pathways nov

8/3/2019 Pathways NOV

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2/16

From EDITOR

Dear Readers,

Thank you for your immense support and contri-

bution for our first issue of pathways. We are

happy to see your interest and enthusiasm in the

magazine.

With your constant motivation and support, we

strive for the betterment with every issue.

With the rise in catastrophic oil spills in oceans,

weve got the cover story on it, unraveling the sci-

ence behind oil spills and its preventive measures.

And this is the time when most of the pre-final

year students are geared up for CAT! Hence a spe-

cial feature on the effective study for CAT has been

included.

Also, other articles presented are sure to intrigue

your technical and creative mind. We wish it ca-

talyses your technical quest.

We welcome your feedback for the improvement

of the magazine!

Happy reading!!

Editor

Sindhu Balu

Editorial Team

Chaparala Sree Vidya

Purnima Naresh Mangnani

Vikram Gowrishankar

Maya.P.S

Joint Editorial Team

Hemalatha.J

Nivethika Sundararajan

N.Vinisha

Mehdi Ali Mirza

V.P.Venkateshwaran

Rohit Chanchal

Cover Design

Prasanna Venkatesh.K

-Sindhu BaluFinal Year

ChemE

EDITORIAL BOARD

Reach us at:

[email protected]


3/16

1

INSIDE

How bad is oil spill?!

Pg. 3

So you think you can get into IIM?!

Pg.6

Elements revealed!

Pg.9

Curious mind!!

Pg.7

With Regards, ChemE

Pg.12

FEATURES


4/16

How Bad is oil spill?An oil spill is the accidental petroleum release into the environment. On land oil spills are usually

localized and thus their impact can be eliminated relatively easily. In contrast, marine oil spills may resultin oil pollution over large areas and present serious environmental hazards. The primary source of acci-dental oil input into seas is associated with oil transportation by tankers and pipelines (about 70%),whereas the contribution of offshore drilling and production activities is minimal (less than 1%). Large andcatastrophic spills releasing more than 30,000 tons of oil are relatively rare events and their frequency inrecent decades has decreased perceptibly. Yet, such episodes have the potential to cause the most seri-ous ecological risk (primarily for sea birds and mammals) and result in long-term environmental distur-bances (mainly in coastal zones) and economic impact on coastal activities (especially on fisheries andmariculture).

COVER STORY

-KISHEN RAFIZ

Final yr, ChemE

Public concern over marine oil spills has

been clearly augmented since the 1967

Torrey Canyon supertanker accident

off the UK coast, when 100,000 tones of

spilled oil caused heavy pollution of the

French and British shores with serious

ecological and fisheries consequences.

More recently, the highly publicized1989 spill of the Exxon Valdez in Prince

William Sound, Alaska caused unprece-

dented damage to the fragile Arctic sys-

tem. Since then, impressive technical,

political, and legal experience in manag-

ing the problem has been gained in

many countries and at the international

level, mainly through a number of Con-

ventions initiated by the International

Maritime Organization (IMO).- The oil can PELICAN

As a result of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the U.S. passed legislation requiring all newly built tankers to havea double hull.

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also known as the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill or the BP Oil Spill) is the largest

marine oil spill in history, and was caused by an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon offshore oil platform

about 50 miles southeast of the Mississippi River delta on April 20, 2010. The Deepwater Horizon sank in

about 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of water on April 22, 2010. On April 23 the U.S. Coast Guard suspended the

search for missing workers who are all presumed dead. BP was principal developer of the Macondo Pros-

pect oil field where the accident occurred.

What is an oil spill?

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Whose the dunce??

At the time of the explosion, BP and Trans-ocean were in the process of closing the well in antici-

pation of later production. Halliburton had recently completed cementing of casings in the well. The U.S.

Government named BP as the responsible party in the incident and will hold the company accountable for

all cleanup costs resulting from the oil spill. BP has accepted responsibility for the oil spill and the cleanup

costs. However, in a report issued on September 18, 2010, BP clearly indicated its view that Trans-ocean

and Halliburton deserved considerable blame for the disaster, allegations vehemently denied by those

companies. The sinking of the platform caused crude oil to gush out of the riser the 5,000-feet pipe that

connects the well at the ocean floor to the drilling platform on the surface.

