pc maintanance

7/31/2019 PC Maintanance

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The Motherboard

PC Maintenance



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Objectives

In this chapter, you will learn:

About the types of motherboards

About components on the motherboard

A basic procedure for building a computer

How to install a motherboard

How to troubleshoot a motherboard



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How to get a hold of me

Instructor: Joel S. Mtebe

Email: [email protected]

Mobile-Tel: 0754 383366

Office Location: Smart card Office (LibraryBuilding)



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The System Unit

What is the system

unit?

p. 4.04 Fig. 4-1 Next

¾ Case that contains electronic

components

of the computer used

to process data

¾ The case that houses the

processor, motherboard, internal

hard- and floppy disks, power

supply, and the expansion bus.

Sometimes called

the chassis

system unit

system unit

system unit

system unit



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The System Unit

What are common components inside thesystem unit?

p. 4.03 Fig. 4-2 Next

¾ Processor

¾ Memory¾ Adapter cards

Sound card

Modem card

Video card

Network card

¾ Ports¾ Drive bays

¾ Power supply

power supply

ports

drive bays

processor

memory

sound card

video cardmodem card

network card



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The System Unit

What is the

motherboard?

p. 4.04 Fig. 4-3 Next

¾ Main circuit board

in system unit

¾ Contains adapter

cards, processor

chips, and

memory chips¾ Also called system

board

processor chipadapter cards

memory chips

memory slots

motherboard

Expansion

slots for

adapter cards



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Form Factors and the Computer Case

The term form factor describes the size,

shape, and general makeup of a hardwarecomponent

When you put together a new computersystem, or replace components in an existingsystem, the form factors of the motherboard,

power supple, and case must all match toensure everything fits properly



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ATX Form Factor



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NLX Form Factor



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Computer Cases and Form Factors

The form factor defines the type of computer

case, called a chassis Desktop cases

Tower cases

Midsize tower (miditower)

Minitower (microtower)

Notebook cases

Custom cases



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Removing a Computer Case Cover



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Motherboard

The motherboard is the base of the modern computersystem.

If the processor is the "brain" of the computer, then themotherboard is the central nervous system andcirculatory system, plus much more, all rolled into one

Having a good understanding of how the motherboardand its contained subsystems works is probably the most critical part of getting a good understanding of how PCs

work in general .



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Motherboard

The motherboard plays an important role in thefollowing important aspects of your computersystem (notice how many there are here): Organization: In one way or another, everything is

eventually connected to the motherboard. The way that

the motherboard is designed and laid out dictates howthe entire computer is going to be organized.

Control: The motherboard contains the chipset andBIOS program, which between them control most of

the data flow within the computer. Communication: Almost all communication between the

PC and its peripherals, other PCs, and you, the user,goes through the motherboard.

http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/index-c.html

http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/index-c.html



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Motherboard

Processor Support: The motherboard dictates directly your choice of processor for use in the system.

Peripheral Support: The motherboard determines, in large part, whattypes of peripherals you can use in your PC. For example, the typeof video card your system will use (ISA, VLB, PCI) is dependent onwhat system buses your motherboard uses.

Performance: The motherboard is a major determining factor inyour system's performance, for two main reasons. First andforemost, the motherboard determines what types of processors,memory, system buses, and hard disk interface speed your systemcan have, and these components dictate directly your system's

performance. Second, the quality of the motherboard circuitry andchipset themselves have an impact on performance.



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Motherboard

Upgradability: The capabilities of yourmotherboard dictate to what extent you will beable to upgrade your machine. For example, thereare some motherboards that will accept regularPentiums of up to 133 MHz speed only, while

others will go to 200 MHz. Obviously, the secondone will give you more room to upgrade if you are

starting with a P133.



