pathophysiology of immunodeficiency diseases host defense mechanisms skin and mucosal barriers...
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Pathophysiology of Immunodeficiency Diseases
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Host Defense Mechanisms
• Skin and mucosal barriers• Humoral immunity (B cells, plasma cells, Ab)• Cell-mediated immunity (T cells)• Phagocytosis• Complement
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Overview of Immunodeficiency
Disorders.
The defect might beIn the level of
stem cell or
in any otherlevel of tree
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Introduction.
• Immunodeficiency diseases are :A diverse spectrum of illnesses due to various abnormalities of the immune system
• Prevalence : Primary (congenital) 1 : 10,000 to 1 : 200,000
present at birth .
Secondary (acquired) is more common .
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Origins of Immunodeficiencyo Primary or Congenital
Inherited genetic defects in immune cell development or function, or inherited deficiency in a particular immune component
o Secondary or acquiredA loss of previously functional immunity due to infection, toxicity, radiation, splenectomy, aging, malnutrition, etc.
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Primary or acquired. can affect.
Natural immunity (non-specific body defenses).
Acquired immunity. (specific body defenses).
Phagocytic cells.
Complement proteins.
T-cells. B-cells.
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Immunodeficiency / Immunocompromised States
Primary– Intrinsic abnormality of one or more components of the
Immune System• >150 Conditions Characterised• Individually, uncommon, but important to recognise• Range from global, overwhelming immune failure ( SCID) to subtle
defects in individual components of function
• 1/ 10,000 live births
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Suspecting Immunodeficiency• Look for infections that are:
Frequent
Recurrent/chronic
Unusual organisms: aspergillous, nocardia
Organisms that respond poorly to therapy
Unusual site: liver abcess, brain abcess
Severity of infection
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8 or more ear infectionswithin 1 year
2 or more serious sinus infectionswithin 1 year
2 or more months on antibiotics without resolution
2 or more pneumoniaswithin 1 year
Failure to gain weight or grownormally
Persistent candidiasis after the age of 1 year
Need for I.V. antibiotic to clear infections
2 or more deep-seatedinfections
A family history of Primary Immunodeficiency
Recurrent, deep skin or organ abscesses
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The Ten Warning Signs of Primary Immunodeficiency
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Classification of Primary Immunodeficiency
1. Antibody deficiencies
2. Cellular deficiencies
3. Phagocytic disorders
4. Complement deficiencies
5. Combined Immunodeficiencies
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HUMORAL Immunodeficiencies(B-cell defects)
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Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) Selective IgA deficiency (SIgAd) Selective IgG subclass deficiency (SIgGsd) Hyper IgM syndrome (HIgM) Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy (THI) Functional antibody deficiency
Antibody deficiencies include:
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Early B-cell differentiation .
Lesions can occur at any site in the pathway of B-cell development.B-cell defect could be in any level in the pathway
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B-cell Defect
Onset after maternal antibodies diminishUsually after 5-7 m/o, later childhood to
adulthoodBacteria: pneumococci, staphylococci,
Hemophilus, campylobacter, mycoplasmaVirus: entovirusRecurrent sinopulmonary infections, chronic GI
symptoms, malabsorptions, arthritis, entroviral meningoencephalitis
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X-linked agammaglobulinaemia(bruton)
In X-LA early maturation of B cells fails
Affect malesFew or no B cells in bloodVery small lymph nodes and tonsilsNo IgRecurrent pyogenic infection
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Serum IgA level < 10 mg/dl Prevalence :1:700 , the most common PID
Most are asymptomatic , but have Increased rate of respiratory tract infection (R.T.I )
Some have recurrent G.I.T. , Urogenital tract Symptoms
Because of lack of secretion of IgA on the mucous membrane of GIT and respiratory tract
Increased incidence of allergic and autoimmune diseases
Anti - convlusant drugs (phenytoin) may cause secondary deficiency
IgA deficiency
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2- IgA and IgG subclass defeciency
About 20% lack IgG2and IgG4Susceptible to pyogenic infectionResult from failure in terminal
differentiation of B cells
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3- Immunodfeiciency with increased IgM (HIgM)Low or absent levels of IgA, IgG , IgE Production of large amount of IgM
>200mg/dl of polyclonal IgMSusceptible to pyogenic infection Due to inability of B cells to isotype
switchingThey have B cell
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4- Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
There are defect in T cell signaling to B cellsAcquired agammaglobulinemia in the 2nd or
3rd decade of lifePyogenic infection80% of patients have B cells that are not
functioningB cells are not defective but donot
differentiate into immunoglobulin producing cell and fail to receive signaling from T lymphocytes
Risk of autoimmune disease and malignancy
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5- Hypogamaglobulinaemia of infancy
Due to delay in in IgG synthesis approximately up to 36 months
In normal infants synthesis begins at 3 months
Normal B lymphocytesProbably lack help of T lymphocytes
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Immunoglobulin Levels vs. Age
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Cellular Immunodeficiencies
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Combined immunodeficiency (CID) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) Ataxia-Telangiectasia syndrome (AT) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) DiGeorge syndrome Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMCC)
Cellular deficiencies include:
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DiGeorge's syndrome
It the most understood T-cell immunodeficienc Also known as congenital thymic
aplasia/hypoplasia Associated with hypoparathyroidism, congenital
heart disease, fish shaped mouth. Defects results from abnormal development of
fetus during 6th-10th week of gestation when parathyroid, thymus, lips, ears and aortic arch are being formed
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Combined T & B Immunodeficiencies
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SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICENCY
In about 50% of SCID patients the immunodeficiency is x-linked whereas in the other half the deficiency is autosomal.