The rate of oil release became the

subject of intense debate. Throughout the

first month of the spill, government re-

sponders officially adhered to what we

now know was low and inaccurate esti-

mates. Non-governmental scientists, on

the other hand, used the small amount of

publicly available flow data to generate

estimates that have proven to be much

more accurate. Live video feeds of theleak from the ocean floor fueled the con-

troversy over the magnitude of the leak.

The emerging consensus is that

roughly five million barrels of oil were

released by the Macondo well, with

roughly 4.2 million barrels pouring into

the waters of the Gulf of Mexico.

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How do we prevent???

The following points must be kept in mind by oil companies to prevent oil spills, and thus make their op-

erations safer at every level .

Inspect for deterioration and leaks in equipment

each year. On a boat, make sure all fuel lines and

hoses are in good condition and that seals and con-

nections are tight. At home, examine the oil tank,

pipes and supply lines for corrosion or over-

pressurization. Replace all the damaged parts with

new fittings.

Install an oil safety valve on the supply line of your

heating system if you do not already have one. This

will automatically shut off the oil supply if the line

breaks.

Have your oil tank cleaned out every 10 years. Wa-

ter and sludge can build up, causing corrosion and

rusting the tank from the inside out.

Replace underground tanks that are more than 12

to 15 years old with an above-ground tank. Under-

ground tanks tend to corrode more quickly than

those that are sheltered above ground. Also, re-

place your above-ground tank if it has been uncov-

ered for more than 10 years. Make sure your new

tank has a covering to protect it.

Visual Puzzles!!!First one is done for you.

BREAKFAST!! Now try the rest ! For those who are visually puzzled, reach pg.no. 7

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So you think you can get intoIIM?!-Sindhu Balu

Final yr, ChemEAiming an IIM?!

Most of the CAT aspirants might have joined some ace

coaching institutions by now and some would have

even kick started their preparation.

Last year right the same time, I underwent the same

process, the rush of joining CAT classes, scouring

around any cat material with full zest. With aspirations

in mind and spirits soaring high I presented myself for

my first class. But the first session thyself startled me.It was not a easy journey. There were not hundreds,

but thousands of students sprawling all over the area.

If seen from the bird's view, am sure the inauguration

ceremony would have resembled a swarm of bees,

with backpacks.

My class comprised of 70 people. There were 10 such

classes in one batch and in one single centre of ONE

institute. A simple calculation spotlighted on the enor-

mity of the competition and strenuousness of the jour-

ney ahead. Bell the cat!!

Why is such a strenuous process glorified?!

1. You get an highly successful career.

2. Could DEMAND a pay in 10 digits

3. Could RECTIFY any mistake IF done in UG!!

4. An MBA degree which adorns your living roomwall.

5. * Specific for boys: a FIVE fold increase in yourdowry

So if you think MBA is your way, you're reading the

right article.

Pace 1:

IIM'S are your sole dream destination. So take time to

get to know about them. Only then you would know

the amazingly wonderful world which awaits you at the

end of the hard toil. Learn about other colleges too.

XLRI, FMS, IIFT, NMIMS, TISS, MUDRA are some of the

important institutions which you can't afford to miss!

Pace 2:

Analyze yourself! The well said quote about CAT is,

'There's no shortcut to CAT'

Either you work HARD or SMART. Vast majority of us are

not blessed with the acumen or genius to take CAT and

get an call from IIM!! So it's better to prepare.

There are many online forums and websites

( e.g.www.testfunda.com) to take mock CAT and assess

your present status. Analyze using an academic SWOT.

This would enable you to devote your energy on weak

areas , enabling smarter work.

Pace 3: Here comes the million dollar question!!

Should I need to join a coaching institute?

OrCollect the reading material and study by myself?

The only solution is " YOU DECIDE"

Coaching institutions play a vital role in honing your

skills and organizing your study habits. Innumerous prac-

tice tests and ace coaching are sure to escalate your

percentile. But please do not mistake them to be alche-

mists having some supernatural powers to turn your

weaknesses into golden strengths. They provide you

the best possible steps to get yourself into IIM, provided

you follow them.

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IIM,Ahmedabad

And in best case, you find yourself capable

enough of organizing your studies all by your-

self, there can be nothing better than that.

Ultimately, you are aiming at becoming a

globally competent manager. Self manage-

ment and organization are a must here.

Pace 4: 'Plan your work and work your plan'

Simple. Yet it is the mantra for CAT. Make an

exclusive time table that is quite specific foryour IQ. Better to start from your high school

math and study from the day you keep your

eye on IIM. The more you practice, nearer

comes perfection.

