fernandez - cdn.ymaws.com · transplant primer for ... occurs within weeks to several months...

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7/6/2016 1 Transplant Primer for ICU Pharmacists Margaret Fernandez, PharmD, BCPS Jackson Memorial Hospital Miami, Florida 2016 ANNUAL MEETING 2016 ANNUAL MEETING DISCLOSURE STATEMENT I have no actual or potential conflicts of interest in relation to this presentation. 2016 ANNUAL MEETING OBJECTIVES Describe the classifications of rejection Review immunosuppressive agents used in induction, maintenance and acute rejection protocols Describe monitoring strategies to optimize pharmacotherapy in transplant patients Identify regimens to prevent and treat common posttransplant infections 2016 ANNUAL MEETING HISTORICAL OVERVIEW • First longterm surviving kidney transplant performed in identical twins 1954 • First liver transplantation performed in Colorado • First lung transplant performed in Mississippi 1963 • First heart transplant performed in Capetown, South Africa 1967 2016 ANNUAL MEETING HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 1960s Azathioprine first used in organ transplantation 1970s & 1980s Antithymocyte globulin developed FDA approves cyclosporine 1990s FDA approves cyclosporine microemulsion, mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus 2016 ANNUAL MEETING DONATION & TRANSPLANTATION STATISTICS More than 24,000 patients began new lives in 2014 thanks to organ transplants Nearly 124,000 people in the U.S. are currently waiting for an organ transplant On average, 150 people are added to the nation’s largest organ transplant waiting (UNOS) list each day 21 people die each day because the organs they need are not donated in time UNOS: United Network for Organ Sharing 2016 ANNUAL MEETING

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Page 1: Fernandez - cdn.ymaws.com · Transplant Primer for ... Occurs within weeks to several months post‐transplantation Mediated by cellular (T cells) and/or humoral (B cells) immunity

7/6/2016

1

Transplant Primer for ICU Pharmacists

Margaret Fernandez, PharmD, BCPS                                      Jackson Memorial Hospital Miami, Florida 

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

I have no actual or potential conflicts of interest in relation to this presentation.

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

OBJECTIVES

• Describe the classifications of rejection

• Review immunosuppressive agents used in induction, maintenance and acute rejection protocols

• Describe monitoring strategies to optimize pharmacotherapy in transplant patients

• Identify regimens to prevent and treat common post‐transplant infections

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

• First long‐term surviving kidney transplant performed in identical twins

1954

• First liver transplantation performed in Colorado

• First lung transplant performed in Mississippi

1963 • First heart transplant performed in Capetown, South Africa

1967

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

1960s

Azathioprine first used in organ transplantation

1970s & 1980sAntithymocyte globulin developed

FDA approves cyclosporine

1990s

FDA approves cyclosporine microemulsion, mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus 

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

DONATION & TRANSPLANTATION STATISTICS

• More than 24,000 patients began new lives in 2014 thanks to organ transplants

• Nearly 124,000 people in the U.S. are currently waiting for an organ transplant

• On average, 150 people are added to the nation’s largest organ transplant waiting (UNOS)  list each day

• 21 people die each day because the organs they need are not donated in time

UNOS: United Network  for Organ Sharing

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

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UNOS 2015: U.S. ANNUAL NUMBER OF  TRANSPLANTS

30,969 Transplants Performed in U.S. in 2015

Number of Tran

splants

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

SCIENTIFIC REGISTRY OF TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS (SRTR): FLORIDA SOT BY CENTER VOLUME

FL SOT CENTER VOLUME 7/1/2012‐13/31/2014

3,480 SOT performed in Florida

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

ICU PHARMACIST ROLE

• Majority of solid organ transplantations (SOT) require immediate care in a critical care setting

• The ICU accommodates invasive monitoring strategies, use of IV drips, intensive nursing care and hemodynamic support

• ICU pharmacists play an integral role in the care of SOT recipients

Advocate and 

educator 

Selection of immuno‐

suppressiveagents

Prevent and treat 

opportunistic infections

Minimize adverse events

Monitoring of drug levels

Prevent allograft rejection

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

CATEGORIES OF REJECTION

Hyperacute

Acute

Chronic

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

HYPERACUTE REJECTION

Occurs within minutes to hours post‐transplantation

Pre‐existing anti‐donor antibodies circulating in the host

Results in intravascular thrombosis and rapid occlusion of graft vasculature and rapid rejection

Rarely seen in current practice due to pre‐transplant immunologic screening and advances in crossmatch technique as well as potent induction medications