Early onset( 2-6 m/o) Lymphopenia((< 2500 in infants) They are both characterized by an absence of T cell and B
cell immunity and absence (or very low numbers) of circulating T .
Very small thymus, no lymph node , no tonsil Patients with SCID are susceptible to a variety of bacterial,
viral, mycotic and protozoan infections.
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The x-linked SCID is due to a defect in gamma-chain of IL-2 also shared by IL-4, -7, -11 and 15, all involved in lymphocyte proliferation and/or differentiation.
The autosomal SCIDs arise primarily from defects in adenosine deaminase (ADA) or purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) genes which results is accumulation of dATP or dGTP, respectively, and cause toxicity to lymphoid stem cells
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Ataxia-telangiectasia
A complex of immunologic, neurologic, endocrinologic,
hepatic and cutaneous abnormalities ataxia(10-12y/o) ,telangiectasis (3-6 y/o) Mutation in ATM gene T-cells and their functions are reduced to various
degrees. B cell numbers are normal to low. Low levels of IgA, IgE, high level of IgM There is a high incidence of malignancy, particularly
lymphoreicular & adenocarcinoma
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Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome(immunodeficiency with thrombocytopenia and eczema)
X-linked xp11.22-11.23WASP ; assemby of actin filaments required for
microvesicle formation downstream of protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase signaling
Low plaletlet, small size platelet
Associated with normal T cell numbers with reduced functions, which get progressively worse.
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IgM concentrations are reduced but IgG levels are normal
Both IgA and IgE levels are elevated.
Boys with this syndrome develop severe eczema,bleeding tendency
They respond poorly to polysaccharide antigens and are prone to pyogenic infection.
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Defects of the phagocytic system
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• Defects of phagocytic cells (numbers and/or functions) can lead to increased susceptibility to a variety of infections.
• Bacteria,fungal infection• Skin and mucus membrane
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Cyclic neutropenia
Autosomal dominantMutation in ELA2(neutrophil elastase gene2)It is marked by low numbers of circulating
neutrophil approximately every three weeks. The neutropenia lasts about a week during which the patients are susceptible to infection. The defect appears to be due to poor regulation of neutrophil production.
Tx: r-GCSF ( granulocyte stimulating factor)
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Severe congenital Neutropenia(Kostman)
Arrest in promyelocyte stageNeutrophil count< 200Mutation ELA2 or HAX1, autosomal recessive
or dominantSevere infections20% prone to AMLTx: r-GCSF
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Shwachman Diamond Syndrome
Mutation in SBDS geneDiarrhea, FTT, malabsorption till 4 m/oEczema, recurrent infectionsNeutrophil count< 1000, pancytopeniaRisk of AML
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Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
• Defect in intra cellular killing• Normal chemotaxis, ingestion• Normal neutrophil count• x-linked (65%)& autosomal recessive• CGD is characterized lymphadenopathy, hepato-
splenomegaly and chronic draining lymph nodes. • In majority of patients with CGD, the deficiency is
due to a defect in NADPH oxidase that participate in phagocytic respiratory burst.
• Infection with catalase positive organism: e coli, staph areus , fungal , nocardia, serratia
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Leukocyte Adhesion DeficiencyLAD1, LAD2,LAD3
Autosomal recessive Defect in chemotaxis These molecules are involved in diapedesis and
hence defective neutrophils cannot respond effectively to chemotactic signals.
Neutrophilia >12,000 , with infection >100,000 Delayed umblical cord separation > 2 wk They don't have sign of inflammation such as
swelling, warmth or pus formation
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Chediak-Higashi syndrome(granule sorting disorder)
Mutation in lyst geneGiant granule in cytoplasm of neutrophilsRespiratory burst is normal. Associated with NK cell defect, platelet and
neurological disorders
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• Albinism(oculocutaneous)• Repeated infections• Mild bleeding tendency• Peripheral neuropathy• Prone to hemophagocytic syndrome
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Disorders of complement system
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Complement abnormalities also lead to increased susceptibility to infections.
There are genetic deficiencies of various components of complement system, which lead to increased infections.
The most serious among these is the C3 deficiency which may arise from low C3 synthesis or deficiency in factor I or factor H.
Defect in classic pathway; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASECongenital deficiency of C5, 6, 7, 8: > 50%
MENINGOCOCCAL or GONOCOCCAL INFECTION( neisseria)
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Hyper IgE (Job) syndrome
Autosomal dominantSymptoms/signs
Coarse facial features/skeletal abnormalitiesRecurrent staph infections
Impetigo (resistant)Pneumonia with pneumatocele formation Elevated IgE, Eosinophilia, Eczema
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PID - treatments
• Immunoglobulin replacement• Bone Marrow Transplantation• Gene-based therapies• Antimicrobial management and prophylaxis• Nutritional Support• Patient Support Groups