Pace 5: Add food to your thought. Read, read, read and READ!!

Keep participating in GD's at the coaching classes. Also participate in online MBA forums ( e.g. www.pagalguy.com)

and get to know your competitors!

Here are our seniors who have realized their dream of IIM and share the spirit of life over there!!

IIM Bangalore is a unique place where you get

the chance to discuss real corporate problems

with 78 state toppers across boards from dif-

ferent years, play any sport you like with 45

gold medalists across IITs, NITs and Indias

Best Universities, get your doubts on statistics

clarified by a Harvard or AFMC doctor and flirt

with St.Stephens or SRCC topper. Typically the

student studies for 4 hrs for each class, the

professors prepares for 6 hours to handle the

1.5 hr session. Eating 5 times a day, bathing

once a week, drinking 7 cups of chai a day,

celebrating birthdays every night and count-

less number of times you wish 24 hours a day

is not sufficient makes IIM B definitely the

place to be. Wishing you all the very best for

CAT.

I hope this would help you all MBA aspirants in

unravelling the mysteries surrounding the

prestigious IIM. A year ago I was in your shoes,

when the idea of a B School was bizarre, but

interesting. Life here is amplified and time

seems to fly by. MBA is all about networking.

You learn to enjoy yourself, make new con-

tacts and at the end of the day you might learn

few things that come handy in life. The biggest

USP is that you meet different kinds of people

and take in their ideas. You learn how tostretch your limits and realize that, your po-

tential is much more than what you had ever

conceived it. I can speak forever on IIM but the

truth is that you can truly understand and love

this life only when you become a part of it.

Wish you very best to join this fantastic frater-

nity.

Janesh Rajagopal

PGPM,

Class of 2013

IIM,Bangalore

Aishwarya Venkataramani

PGPM,

Class of 2013

IIM, Kozhikode

So now its your turn to burn the midnight oil! Don't flaunt it, just because its in trend! Keep in mind, you need

to burn smart oil with hard toil to get there!!

6


9/16

Answers for Visual Puzzles!

Answers (Left to Right):

Breakfast

Half-hearted

Moral support

A friend in need

For instanceReady for anything

Once in a blue moon

Back door

Quite right

Your time is up

Crossroads

Crossbreed

Painless operation

SummaryForgive and forget

Language Snack!

1.c ; 2.a ; 3.c ; 4.a ; 5.c ; 6.b

Curious Mind!!-Karthik SrinivasFinal Yr, ChemE

1. Why do onions make you cry?Answer: Unless you've avoided cooking, you've probably cut upan onion and experienced the burning and tearing you get fromthe vapors. When you cut an onion, you break cells, releasingtheir contents. Amino acid sulfoxides form sulfenic acids. Enzymesthat were kept separate now are free to mix with the sulfenic ac-ids to produce propanethiol S-oxide, a volatile sulfur compoundthat wafts upward toward your eyes. This gas reacts with the wa-ter in your tears to form sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid burns,stimulating your eyes to release more tears to wash the irritantaway.Cooking the onion inactivates the enzyme, so while the smell ofcooked onions may be strong, it doesn't burn your eyes. Asidefrom wearing safety goggles or running a fan, you can keep fromcrying by refrigerating your onion before cutting it (slows reac-tions and changes the chemistry inside the onion) or by cuttingthe onion under water.The sulfur-containing compounds also leave a characteristic odoron your fingers. You may be able to remove or redu ce some of thesmell by wiping your fingers on a stainless steel odor eater. Is this possible?!

7


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2. Why does ice float?There are two parts to the answer for this question. First, let's

take a look at why anything floats. Then, let's examine why ice

floats on top of liquid water, instead of sinking to the bottom.

Answer: A substance floats if it is less dense, or has less mass per

unit volume, than other components in a mixture. For example, if

you toss a handful of rocks into a bucket of water, the rocks,

which are dense compared to the water, will sink. The water,

which is less dense than the rocks, will float. Basically, the rocks

push the water out of the way, or displace it. For an object to beable to float, it has to displace a weight of fluid equal to its own

weight.

Water reaches its maximum density at 4C (40F). As it cools fur-

ther and freezes into ice, it actually becomes less dense. On the

other hand, most substances are most dense in their solid

(frozen) state than in their liquid state. Water is different be-

cause of hydrogen bonding.