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

ACUTE REJECTION

Occurs within weeks to several months post‐transplantation

Mediated by cellular (T cells) and/or humoral (B cells) immunity

Clinical manifestations vary according to the type of organ transplanted and type of rejection

Definitive diagnosis involves confirmation by biopsy

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

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CHRONIC REJECTION

Appears several months to years after transplant and generally leads to irreversible late graft failure

Fibrosis and scarring in transplant organ

Multifactorial etiology – inflammation, ischemia and other processes play a role

Clinical manifestations vary according to the type of organ transplanted

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

DIAGNOSIS OF REJECTION

• Patients may present with no signs or symptoms

• When symptoms are present, may be non‐specific 

• Biopsy is gold standard for diagnosis 

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

RECOGNIZING REJECTION

Kidney

• Decreased urine output

• Flu‐like symptoms

• Fever

• Increase in Scr

• Fluid retention

Liver

• Elevated liver enzymes

• Jaundice

• Dark colored urine, light colored stools

• Fatigue, loss of appetite

• Nausea, abdominal pain

Heart

• Shortness of breath

• Enlarged heart

• Onset of hypotension

• Arrhythmias

• Edema

• JVD

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

RECOGNIZING REJECTION

Lung• Cough/Dyspnea/Fever• Hypoxemia • Rales• Ground glass 

opacities, septal thickening, pleural effusions on CT

Multivisceral

• Abdominal pain, distension

• Ileus

• Increased fecal volume and stomal output

Pancreas

• Elevated amylase/lipase

• Dull abdominal pain

• Decreased urine output

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

CLASSIFICATIONS OF  ACUTE REJECTION

• Most common form of rejection 

• Generally responsive to anti‐T cell agents

• T cell and macrophage infiltration that leads to cellular injury, hemorrhage +/‐ necrosis

T cell Mediated Rejection(TCR)

• Less common , less responsive to anti‐T cell agents

• Antibody induced & complement mediated activation of endothelial cells, results in vascular injury

Antibody Mediated Rejection(AMR)

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

RISK FACTORS

Younger age

African Americans and Hispanics

Previous transplant recipient

Previous rejection episodes

T‐cell mismatch

Previous pregnancies

Blood transfusions

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

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GOALS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY

Prevent organ rejection

Maintain drug efficacy

Minimize drug toxicity

Minimize risk of malignancy

Minimize risk of infection

Prolong and improve quality of life

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE STRATEGIES

Induction

• Corticosteroids

• Antibody Therapy

Maintenance

• Corticosteroids

• Calcineurin inhibitors

• Antiproliferatives

• mTOR  Inhibitors

Rejection

• Corticosteroids

• Antibody Therapy

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

INDUCTION

• Initial, aggressive, augmented form of immunosuppression to create partial tolerance in the recipient and delay early acute rejection

• Administered IV during peri‐operative period

• Includes intra‐operative and post‐operative doses

Rituximab

Antithymocyte globulin

Basiliximab

Alemtuzumab

Corticosteroids

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

INDUCTION

• Antithymocyte globulin, Alemtuzumab, Rituximab

• Requires pre‐medications

• CMV, PCP prophylaxis recommended

Depleting Agents

• Basiliximab

• Does not require pre‐medications

• Prophylaxis not required

• Benign side effect profile

Non‐depleting Agents

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

ANTITHYMOCYTE GLOBULIN (THYMOGLOBULIN®)

Rabbit ATG produced by isolating gamma‐globulin fractions of serum obtained from rabbits after immunization with human T‐cells

Mechanism of Action

• Polyclonal antibody acts  primarily through depletion of T cells via apoptosis, antibody‐mediated cytotoxicity and complement‐mediated lysis

Dose • 1‐2 mg/kg/day IV over 6 hours

Administration • Pre‐medication required due to infusion related reactions:• Diphenhydramine, acetaminophen, and corticosteroids

• Central and peripheral formulations available

Adverse Effects • Hematologic (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia)• Infusion related reactions‐cytokine release syndrome

• Fever, chills, headache, nausea, diarrhea, myalgias, hypotension, tachycardia, cardiorespiratory events

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

ALEMTUZUMAB (CAMPATH®)

Humanized monoclonal antibody

Mechanism of Action

• Binds to CD‐52 on surface of B&T lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, and granulocytes causing lymphocyte lysis and depletion

Dose • 30 mg IV x1 dose

Administration • Infused over 2 hours via central or peripheral line.  NOT for IV bolus• Pre‐medication required:

• Diphenhydramine, acetaminophen, +/‐ corticosteroids

Adverse Effects • HSV, CMV, Fungal infections• Severe and prolonged leukopenia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia• Infusion related reactions‐cytokine release syndrome

• Fever, chills, headache, nausea, diarrhea, myalgias, hypotension, tachycardia, cardiorespiratory events

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

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RITUXIMAB (RITUXAN®)

Chimeric monoclonal antibody

Mechanism of Action

• Binds to CD20 on pre, mature and memory B cells• Induces B‐cell lysis through complement dependent and antibody‐mediated 

cytotoxicity• Blocks B cell activation and maturation to plasma cells

Dose • 375 mg/m2 – 1000 mg x 1 dose

Administration • Rate is started at 50 mg/hr, increased by 50 mg/hr increments every 30 min, to a max rate of 400 mg/hr

Adverse Effects • Hematologic – leukopenia, thrombocytopenia• Infectious complications – CMV, varicella, polyomavirus, hepatitis, fungus• Infusion related reactions

• Urticaria, hypotension, angioedema, hypoxia, bronchospasm, pulmonary infiltrates, ARDS, MI, cardiogenic shock

• Severe mucocutaneous reactions

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

BASILIXIMAB (SIMULECT®)

Non‐depleting chimeric monoclonal antibody

Mechanism of Action

• Binds and inhibits interleukin (IL)‐2 mediated activation and proliferation of T cells

Dose • 20 mg IV POD 0 and 4

Administration • Infused over 20‐30 minutes via central or peripheral line• Does not require pre‐medications

Adverse Effects • Does not appear to increase the incidence or severity of adverse effects in clinical trials

• Adverse effects were reported in 96% of both placebo and basiliximab groups

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

INDUCTION SUMMARY: ANTIBODY THERAPYDRUG MOA DOSE/ADMIN ADE PRE‐MEDS

Anti‐Thymocyte globulin (Thymoglobulin®)

Polyclonal antibodyT cell depleting agent

1‐2 mg/kg IV over 4‐6 hr LeukopeniaThrombocytopeniaInfusion relatedreaction

Yes

Alemtuzumab (Campath®)

Monoclonalantibody, T & B cell depleting agent

30 mg IV over 2 hr LymphocytopeniaInfusion related reaction

Yes

Rituximab (Rituxan®)

Monoclonal antiobody, B cell (CD20) depleting agent

375 mg/m2 IV infusiontime based on tolerability

CytopeniasHypertensionPeripheral edemaInfusion related reaction

Yes

Basiliximab (Simulect®)

Monoclonal antibody, IL‐2 receptor antagonist, non‐depleting agent

20 mg IV over 30 min HypertensionPeripheral edema

No

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

MAINTENANCE

• Baseline immunosuppression used to prevent rejection

• Multiple agents may be used together from different classes

• Goal is to improve long‐term graft survival

Co‐stimulation Blockade

mTOR Inhibitors

Calcineurin Inhibitors

Corticosteroids

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

SITES OF ACTION

Everolimus

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

MAINTENANCE• Methylprednisolone

• PrednisoneCorticosteroids

• Cyclosporine (CsA)

• Tacrolimus (FK)Calcineurin Inhibitors

• Azathioprine

• Mycophenolates (MMF)Antiproliferatives

• Sirolimus

• EverolimusProliferation 

Signal Inhibitors

• BelataceptCostimulatory 

Blocker

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

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CORTICOSTEROIDS

Mechanism of Action

• Nonspecific inhibitor of IL‐1, IL‐2, IL‐3, IL‐6, IL‐15, TNF‐α, and IFN‐γ• Role in induction, maintenance, and rejection protocols

Dose • Variable dosing strategies• Highest doses at induction (250‐1000 mg) tapered over days to weeks• Long term maintenance doses usually range from 2.5 – 10 mg daily

Adverse Effects • Hypertension, Hypertriglyceridemia• Insulin resistance, osteoporosis• N/V, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, gastritis, weight gain• Impaired wound healing, water retention• Hand tremor, mood disturbances, psychosis• Cataracts

Clinical Pearls • Antibody induction with FK + MMF, allows for early corticosteroid withdrawal (first 7 days)

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

TO WITHDRAW OR NOT TO WITHDRAW

• Corticosteroids remain a key component of most immunosuppressive protocols

• Benefits derived are offset by long‐term complications

• Withdrawal may minimize these complications

• Important to determine target population and timing of withdrawal

• Postmenopausal women, prior history of malignancy, history of diabetes and pediatric patients 

