fernandez - cdn.ymaws.com · transplant primer for ... occurs within weeks to several months...
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Transplant Primer for ICU Pharmacists
Margaret Fernandez, PharmD, BCPS Jackson Memorial Hospital Miami, Florida
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
DISCLOSURE STATEMENT
I have no actual or potential conflicts of interest in relation to this presentation.
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
OBJECTIVES
• Describe the classifications of rejection
• Review immunosuppressive agents used in induction, maintenance and acute rejection protocols
• Describe monitoring strategies to optimize pharmacotherapy in transplant patients
• Identify regimens to prevent and treat common post‐transplant infections
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
• First long‐term surviving kidney transplant performed in identical twins
1954
• First liver transplantation performed in Colorado
• First lung transplant performed in Mississippi
1963 • First heart transplant performed in Capetown, South Africa
1967
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
1960s
Azathioprine first used in organ transplantation
1970s & 1980sAntithymocyte globulin developed
FDA approves cyclosporine
1990s
FDA approves cyclosporine microemulsion, mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
DONATION & TRANSPLANTATION STATISTICS
• More than 24,000 patients began new lives in 2014 thanks to organ transplants
• Nearly 124,000 people in the U.S. are currently waiting for an organ transplant
• On average, 150 people are added to the nation’s largest organ transplant waiting (UNOS) list each day
• 21 people die each day because the organs they need are not donated in time
UNOS: United Network for Organ Sharing
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
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UNOS 2015: U.S. ANNUAL NUMBER OF TRANSPLANTS
30,969 Transplants Performed in U.S. in 2015
Number of Tran
splants
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
SCIENTIFIC REGISTRY OF TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS (SRTR): FLORIDA SOT BY CENTER VOLUME
FL SOT CENTER VOLUME 7/1/2012‐13/31/2014
3,480 SOT performed in Florida
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
ICU PHARMACIST ROLE
• Majority of solid organ transplantations (SOT) require immediate care in a critical care setting
• The ICU accommodates invasive monitoring strategies, use of IV drips, intensive nursing care and hemodynamic support
• ICU pharmacists play an integral role in the care of SOT recipients
Advocate and
educator
Selection of immuno‐
suppressiveagents
Prevent and treat
opportunistic infections
Minimize adverse events
Monitoring of drug levels
Prevent allograft rejection
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
CATEGORIES OF REJECTION
Hyperacute
Acute
Chronic
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
HYPERACUTE REJECTION
Occurs within minutes to hours post‐transplantation
Pre‐existing anti‐donor antibodies circulating in the host
Results in intravascular thrombosis and rapid occlusion of graft vasculature and rapid rejection
Rarely seen in current practice due to pre‐transplant immunologic screening and advances in crossmatch technique as well as potent induction medications
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
ACUTE REJECTION
Occurs within weeks to several months post‐transplantation
Mediated by cellular (T cells) and/or humoral (B cells) immunity
Clinical manifestations vary according to the type of organ transplanted and type of rejection
Definitive diagnosis involves confirmation by biopsy
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
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CHRONIC REJECTION
Appears several months to years after transplant and generally leads to irreversible late graft failure
Fibrosis and scarring in transplant organ
Multifactorial etiology – inflammation, ischemia and other processes play a role
Clinical manifestations vary according to the type of organ transplanted
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
DIAGNOSIS OF REJECTION
• Patients may present with no signs or symptoms
• When symptoms are present, may be non‐specific
• Biopsy is gold standard for diagnosis
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
RECOGNIZING REJECTION
Kidney
• Decreased urine output
• Flu‐like symptoms
• Fever
• Increase in Scr
• Fluid retention
Liver
• Elevated liver enzymes
• Jaundice
• Dark colored urine, light colored stools
• Fatigue, loss of appetite
• Nausea, abdominal pain
Heart
• Shortness of breath
• Enlarged heart
• Onset of hypotension
• Arrhythmias
• Edema
• JVD
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