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Types of Motherboards

Motherboard selection determines:

Types and speeds of CPU you can use

Chip set on the board

Memory cache type and size

Types and number of expansion slots

Types of memory

Type of case ROM BIOS and video and local bus slots



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Types of Motherboards (continued)



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Components on the Motherboard



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The CPU and the Chip Set

How the CPU Works

Input/output (I/O) Unit

One or more arithmetic logic units (ALU)

Control unit

How to Rate CPUs

Various attributes are used to rate CPUS



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The Processor

The processor (really a short form for

microprocessor and also often called theCPU or central processing unit) is the centralcomponent of the PC.

It is the brain that runs the show inside thePC. All work that you do on your computer is

performed directly or indirectly by theprocessor



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Let us briefly study that name:

It is a processor, because it processes (movesand calculates) data.

It is central, because it is the center of PC data

processing. It is a unit, because it is a chip, which contains

millions of transistors.

http://www.karbosguide.com/hardware/module1a1.htm

http://www.karbosguide.com/hardware/module1a1.htm



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Characteristics of CPUs

Processor Speed

The speed at which the CPU operates internally

Bus Speed

The frequency or speed at which data moves on a bus

Word Size and Data Path Size Word size is the largest number of bits that can be carried

on the internal data bus and that the CPU can process inone operation

The data path is the largest number of bits that can betransported to and from the CPU on the system bus



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Characteristics of CPUs

Instruction Sets

Basic sets of commands permanently built into theCPU chip to perform fundamental operations

Memory Cache

A small amount of RAM which is much faster thanthe remaining portion of RAM

Multiprocessing Microchips designed to work in cooperation with

other CPUs installed on the same motherboard



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How the CPU Works



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Central Processing Unit How do personal computer processors compare?

p. 4.08

Comparison of Widely Used

Personal Computer Processors

Name Date ClockIntroduced Speed

Itanium 2 2002 1 GHZ and up

Xeon 2001 1.4–2.4 GHZ

Itanium 2001 733–800 MHZ

Pentium 4 2000 1.4–2.53 GHZ

Pentium III Xeon 1999 500–900 MHZ

Pentium III 1999 400 MHZ–1.2 GHZ

Celeron 1998 266 MHZ–1.8 GHZ

Operon 2003 To come

Athlon MP 2002 1.53–1.6 GHZ

Athlon XP 2001 1.33–1.73 GHZ

Athlon 1999 500 MHZ–1.4 GHZ

®

™

® ®

® ™

®

®

™

™

™

™



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Central Processing Unit

Which processor should you select?

p. 4.10

¾ The faster the processor, the more expensive the computer

Celeron®

Itanium® or Xeon ®

Pentium® family

1 GHz and up

2.5 GHz and up

1.7 GHz to 2.5 GHz

Up to 1.7 GHz

1.2 GHz and up

Intel Processor Desired Clock Speed

CPU i h M h b d



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CPU in the Motherboard

The Central Processing Unit



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The Central Processing Unit

How does the computer convert the datainput to information output?

Central Processing Unit is a highly

complex, extensive set of electroniccircuitry that executes stored program

instructions. All computer must have at least one CPU.



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CPU



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CPU

The CPU interacts with memory, i.e. the primarystorage, to get instructions and data

Memory is not part of the CPU

Secondary storage holds permanent data onsome external medium

Control

Unit

Arithmetic/

LogicUnit

Memory

INPUT OUTPUT

SECONDARY

STORAGE

CPU

Components of CPU



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Components of CPU

Control Unit: directs the entire computerto carry out the program instructions. Itdoes not actually execute instructions, itmakes other parts to do so.

– addition (+) – subtraction (-) – multiplication (*) – division (/) – equal to (=) – less than (<) – greater than (>) – less than or equal to (<=) – greater than or equal to (>=) – less than or greater than (< V >)

•Arit hmet ic/ Logic Unit :It executes all arithmeticand logical operations.

Components of CPU



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p

Registers are: temporary storage locations for instructions or data

not parts of memory, but parts of CPU

very fast under the control of the control unit

and they

accept, hold, transfer instructions or data

hold data about immediate operation being executed,as compared to the memory that holds data about near

future

Memory



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y

Memory is the part of thecomputer that holds data& instructions for

processing

•The memory holds theinstructions and relevant dataof an application as long as it

is in operation

Memor



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Memory

The memory is a circuitry that has high

speed. Contents of the memory are lost when energy

goes off.

