
- Size
- lifetime usage