RECOGNIZING REJECTION
Lung• Cough/Dyspnea/Fever• Hypoxemia • Rales• Ground glass
opacities, septal thickening, pleural effusions on CT
Multivisceral
• Abdominal pain, distension
• Ileus
• Increased fecal volume and stomal output
Pancreas
• Elevated amylase/lipase
• Dull abdominal pain
• Decreased urine output
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
CLASSIFICATIONS OF ACUTE REJECTION
• Most common form of rejection
• Generally responsive to anti‐T cell agents
• T cell and macrophage infiltration that leads to cellular injury, hemorrhage +/‐ necrosis
T cell Mediated Rejection(TCR)
• Less common , less responsive to anti‐T cell agents
• Antibody induced & complement mediated activation of endothelial cells, results in vascular injury
Antibody Mediated Rejection(AMR)
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
RISK FACTORS
Younger age
African Americans and Hispanics
Previous transplant recipient
Previous rejection episodes
T‐cell mismatch
Previous pregnancies
Blood transfusions
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
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GOALS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY
Prevent organ rejection
Maintain drug efficacy
Minimize drug toxicity
Minimize risk of malignancy
Minimize risk of infection
Prolong and improve quality of life
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE STRATEGIES
Induction
• Corticosteroids
• Antibody Therapy
Maintenance
• Corticosteroids
• Calcineurin inhibitors
• Antiproliferatives
• mTOR Inhibitors
Rejection
• Corticosteroids
• Antibody Therapy
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
INDUCTION
• Initial, aggressive, augmented form of immunosuppression to create partial tolerance in the recipient and delay early acute rejection
• Administered IV during peri‐operative period
• Includes intra‐operative and post‐operative doses
Rituximab
Antithymocyte globulin
Basiliximab
Alemtuzumab
Corticosteroids
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
INDUCTION
• Antithymocyte globulin, Alemtuzumab, Rituximab
• Requires pre‐medications
• CMV, PCP prophylaxis recommended
Depleting Agents
• Basiliximab
• Does not require pre‐medications
• Prophylaxis not required
• Benign side effect profile
Non‐depleting Agents
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
ANTITHYMOCYTE GLOBULIN (THYMOGLOBULIN®)
Rabbit ATG produced by isolating gamma‐globulin fractions of serum obtained from rabbits after immunization with human T‐cells
Mechanism of Action
• Polyclonal antibody acts primarily through depletion of T cells via apoptosis, antibody‐mediated cytotoxicity and complement‐mediated lysis
Dose • 1‐2 mg/kg/day IV over 6 hours
Administration • Pre‐medication required due to infusion related reactions:• Diphenhydramine, acetaminophen, and corticosteroids
• Central and peripheral formulations available
Adverse Effects • Hematologic (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia)• Infusion related reactions‐cytokine release syndrome
• Fever, chills, headache, nausea, diarrhea, myalgias, hypotension, tachycardia, cardiorespiratory events
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
ALEMTUZUMAB (CAMPATH®)
Humanized monoclonal antibody
Mechanism of Action
• Binds to CD‐52 on surface of B&T lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, and granulocytes causing lymphocyte lysis and depletion
Dose • 30 mg IV x1 dose
Administration • Infused over 2 hours via central or peripheral line. NOT for IV bolus• Pre‐medication required:
• Diphenhydramine, acetaminophen, +/‐ corticosteroids
Adverse Effects • HSV, CMV, Fungal infections• Severe and prolonged leukopenia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia• Infusion related reactions‐cytokine release syndrome
• Fever, chills, headache, nausea, diarrhea, myalgias, hypotension, tachycardia, cardiorespiratory events
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
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RITUXIMAB (RITUXAN®)
Chimeric monoclonal antibody
Mechanism of Action
• Binds to CD20 on pre, mature and memory B cells• Induces B‐cell lysis through complement dependent and antibody‐mediated
cytotoxicity• Blocks B cell activation and maturation to plasma cells
Dose • 375 mg/m2 – 1000 mg x 1 dose
Administration • Rate is started at 50 mg/hr, increased by 50 mg/hr increments every 30 min, to a max rate of 400 mg/hr
Adverse Effects • Hematologic – leukopenia, thrombocytopenia• Infectious complications – CMV, varicella, polyomavirus, hepatitis, fungus• Infusion related reactions
• Urticaria, hypotension, angioedema, hypoxia, bronchospasm, pulmonary infiltrates, ARDS, MI, cardiogenic shock
• Severe mucocutaneous reactions
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
BASILIXIMAB (SIMULECT®)