Multiple programs can share the memory,and run at the same time.

It may happen that memory is filled out.This is called memory overflow

Storage Locations and Addresses



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g

A memory location can only hold fixedamount of data

The location in memory for each

instruction and piece of data is identifiedby a memory address

CPU Heat Sinks and Cooling Fans



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Since CPUs generate so much heat, computersystems use a cooling fan to keep temperatures

between 90 and 110 degrees Fahrenheit

Older CPUs used a heat sink, which is a clip-ondevice that mounts on top of the CPU and pulls heataway from it

Today, most cooling fans designed to mount on the

CPU housing also have a heat sink The combination of heat sink and cooling fan is

sometimes called a cooler




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(continued)

CPU Slots and Sockets



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CPU Slots and Sockets

Processor connects to motherboard viasocket or slot

Socket/slot type must match processor

Slots 1 and 2 proprietary Intel slots

Socket A and Slot B are proprietary AMDconnectors

CPU Packaging Slots and Sockets



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CPU Packaging, Slots, and Sockets

CPUs and other chips typically are packaged insome type of protective material that prevents

damage and helps dissipate heat The design of a processor’s packaging is defined by

the socket or slot that the processor uses to connect

to the motherboard Current CPU sockets, called zero insertion force

(ZIF) sockets, have a small lever on the side that

lifts the CPU up and out of the socket Most processors today are available in one or more

package types

CPU Slots and Sockets (continued)



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CPU Voltage Regulation



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CPU Voltage Regulation

Different CPUs require different levels of voltage onthe motherboard

With a single-voltage design, the same voltage isused for external and internal operations With a dual-voltage (split rail) design, one voltage is

used for external operations, and another forinternal operations

Older motherboards require that you set jumpers toset the voltage to the CPU

Newer motherboards use a voltage regulatormodule (VRM) to control the amount of voltage tothe CPU automatically

CPU Voltage Regulator (continued)



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CPU Voltage Regulator (continued)

The Chip Set



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p

What is a chip?

p. 4.04 Fig. 4-4 Next

dual inline

packages (DIP)

holds memorychips

pin grid

array (PGA)

package

holds processorchips

¾ Small piece of semi-conducting

material on which integratedcircuits are etched

Click to view animation

Integrated circuits contain

many microscopic pathwayscapable of carrying electrical

current

¾ Chips are packaged so they canbe attached to a circuit board

The Chip Set



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p

Controls memory cache, external buses, andsome peripherals

Interconnection between buses uses a hubinterface architecture

I/O buses connect to hub and to system bus North bridge is fast end for graphics and

memory controller South bridge is for other devices

The Chip Set (continued)



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p ( )

System Buses



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y

The components inside your computer talk to each otherin various different ways.

Most of the internal system components, including the

processor, cache, memory, expansion cards and storagedevices, talk to each other over one or more "buses".

A bus, in computer terms, is simply a channel over whichinformation flows between two or more devices

Buses

http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/buses/index-c.html






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What is a bus?

p. 4.30 Fig. 4-38

¾ Channel that allows devicesinside computer tocommunicate with each other

System bus connects processorand RAM

Bus width determines numberof bits transmitted at one time

Word size is the number of bits processor can interpretand execute at a given time



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Expansion SLOTS

Buses and Expansion Slots



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p

Embedded wires on a bus carry electricalpower, control signals, memory addresses,and data

A bus that works in sync with the CPU andthe system clock is called a local bus

A bus that works asynchronously with theCPU (at a much slower rate) as called anexpansion bus

Throughput is the amount of data each buscan transfer per second

Bus Evolution



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Expansion Buses



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p

The first expansion slots on early PCs wereIndustry Standard Architecture (ISA) slots