• Early vs. late withdrawal

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

CALCINEURIN INHIBITORS

Generic Brand Name Dosage Forms Routes of Administration

Special Routes

Drug Level Monitoring

Cyclosporine(CsA)

Gengraf, Neoral, Sandimmune

CapsuleOral solutionIV solution

OralFeeding tubeIV

Oral solution only for feeding tubes

Yes

Tacrolimus(Tac, FK)

Prograf,Hecoria, Astagraf XL

CapsuleOral solutionIV solution

Oral, Sublingual Feeding TubeIV

Oral solution only for feeding tubesCapsules canbe given sublingually

Yes

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

CYCLOSPORINEMechanism of Action

• Prevents IL‐2 mediated CD4+ T cell activation.  Binds to cyclophilin which prevents calcineurin dephosphorylation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)

Dosage Forms • Sandimmune (non‐modified)‐ original formulation• Corn oil based formula, bile dependent for absorption• Unpredictable oral absorption

• Neoral (modified) – microemulsion formulation• Self‐emulsifying, less bile dependent for absorption• Better bioavailability of 30‐45%

Dose & Administration

• PO (Sandimmune or Neoral): Dose is dependent upon type of transplant• Oral formulations are not bioequivalent and cannot be used interchangeably

• IV (Sandimmune only): ⅓ oral dose in divided doses or as a con nuous infusion• Administer over 2‐6 hours or as a 24 hr continuous infusion• Anaphylactic risk – Reserved only for patients who cannot take oral form • Glass bottle or polyethylene bags (drug binds to PVC tubing)

Clinical Pearls • CYP3A4/Pgp substrate (many DDIs)

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

TACROLIMUS

Mechanism of Action

• Inhibits T‐lymphocyte activation • Binds to FKBP‐12 (intracellular protein) and complexes with calcineurin inhibiting 

calcineurin phosphatase 

Dose • Oral/Feeding Tube: 0.05‐0.075 q 12 hr• Conversion to:

• ER: 1:1 ratio given once daily• Sublingual: 2:1 ratio• IV: ¼ to ⅓ of PO total daily dose

• IV: 0.01‐0.05 mg/kg/day as a continuous infusion over 24 hours• Do not use PVC tubing • Anaphylactic reactions reported

Administration • Best absorption is on an empty stomach• Antacids & cholestyramine impair absorption• SL can be given to intubated and enterally fed patients

Clinical Pearls • CYP3A4/Pgp substrate (many DDIs)

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

SUBLINGUAL ADMINISTRATION: TACROLIMUS

• IV route associated with more nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and anaphylaxis

• Alternative to oral route if:• N/V• Risk of aspiration• Decreased absorption due to delayed gastric emptying

Must wear gloves and mask

Content of capsule deposited into bottom 

half of capsule

Powder is deposited under patient’s tongue

Allow to dissolve for 10 minutes

Advantages of SL

Disadvantages of SL

• Exact dose conversion is unknown• High interpatient variability

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

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CALCINEURIN INHIBITORS: ADVERSE EFFECTS

CsA and Tac 

(6 H’S)

‐ Hyperuricemia‐ Hyperlipidemia‐ Hypertension‐ Hyperglycemia‐ Hyperkalemia‐ Hypomagnesemia

CsA and Tac 

(2 N’s)

‐ Nephrotoxicity‐ Neurotoxicity

Cyclosporine only

‐ Hirsutism‐ Hyperplasia(gingival)

Tacrolimus only

‐ Alopecia‐ QTprolongation  ‐ Torsade depointes

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

CALCINEURIN INHIBITORS:COMMON DRUG INTERACTIONS

↑ Concentration ↓ Concentra on Nephrotoxic Risk

• Amiodarone• Azole antifungals• Clarithromycin• Erythromycin• Diltiazem• Verapamil• Nicardipine

• Grapefruitjuice

• Indinavir• Ritnovair• Nelfinavir• Sertraline• Metronidazole

• Rifampin• Phenytoin• Phenobarbital• Carbamazepine• St. John’s Wort

• Aminoglycosides• Acyclovir (IV)• Amphotericin B• NSAIDs• ACE‐I/ARBs

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING

• Certain immunosuppressants require blood level monitoring 

• Trough levels are drawn 30‐60 minutes prior to the dose

• Level must be correlated to the administration time and route

• Organ and protocol specific target levels

Drug Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Cyclosporine 100‐400 ng/mL