Non‐depleting chimeric monoclonal antibody
Mechanism of Action
• Binds and inhibits interleukin (IL)‐2 mediated activation and proliferation of T cells
Dose • 20 mg IV POD 0 and 4
Administration • Infused over 20‐30 minutes via central or peripheral line• Does not require pre‐medications
Adverse Effects • Does not appear to increase the incidence or severity of adverse effects in clinical trials
• Adverse effects were reported in 96% of both placebo and basiliximab groups
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
INDUCTION SUMMARY: ANTIBODY THERAPYDRUG MOA DOSE/ADMIN ADE PRE‐MEDS
Anti‐Thymocyte globulin (Thymoglobulin®)
Polyclonal antibodyT cell depleting agent
1‐2 mg/kg IV over 4‐6 hr LeukopeniaThrombocytopeniaInfusion relatedreaction
Yes
Alemtuzumab (Campath®)
Monoclonalantibody, T & B cell depleting agent
30 mg IV over 2 hr LymphocytopeniaInfusion related reaction
Yes
Rituximab (Rituxan®)
Monoclonal antiobody, B cell (CD20) depleting agent
375 mg/m2 IV infusiontime based on tolerability
CytopeniasHypertensionPeripheral edemaInfusion related reaction
Yes
Basiliximab (Simulect®)
Monoclonal antibody, IL‐2 receptor antagonist, non‐depleting agent
20 mg IV over 30 min HypertensionPeripheral edema
No
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
MAINTENANCE
• Baseline immunosuppression used to prevent rejection
• Multiple agents may be used together from different classes
• Goal is to improve long‐term graft survival
Co‐stimulation Blockade
mTOR Inhibitors
Calcineurin Inhibitors
Corticosteroids
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
SITES OF ACTION
Everolimus
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
MAINTENANCE• Methylprednisolone
• PrednisoneCorticosteroids
• Cyclosporine (CsA)
• Tacrolimus (FK)Calcineurin Inhibitors
• Azathioprine
• Mycophenolates (MMF)Antiproliferatives
• Sirolimus
• EverolimusProliferation
Signal Inhibitors
• BelataceptCostimulatory
Blocker
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
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CORTICOSTEROIDS
Mechanism of Action
• Nonspecific inhibitor of IL‐1, IL‐2, IL‐3, IL‐6, IL‐15, TNF‐α, and IFN‐γ• Role in induction, maintenance, and rejection protocols
Dose • Variable dosing strategies• Highest doses at induction (250‐1000 mg) tapered over days to weeks• Long term maintenance doses usually range from 2.5 – 10 mg daily
Adverse Effects • Hypertension, Hypertriglyceridemia• Insulin resistance, osteoporosis• N/V, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, gastritis, weight gain• Impaired wound healing, water retention• Hand tremor, mood disturbances, psychosis• Cataracts
Clinical Pearls • Antibody induction with FK + MMF, allows for early corticosteroid withdrawal (first 7 days)
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
TO WITHDRAW OR NOT TO WITHDRAW
• Corticosteroids remain a key component of most immunosuppressive protocols
• Benefits derived are offset by long‐term complications
• Withdrawal may minimize these complications
• Important to determine target population and timing of withdrawal
• Postmenopausal women, prior history of malignancy, history of diabetes and pediatric patients
• Early vs. late withdrawal
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
CALCINEURIN INHIBITORS
Generic Brand Name Dosage Forms Routes of Administration
Special Routes
Drug Level Monitoring
Cyclosporine(CsA)
Gengraf, Neoral, Sandimmune
CapsuleOral solutionIV solution
OralFeeding tubeIV
Oral solution only for feeding tubes
Yes
Tacrolimus(Tac, FK)
Prograf,Hecoria, Astagraf XL
CapsuleOral solutionIV solution
Oral, Sublingual Feeding TubeIV
Oral solution only for feeding tubesCapsules canbe given sublingually
Yes
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
CYCLOSPORINEMechanism of Action
• Prevents IL‐2 mediated CD4+ T cell activation. Binds to cyclophilin which prevents calcineurin dephosphorylation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)
Dosage Forms • Sandimmune (non‐modified)‐ original formulation• Corn oil based formula, bile dependent for absorption• Unpredictable oral absorption
• Neoral (modified) – microemulsion formulation• Self‐emulsifying, less bile dependent for absorption• Better bioavailability of 30‐45%
Dose & Administration
• PO (Sandimmune or Neoral): Dose is dependent upon type of transplant• Oral formulations are not bioequivalent and cannot be used interchangeably
• IV (Sandimmune only): ⅓ oral dose in divided doses or as a con nuous infusion• Administer over 2‐6 hours or as a 24 hr continuous infusion• Anaphylactic risk – Reserved only for patients who cannot take oral form • Glass bottle or polyethylene bags (drug binds to PVC tubing)
Clinical Pearls • CYP3A4/Pgp substrate (many DDIs)
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