A water molecule is made from one oxygen atom and two hydro-

gen atoms, strongly joined to each other with covalent bonds.

Water molecules are also attracted to each other by weaker

chemical bonds (hydrogen bonds) between the positively-

charged hydrogen atoms and the negatively-charged oxygen atoms of neighboring water molecules. As water cools

below 4C, the hydrogen bonds adjust to hold the negatively charged oxygen atoms apart. This produces a crystallattice, which is commonly known as 'ice'.

Ice floats because it is about 9% less dense than liquid water. In other words, ice takes up about 9% more space than

water, so a liter of ice weighs less than a liter water. The heavier water displaces the lighter ice, so ice floats to the

top. One consequence of this is that lakes and rivers freeze from top to bottom, allowing fish to survive even when

the surface of a lake has frozen over. If ice sank, the water would be displaced to the top and exposed to the colder

temperature, forcing rivers and lakes to fill with ice and freeze solid.

3. What common chemicals shouldn't be mixed?

Some of the common chemicals found in your home shouldn't be

mixed together. It's one thing to say "don't mix bleach with ammonia",

but it's not always easy to know what products contain these two

chemicals. Here are some products you may have around the home

that shouldn't be combined. I also have a list of dangerous household

chemicals that may be helpful.

Bleach with Acid Toilet Bowl Cleaners This mixture can result in

toxic, potentially deadly fumes.

Bleach with Vinegar Vinegar is a type of acid. Toxic chlorine vapor

is produced. Don't mix chlorine bleach with any acid.

Bleach with Ammonia Toxic, potentially lethal vapors are pro-

duced. The main danger comes from chloramine vapors.

Different Brands of One Type of Product Don't mix different

cleaners together. They may react violently, produce toxins, or become

ineffective. Highly Alkaline Products with Highly Acidic Products Acids and

bases (alkalis) can react violently, presenting a splash hazard. Acids and

bases are caustic and may cause chemical burns.

Certain Disinfectants with Detergents Don't mix disinfectants with

'quaternary ammonia' listed as an ingredient with a detergent. The

effectiveness of the disinfectant may be neutralized.

Chlorine bleach is sometimes called sodium hypochlorite or

hypochlorite. You will encounter it in chlorine bleach, automatic dish

-washing detergents, chlorinated disinfectants and cleaners, chlorinated scouring powder, mildew removers, and

toilet bowl cleaners. Do not mix products together. Do not mix them with ammonia or vinegar.

8


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Elements revealed!!!Whether gas, liquid or solid; radioactive or stable, reactive or inert; toxic or in your vitamin pill, the 118 building

blocks each have its own chemically idiosyncratic characteristics, along with certain commonalities.

So here is a set of 10 elements revealed. Given their characteristics, guess the element!!

For all those who could not reveal it, move to pg.no. 12

1.Solid-alkali

One of only three elements to be created in the big

bang, though in much smaller amounts than hydro-

gen or helium. It has no known role in normal physiol-

ogy, but as a drug it has long been appreciated as a

mood stabilizer.

2.Solid-alkali

Together with nitrogen and phosphorus it is one of

the three crucial elements in artificial fertilizers. It is

part of the alkali column, whose name comes

from qali, the Arabic word for the salt-loving plant

saltwort.

3.Liquid-halogen

This element is a favorite of hot-tubbers because it

has sanitizing properties similar to those of chlorine

but it is not as smelly.

4.Solid-Metalloids

Its compound with fluoride is one of the most acidic

known, with a pH of -31. In alchemy it was seen as a

feminine element; its symbol later became the sym-

bol for female (a cross with a circle on top).

5.Solid-non metals

Before photosynthesis appeared, it's compound with

hydrogen may have been lifes first source of energy.

It is one of the most important elements in the living cell, appearing in two types of amino acids and in countlessother compounds.

6.Solid-transition metals

It is one of the most inert metals when in bulk. But its nano particles have surprising catalytic powers. They also as-

sume different colors depending on their size: its nano particles are responsible for the reds of stained glasses.

7.Solid-non metals

One of the crucial building blocks of DNA as well as of ATP, the living cells main form of energy currency. Together

with nitrogen compounds, they are a major pollutant in the runoff from fertilizers, causing dead zones in seas and

lakes.