A relatively new expansion bus is theuniversal serial bus (USB) and is used to

connect slow input and output devices Local Buses

Data bus Address bus

Control Bus

Expansion Buses



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The Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) buscurrently is the most widely used local I/O bus

included in personal computers PCI-X bus

The AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) bus wasdesigned to create a faster, dedicated bus betweenthe chip set on the video card and the CPU

A newer local I/O bus, called the FireWire bus orIEEE 1394 bus, has throughput of up to 3.2gigabytes per second

ISA



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Industry StandardArchitecture

Bus on the IBM XT PC

(1981) Ran at 8.33 Mhz

An 8 bit bus

Upgraded to 16 bit in the ATPC (286)

8 bit cards could be used in

the new 16 bit slots Still exists in the background

PCI



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Peripheral Component Interconnect

32/64 bit @ 33/66 Mhz

Very flexible

Self Configuring (PnP)

133 Mb/sec up to 512 Mb/sec

Can use Bus Mastered DMA

Works with any CPU (even Motorolla)

PCI and ISA



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PCI Architecture



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AGP



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Accelerated Graphics Port Connects directly into

Northbridge

Before this the graphics cardplugged into a PCI slot

Talks directly to RAM using bus

mastering 32 bit, 66 Mhz

AGP 1X runs at 266 Mb/sec

AGP 8X runs 8 time faster at2100 Mb/sec

PCI-E



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Peripheral Component Interconnect Express

250 Mb/sec Hot-swoppable

Will ultimately replace AGP 8X

PC Card (PCMCIA)



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Personal Computer Memory Card Assoc.

Designed for laptop computers 16 bit

2 functions per carde.g. NIC/modem in 1 card

PnP spec

Hot swoppable



ISA



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ISA



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BIOS



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BIOS, in computing, stands for basic input/outputsystem. BIOS refers to the software code run by a

computer when first powered on. The primary function of BIOS is to prepare the machine

so other software programs stored on various media

(such as hard drives, floppies, and CDs) can load,execute, and assume control of the computer.

On PCs, the BIOS contains all the code required to

control the keyboard, display screen, disk drives, serialcommunications, and a number of miscellaneousfunctions.

System BIOS



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The system BIOS is the lowest-level software in thecomputer; it acts as an interface between the hardware(especially the chipset and processor) and the operating

system. The BIOS provides access to the system hardware and

enables the creation of the higher-level operatingsystems (DOS, Windows 95, etc.) that you use to runyour applications.

The BIOS is also responsible for allowing you to controlyour computer's hardware settings, for booting up themachine when you turn on the power or hit the resetbutton, and various other system functions.

BIOS Settings (CMOS Memory)

http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/index-c.html













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There is an essential set of information that is critical tothe operation of your PC, but is not stored on your hard

disk at all. It is your BIOS settings, the group of parameters that

controls critical aspects of how your PC works Thesesettings are very important because minor changes to

them can have a major impact on how your systemfunctions.

It can take a long time to "tweak" your BIOS settings to

reach the set that allows your system to function at peakperformance

BIOS Settings (CMOS Memory)

http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/index.htm

http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/index.htm



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The BIOS settings for your PC are not stored in thesystem memory or hard disk. Instead, they are stored in

a special reserved memory area that is commonly calledthe "CMOS Memory".

A battery provides backup so that the settings are notlost when the PC is turned off or unplugged.

Unfortunately, certain situations can cause the CMOSmemory to be erased or settings lost; usually this canhappen when the battery fails due to some sort of

malfunction, or merely because the motherboard isgetting old.