Tacrolimus 5‐15 ng/mL

Sirolimus 10‐20 ng/mL*

Everolimus 3‐12 ng/mL

*Combined with mycophenolate: 6‐10 ng/mLCombined with CNI: 4‐8 ng/mL

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

ANTIPROLIFERATIVES: AZATHIOPRINEMechanism of Action

• Antagonizes purine metabolism and inhibits synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins

Dose • Initial PO or IV: 2‐5 mg/kg once daily; Maintenance: 1‐3 mg/kg once daily• 1:1 IV to PO conversion• Renal dose adjustment:

• CrCl 10‐50 mL/min: 75% of normal dose• CrCl < 10 mL/min: 50% of normal dose• Hemodialysis: dialyzable ~45% (administer 50% of normal dose)

Administration • IV: may be infused over 5 min or as a 30‐60 min infusion• PO: administer after meals or in divided doses to decrease adverse GI effects

Adverse Effects • BMS, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea• Pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity

Clinical Pearls • Significant dose reductions required in the presence of xanthine oxidase inhibitors or with TPMT deficiency

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

TPMT: thiopurine S‐methyltransferase

ANTIPROLIFERATIVES: MYCOPHENOLATES

Mechanism of Action

• Inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, preventing the de novo pathway of purine synthesis

DosageForms/Dose

• Mycophenolate mofetil (MM) (Cellcept®)• Available IV & PO (500 mg tablet, 250 mg capsule, 200mg/mL suspension)• 1:1 IV to PO conversion• Dose: 1‐1.5 g IV/PO/NGT q 12 hr

• Mycophenolic acid (MPA) (Myfortic®) ‐ Enteric coated formulation• Available in 180 mg, 360 mg tablets (no liquid)• Dose: 720 mg PO BID

Administration • IV: Infuse over 2 hours• PO/NGT: Capsules, tablets cannot be crushed, split

• Best absorbed on empty stomach

Adverse Effects • Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, gastritis

Clinical Pearls • GI symptoms similar between MM and MPA

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

MYCOPHENOLATE DOSING CONVERSION

Cellcept (Mycophenolate Mofetil)Suspension, tablets and capsules

Myfortic (Mycophenolic Acid)Delayed‐release tablets

1000 mg 720 mg

750 mg 540 mg

500 mg 360 mg

250 mg 180 mg

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

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PROLIFERATION SIGNAL INHIBITORS: SIROLIMUS & EVEROLIMUS 

Sirolimus Everolimus

Mechanism of Action

Inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), resulting in a reduction in IL‐2 driven lymphocyte proliferation

Dose • PO/NGT: 2‐5 mg daily• Based on 24 hr trough levels• 1 mg, 2 mg tabs & 1 mg/mL solution

• PO/NGT: 0.75 – 1.5 mg PO q 12 hr• Based on 12 hr trough levels• 0.25 mg, 0.75 mg tabs

Administration • Consistency with/without food

• Oral solution available for NGT  • Tablets can be given via NGT

Clinical Pearls • Used to minimize CNI exposure and in malignancy recurrence• Doses should be adjusted if needed at 5 day intervals due to long half‐life• CYP3A4/Pgp substrate (many DDIs)• Strongly consider holding therapy (convert to CNI) in patients undergoing surgical 

procedures because of risk of impaired wound healing

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

NGT ADMINISTRATION: EVEROLIMUS

Must wear gloves and mask

Place whole tablets in a 

20 mL oral syringe

Draw 10 mL sterile water into syringe

Pull the plunger back to 

15 mL and cap syringe

Gently shake until tablets are dispersed

Immediately give via NGT and flush with 20 mL sterile water

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

SIROLIMUS & EVEROLIMUS: ADVERSE EFFECTS

• Hypertension

• Hypertriglyceridemia

• Hyperlipidemia

• Hyperglycemia

• Leukopenia

• Thrombocytopenia

• Prolonged DGF

• Impaired wound healing

• Lymphocele

• Mucositis

• Aseptic pneumonitis

• N/V, diarrhea

• Rash/acne

• Proteinuria

• Tremor, headache, insomnia

DGF: Delayed graft function

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

SIROLIMUS & EVEROLIMUS: DRUG INTERACTIONS

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

↑ Concentration ↓ Concentra on Nephrotoxic Risk

• Amiodarone• Azole antifungals• Clarithromycin• Erythromycin• Diltiazem• Verapamil• Nicardipine