8. Solid-actinides

Although he was neither a chemist nor a nuclear physicist, he was the author of a seminal 1905 paper on Brownian

motion that helped convince scientists of the existence of atoms and molecules. In the same year he also laid the

foundations for quantum theory, which eventually led scientists to explain the structure of the periodic table. it was

first discovered in materials from the fallout of a thermonuclear bomb.

9.Solid-metalloids

This element is fairly rare and has no known role in biology. Mixed in with glass, it reduces thermal expansion and

thus it makes for oven-proof pots and pans.

10.Solid- post transition metals

It is the most abundant metal in Earths crust but it is rare in its pure form. Until the 1800s, when the technology

was developed to separate it from rock, it was more expensive than gold; Napoleon III allegedly hosted a banquet in

which the guests of honor ate on its plates.

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With Regards,ChemE-Purnima Manghnani

Final Yr, ChemEWet Bulb Temperature

The wet bulb temperature is a good googly that you might have

to face in an interview. Its the interviewers favorite question

because its something that not many have a clear idea about.

Condensation, evaporation, humidification, and distillation are

transport phenomena in which vapors or vapor mixtures are in

contact with the liquids, and a large amount of energy is released

or absorbed with the phase change, which is known as the latent

heat. A characteristic of mass transfer in these phenomena is

that it is always accompanied by an energy transfer due to the

phase change, and in this respect it is quite different from ordi-

nary mass transfer, which is not accompanied by an energy

transfer.

Wet bulb temperature is important, owing to the fact that it helps in determining the humidity of the given gas

stream. Well get to that in detail later.

Say that a droplet of water is suspended in an unsaturated fast moving gas stream and its temperature is higher than

the dew point of the gas (that means on the gas-liquid interface, instead of condensation there may be vaporization

due to the higher temperature) which will facilitate a high vapor pressure at the surface of the droplet, whereas

theres a low partial pressure in the bulk gas. The latent heat required for the liquid to pass into the vapor phase will

be taken from the body of the droplet i.e. the sensible heat. Hence the vaporization will certainly cause a fall in the

droplet temperature.

As the temperature of the droplet keeps falling, once its less than the gas temperature, heat transfer from the gas to

the liquid begins. This process assures that the liquid get enough latent heat for the vaporization. At some point a

steady state will be attained where the heat received by the drop will be equal to the latent heat used for vaporiza-tion. The temperature of the drop or liquid at this point is called the wet bulb temperature.

Hence the heat transfer occurs to facilitate the mass transfer. This is a very interesting phenomenon! If there is a

driving force for mass transfer to occur, heat transfer will provide the helping hand (obviously in operations involving

phase change).

Now what exactly is the significance of the wet bulb temperature??

At steady state,

qG= w NA

where NA is the gas-phase mass flux, qG is the gas-phase sensible heat flux, and w is the latent heat of vaporization

of the liquid at the wet-bulb temperature Tw. This links the mass and heat transfer operations.

qG= hG (TG-Tw)

NA= kH (Hw-H)

where hG is the gas-phase heat transfer coefficient, kH is the gas-phase mass transfer coefficient defined by the driv-

ing force in terms of the absolute humidity, H is the absolute humidity of the bulk gas, Hw is the absolute humidity

at the wet-bulb temperature, and Tw and TG are the wet-bulb and the bulk gas temperatures, respectively.

Now lets do a little bit of mathematical manipulation and arrive at this equation,

(Hw-H)/(TG-Tw) = hG/ (kH. W)

hG/kH is the psychrometric ratio which is a physical parameter. The above equation clearly establishes a relationship

between the humidity and the temperatures. Voila!!

10


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Language Snack!

a) to suddenly become excited

b) to slowly become excited

c) to suddenly become angry

a) you can ask me anything you want

b) it's safe to fire the gun

c) I think I can smell something burning

What does fire away mean?:

a) you feel very brave about doing something

b) you feel too cold to do something

c) you feel too nervous to do something

If you get cold feet, this means that:

a) you can't decide

b) you have made a decision

c) you have a headache

If you are in two minds, this means:

a) very angry

b) very sad

c) very happy

If you are over the moon, how do you feel?

a) play a musical instrument

b) decide what to do when the situation happens

c) plan what to do before the situation happens.

What are you going to do if you are going toplay it by ear?

What does blow your top mean?:

Answers in pg.no. 7

11


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Elements revealed!!! -Solutions

1 2 3

4 5 6

987

10

12


15/16

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