CMOS Chip

http://www.pcguide.com/care/bu/whatBIOS-c.html

http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/comp_CMOS.htm

http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/comp_CMOS.htm

http://www.pcguide.com/care/bu/whatBIOS-c.html



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CMOS Battery



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The CMOS chip



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CMOS is stored in SRAM chip called Non-VolatileRandom Access Memory(NVRAM)

Stores data which is used by the BIOS NVRAM is powered by CMOS battery

Modern BIOS is stored in EEPROM

EPROM and SRAM means motherboards areupdateable

Older motherboards

Resetting CMOS

AMIBIOS Main Menu



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Always document existing settings before making any changes

Standard CMOS Features



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Advanced Chipset Features



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Power Mangement Features



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PNP/PCI Configurations



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This should

be set to Yes

Integrated Peripherals



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N.B. Exam - ECP or EPP mode allows printers to access DMA channels and are10 times faster than bidirectional mode

PC Health Status



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Frequency/Voltage Control



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Other CMOS Settings



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Load High Performance defaults

Load BIOS setup defaults

Supervisor password

User password

Disconnect the battery for 1 hour to erase thepassword!

CMOS can also be cleared using a jumper

ROM BIOS



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One solution for an unstable motherboard isflashing the BIOS

Updated BIOS code is available for when you

have a problem with the motherboard

Be certain to update BIOS with correct

upgrade

Follow instructions carefully

ROM BIOS (continued)



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ROM BIOS (continued)



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Buses and Expansion Slots



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Bus Evolution

What a Bus Does

On-Board Ports, Connectors, and Riser Slots

Bus Evolution



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Bus Evolution (continued)



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On-Board Ports, Connectors, and

Ri Sl



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Riser Slots



Setup Data Stored by Jumpers



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Changing CMOS Using the Setup Program



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Changing CMOS Using the Setup

P ( ti d)



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Program (continued)


P ( ti d)



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Program (continued)


Pr r m ( ntin d)



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Program (continued)

Hardware Configuration (continued)



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Battery Power to CMOS Memory

Setting Startup Passwords in CMOS

List of CMOS Settings

Battery Power to CMOS Memory



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Protecting Documentation and

Configuration Settings



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Configuration Settings Battery failure resulting in lost default CMOS

RAM settings can be easily restored

Customized CMOS settings will need to be

restored

Keep written records up to date and storedwith hardware documentation

Building a Computer:

An Introduction



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A General Overview

Verify that you have all parts you plan to install

Prepare computer case

Install drives Determine proper configuration settings for

motherboard

Set any jumpers or switches on motherboard

Building a Computer: An Introduction (continued)



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Install the CPU and the CPU Cooler

Install RAM

Install motherboard and attach cabling

Install video card

Plug computer into a power source, and attachmonitor and keyboard




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Boot system and enter CMOS setup

Make sure settings are set to default

Check date, time, and floppy drive

Make sure abbreviated POST is disabled Set boot order

Set “autodetect hard disk”

Leave remaining settings, save and exit CMOS



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Install the OS from CD or floppy

Change boot order in CMOS

Check for conflicts with system resources

Install any other expansion cards and drives

Verify that everything is operating properly, andmake any final OS and CMOS adjustments

Installing the Motherboard

Preparing the Motherboard to Go Into theC



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epa g t e ot e boa d to Go to t eCase

Setting the Jumpers

Adding the CPU, Fan and Heat Sink

Installing a Pentium II in Slot 1

Installing a Pentium 4 in Socket 478

Setting the Jumpers



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Setting the Jumpers (continued)



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(continued)



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(continued)


(continued)



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(continued)




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Installing the Motherboard in the Case

Install faceplate



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Install standoffs

Place motherboard inside case

Connect power cord

Connect wire leads from front panel to

motherboard




(continued)



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( )


(continued)



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( )


(continued)



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( )

Completing the Installation

Install expansion cards and othercomponents



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components

Turn on the system

Make certain everything is connectedproperly

Create a rescue disk for configuration data

Troubleshooting theMotherboard and CPU

Use clues from POST



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Beep codes before video check Error messages on screen

Try substituting good hardware for thosesuspected as bad

Check voltage from power supply beforeputting in new motherboard

Troubleshooting theMotherboard and CPU (continued)



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Summary

Types of Motherboards




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ROM BIOS

Building a Computer

Installing the Motherboard

Troubleshooting the Motherboard and CPU

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