• Grapefruit juice• Indinavir• Ritnovair• Nelfinavir• Sertraline• Metronidazole

• Rifampin• Phenytoin• Phenobarbital• Carbamazepine• St. John’s Wort

• Aminoglycosides• Acyclovir (IV)• Amphotericin B• NSAIDs• ACE‐I/ARBs

COSTIMULATORY BLOCKADE: EVIDENCE

Belatacept not proven more effective than tacrolimus

Compared with cyclosporine, belatacept improved GFR despite a higher incidence of rejection

Rostaing et al 2013

Fergu

son et al 2

011

• Prophylaxis of organ rejection concomitantly with basiliximab induction, mycophenolate and corticosteroids in adult Epstein‐Barr Virus (EBV) seropositive kidney transplant recipients

• Used ONLY in EBV seropositive patients• Use for prophylaxis in organs other than the kidney has not been established

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

COSTIMULATORY BLOCKER: BELATACEPT

Mechanism of Action

Fusion protein; selective T cell co‐stimulation blocker resulting in T cell anergy

Dose • Initial: 10 mg/kg IV x 6 doses• Maintenance: 5 mg/kg IV q 4 weeks• Conversion from CNI

• 5 mg/kg IV x 5 doses, then q 4 weeks• CNI dose is slowly tapered over 1 month

• Dose is based on actual body weight and rounded to closest multiple of 250 mg

Administration • 30 minute infusion with in‐line 0.22 micron filter• No pre‐medications required

Adverse Effects • Hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia• N/V, diarrhea• Headache

Clinical Pearls • Used as maintenance • Contraindicated  in EBV‐ naïve patients or patients with an unknown EBV status because

of the risk of PTLD

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

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REMS REQUIREMENTS

• Mycophenolate

• Associated with increased risk of first trimester pregnancy loss

• Prescribers are required to provide extensive counseling to females of childbearing potential

• www.mycophenolaterems.com

• Belatacept

• Risk of developing Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) and Post‐Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD)

• Prescribers are required to provide patients with a medication guide and pre‐infusion checklist

• www.nulojix.com

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

REMS REQUIREMENTS

• Eculizumab

• The purpose of the SOLIRIS REMS is to mitigate the occurrence and morbidity associated with meningococcal infections by informing healthcare providers and patients about the: 

• Increased risk of meningococcal infections 

• Early signs of invasive meningococcal infections

• Need for immediate medical evaluation of signs and symptoms consistent with possible meningococcal infections

• www.solirisrems.com

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

MAINTENANCE THERAPY SUMMARY

Maintenance 

Tacrolimus +

IF AE to FK‐switch to 

Cyclosporine

↓CNI exposure or malignancy–

Sirolimus 

↓ CNI exposure or malignancy–Everolimus

Mycophenolate + +/‐ Corticosteroid

If continued, tapered over 3 months  

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

IMMUNOSUPPRESSION RELATED COMPLICATIONS

Allograft Rejection

Infection

PTLD

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

REJECTION

T cell Mediated Rejection (TCMR)

• Optimize maintenance

• + Steroid Bolus

• +/‐Thymoglobulin

• +/‐Alemtuzumab

Antibody‐Mediated (Humoral) Rejection (AMR)

• Optimize maintenance

• + Steroid Bolus

• +/‐ Thymoglobulin

• PLUS

• IVIG, PP, Rituximab or

• IVIG, PP, Bortezomib or

• IVIG, PP, Eculizumab 

PP: Plasmapheresis

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

AGENTS USED FOR REJECTION

Agent TCMR or AMR

Dosing Guidelines General Recommendations

Corticosteroids TCMR Methylprednisolone 500 mg‐1000mg IV daily x 3‐5 doses

1st line‐low severity TCMR

Antithymocyte Globulin

TCMR 1.5 mg/kg IV daily x 4‐14 doses 1st line‐mod and high severity

Alemtuzumab Both 15‐30 mg IV x 1‐2 doses For AMR +PP +IVIG +/‐ rituximab

IVIG AMR 100 mg/kg after PP + PP considered 1st line for AMR

Rituximab AMR 375 mg/m2 – 1000 mg IV x1 dose CD20 not on pro B cells or plasma cells, do not use as monotherapy

Bortezomib AMR 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8 and 11 +PP and IVIG in refractory AMR or recurrence

Eculizumab AMR 1200 mg IV x 1 dose, followed 1 week later by 4 weekly doses of 900 mg, with a final dose of 1200 mg at week 5

+PP AND IVIG in refractory AMR Meningococcal infection‐ vaccination 14 days before therapy

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

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REJECTION TREATMENT SUMMARY

Rejection

T cell mediated

Corticosteroids Antithymocyte globulin

Antibody mediated

IVIG +PPAlemtuzumab +/‐Rituximab

Bortezomib EculizumabOR

+OR

OR

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS

Most common life‐threatening complication of long‐term immunosuppression

Contributes to graft loss

Reduces long‐term survival

Increases the risk for post‐transplant malignancy

Immunosuppression is reduced or withheld during infection 

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

TIMELINE OF POST‐TRANSPLANT INFECTIONS

• First month post‐transplant

• Same infections as those observed in immunocompetent patient

• 2‐6 months post‐transplant

• Opportunistic infections

• Immunomodulating viruses

• Greater than 6 months post‐transplant

• Depend on patient’s clinical course

• Community‐acquired or persistent infections

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

RISK FACTORS

Technical & surgical complications of procedure

Net state of recipient immunosuppression

Recipient’s environmental exposures

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

TREATMENT & PREVENTION: PCP

Medication Prophylaxis Dosing Treatment Dosing Clinical Pearls

SMZ/TMP 1 SS or DS tablet three times weekly

15‐20 mg/kg/day of TMP component IV divided q 6‐8 hr x 21 days

May need to stop early due to hyperkalemia and myelosuppression

Atovaquone 1500 mg PO daily 750 mg PO BID x 21 days Available only as liquid Administer with food

Dapsone 50‐100 mg PO daily 100mg PO daily + trimethoprim 15 mg/kg/day PO in three divided doses x 21 days

Should never be administered to a patient with a significant sulfa allergy or G6PD deficiency

Pentamidine 300 mg inhaled q 4 weeks

4 mg/kg IV daily x 21 days Prophylaxis dose can be given IV if necessary

Primaquine/Clindamycin

Not recommended 15‐30 mg PO daily + 600‐900 mg IV q 6‐8 hr x 21 days

Long term clindamycin can predispose to C. diff 

G6PD: glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

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TREATMENT & PREVENTION: CMV

Medication Prophylaxis Dosing Treatment Dosing Clinical Pearls

Ganciclovir 5 mg/kg IV daily 5 mg/kg IV q 12 hr  Oral form no longer availableCan be initiated IV and then converted to PO valganciclovir

Valganciclovir 900 mg PO daily 900 mg PO q 12 hr Can be initiated with IV ganciclovir and then converted to PO valganciclovir

Cidofovir Not recommended 5 mg/kg IV once weekly x2; then every 2 weeks

Ganciclovir‐resistant CMV disease1 L of NS given before and at the time of each infusionProbenecid 2 g – 3 hr before infusion; 1g – given at both 2 and 8 hr after infusion

Foscarnet Not recommended Ganciclovir‐resistant CMV disease

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

TREATMENT & PREVENTION: FUNGAL

Medication Prophylaxis Dosing Treatment Dosing Clinical Pearls

Nystatin K, H: 500,000 unit/5 mL S/S QID N/A Only use if SOT is low risk 

Fluconazole Li, M, P: 400 mg PO daily 800 mg IV x1, then 400 mg IV daily

Monitor CNI drug levels

Itraconazole Lu, H: 200 mg PO BID 200‐400 mg PO daily Solution and capsule not to be used interchangeably

Posaconazole Lu: 200 mg NGT TID  with full meal or nutritional supplement or 300 mg PO daily with high fat meal

200 mg PO QID initially, then 400 mg PO BID

Liquid and Tablet not to be used interchangeablyDDI with liquid and PPI or H2 

Voriconazole Lu, H: 200 mg PO BID 6 mg/kg IV q 12 hr x 1day, 4 mg/kg IV q 12 hr

Monitor CNI drug levels 

Micafungin Li: 50 mg IV daily 100‐150 mg IV daily Refractory or salvage

Amphotericin B Lu: Inhaled AmphoB 25 mg daily x 4 days, then once weekly Li, M, P: 3‐5 mg/kg Abelcet IV daily

5 mg/kg IV daily Higher dosages are not more effective

K: Kidney; H: Heart, Li: Liver; Lu: Lung; M: Multivisceral; P: Pancreas

DURATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLAXIS

Solid Organ PCP CMV Antifungal

Kidney 3 months D+R‐: 6 monthsAll other serotypes: 3 months

Continued while on steroids

Liver 12 months D+R/‐: 6 monthsAll other serotypes: 3 months

Low risk: noneHigh risk: 7‐14 days

Intestine/Multivisceral

Indefinite 12 months Azole continued until steroid discontinued

Heart 3 months D+R‐: 6 monthsAll other serotypes: 3 months

3 months

Lung 12 months D+R‐: 12 monthsAll other serotypes: 6 months

12 months

**Patients that have completed their course of prophylaxis and receive treatment for rejection should restart PCP, CMV and antifungal prophylaxis for a period of 3 months

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

POST‐TRANSPLANT LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS (PTLD)

Heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders 

Most commonly of B‐cell origin with 60‐80% of total PTLD cases found to be EBV‐positive

Most serious and potentially fatal complication post‐transplantation

Associated with a mortality of 40‐60%

Solid Organ Type Incidence

Liver 2.2%

Multivisceral 7‐11%

Heart 3.4%

Lung 1.8‐7.9%

Kidney 1%

EBV: Epstein Barr Virus

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

PTLD

RISK FACTORS

• Advanced age

• Type of transplant

• High degree of immunosuppression

• Primary EBV infection after transplant

• Type of immunosuppressive agents used

• Allograft rejection

• Cytomegalovirus co‐infection

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

• Unexplained fever

• Mononucleosis‐like syndrome

• Gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction or perforation

• Abdominal mass lesions

• Infiltrative disease of the allograft

• Hepatocellular or pancreatic dysfunction

• Central nervous system disease

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

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PTLD: TREATMENT

• Based on case reports or a limited series of patients

• Initial strategy – reduction or discontinuation of immunosuppressive drug therapy

• Most effective for EBV‐ associated PTLDs occurring within the 1st year of transplantation

• Rituximab is the first line if initial strategy fails

• 375 mg/m2 IV weekly x 4 weeks

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

CONCLUSION

• UNOS amended its bylaws to include a clinical pharmacist as an essential member of the healthcare team

• ICU pharmacists play an integral role in the management of immunosuppression related issues in SOT recipients

• Valuable source in identifying and preventing immunosuppressant related adverse effects, drug interactions and providing alternative regimens when needed

• Important to be familiarized with management of rejection and infectious complications commonly seen in the SOT population

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

REFERENCES1. Reed MJ, Dhanyamraju S, Schultz MF, et al. Solid organ transplantation  in the ICU. Comprehensive Critical Care: Adult. Chapter 

42:791‐804.2. Moten MA, Doligalski CT. Postoperative transplant immunosuppression in the critical care unit. 2013;24(4):345‐350.3. Statistics from Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network as of January 16, 2015.  Accessed April 18, 2016.4. Thompson ML, Flynn JD, Clifford TM. Pharmacotherapy of lung transplantation: an overview. J Pharm Practice 2012; 26(1): 5‐13.5. Gabardi S, Roger C. Long‐term management after kidney transplantation. PSAP 2014 Chronic Illnesses. 229‐258.6. Ferguson R, Grinyo J, Vincenti F, et al. Immunosuppression with belatacept‐based, corticosteroid‐avoiding regimens in de novo 

kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2001;11:66‐76.7. Rostaing L, Vincenti F, Grinyo J, et al. Long‐term belatacept exposure maintains efficacy and safety at 5 years: results from the long‐

term extension of the BENEFIT study.  Am J Transplant 2013; 13:2875‐83.8. Vincenti F, Rostaing L, Grinyo J, et al. Belatacept and long‐term outcomes in kidney transplantation. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:333‐43.9. Shah N, Meouchy J, Qazi Y. Bortezomib in kidney transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2015;20:652‐656.10. Kocak B, Demiralp AE, Karatas C, et al. Eculizumab for salvage treatment of refractory antibody‐mediated rejection in kidney 

transplant patients: case reports. Transplantation Proceedings 2013; 45:1022‐1025.11. Fishman JA. Infection in solid‐organ transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:2601‐14.12. Razonable RR, Humar A. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:93‐106.13. Silveira FP, Kusne S. Candida infections in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:220‐227.14. Petrara MR, Giunco S, Serraino D, et al. Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders: from epidemiology to pathogenesis‐driven

treatment. Cancer Letters 2015; 369: 37‐44.15. Andreone P, Gramenzi A, Lorenzini S, et al. Post‐transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders. Arch Intern Med 2003;  163: 1997‐

2004.16. Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, et al. 2013 Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the vaccination of the 

immunocompromised host. http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/11/26/cid.cit684.full.pdf+html17. Alloway RR, Dupuis R, Gabardi S, et al. Evolution of the role of the transplant pharmacist on the multidisciplinary transplant team. 

Am J Transplant 2011; 11:1576‐1583.

2016 ANNUAL MEETING

QUESTIONS

2016 ANNUAL MEETING