TACROLIMUS
Mechanism of Action
• Inhibits T‐lymphocyte activation • Binds to FKBP‐12 (intracellular protein) and complexes with calcineurin inhibiting
calcineurin phosphatase
Dose • Oral/Feeding Tube: 0.05‐0.075 q 12 hr• Conversion to:
• ER: 1:1 ratio given once daily• Sublingual: 2:1 ratio• IV: ¼ to ⅓ of PO total daily dose
• IV: 0.01‐0.05 mg/kg/day as a continuous infusion over 24 hours• Do not use PVC tubing • Anaphylactic reactions reported
Administration • Best absorption is on an empty stomach• Antacids & cholestyramine impair absorption• SL can be given to intubated and enterally fed patients
Clinical Pearls • CYP3A4/Pgp substrate (many DDIs)
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
SUBLINGUAL ADMINISTRATION: TACROLIMUS
• IV route associated with more nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and anaphylaxis
• Alternative to oral route if:• N/V• Risk of aspiration• Decreased absorption due to delayed gastric emptying
Must wear gloves and mask
Content of capsule deposited into bottom
half of capsule
Powder is deposited under patient’s tongue
Allow to dissolve for 10 minutes
Advantages of SL
Disadvantages of SL
• Exact dose conversion is unknown• High interpatient variability
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
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CALCINEURIN INHIBITORS: ADVERSE EFFECTS
CsA and Tac
(6 H’S)
‐ Hyperuricemia‐ Hyperlipidemia‐ Hypertension‐ Hyperglycemia‐ Hyperkalemia‐ Hypomagnesemia
CsA and Tac
(2 N’s)
‐ Nephrotoxicity‐ Neurotoxicity
Cyclosporine only
‐ Hirsutism‐ Hyperplasia(gingival)
Tacrolimus only
‐ Alopecia‐ QTprolongation ‐ Torsade depointes
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
CALCINEURIN INHIBITORS:COMMON DRUG INTERACTIONS
↑ Concentration ↓ Concentra on Nephrotoxic Risk
• Amiodarone• Azole antifungals• Clarithromycin• Erythromycin• Diltiazem• Verapamil• Nicardipine
• Grapefruitjuice
• Indinavir• Ritnovair• Nelfinavir• Sertraline• Metronidazole
• Rifampin• Phenytoin• Phenobarbital• Carbamazepine• St. John’s Wort
• Aminoglycosides• Acyclovir (IV)• Amphotericin B• NSAIDs• ACE‐I/ARBs
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING
• Certain immunosuppressants require blood level monitoring
• Trough levels are drawn 30‐60 minutes prior to the dose
• Level must be correlated to the administration time and route
• Organ and protocol specific target levels
Drug Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Cyclosporine 100‐400 ng/mL
Tacrolimus 5‐15 ng/mL
Sirolimus 10‐20 ng/mL*
Everolimus 3‐12 ng/mL
*Combined with mycophenolate: 6‐10 ng/mLCombined with CNI: 4‐8 ng/mL
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
ANTIPROLIFERATIVES: AZATHIOPRINEMechanism of Action
• Antagonizes purine metabolism and inhibits synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins
Dose • Initial PO or IV: 2‐5 mg/kg once daily; Maintenance: 1‐3 mg/kg once daily• 1:1 IV to PO conversion• Renal dose adjustment:
• CrCl 10‐50 mL/min: 75% of normal dose• CrCl < 10 mL/min: 50% of normal dose• Hemodialysis: dialyzable ~45% (administer 50% of normal dose)
Administration • IV: may be infused over 5 min or as a 30‐60 min infusion• PO: administer after meals or in divided doses to decrease adverse GI effects
Adverse Effects • BMS, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea• Pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity
Clinical Pearls • Significant dose reductions required in the presence of xanthine oxidase inhibitors or with TPMT deficiency
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
TPMT: thiopurine S‐methyltransferase
ANTIPROLIFERATIVES: MYCOPHENOLATES
Mechanism of Action
• Inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, preventing the de novo pathway of purine synthesis
DosageForms/Dose
• Mycophenolate mofetil (MM) (Cellcept®)• Available IV & PO (500 mg tablet, 250 mg capsule, 200mg/mL suspension)• 1:1 IV to PO conversion• Dose: 1‐1.5 g IV/PO/NGT q 12 hr
• Mycophenolic acid (MPA) (Myfortic®) ‐ Enteric coated formulation• Available in 180 mg, 360 mg tablets (no liquid)• Dose: 720 mg PO BID
Administration • IV: Infuse over 2 hours• PO/NGT: Capsules, tablets cannot be crushed, split
• Best absorbed on empty stomach
Adverse Effects • Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, gastritis
Clinical Pearls • GI symptoms similar between MM and MPA
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
MYCOPHENOLATE DOSING CONVERSION
Cellcept (Mycophenolate Mofetil)Suspension, tablets and capsules
Myfortic (Mycophenolic Acid)Delayed‐release tablets
1000 mg 720 mg
750 mg 540 mg
500 mg 360 mg
250 mg 180 mg
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
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PROLIFERATION SIGNAL INHIBITORS: SIROLIMUS & EVEROLIMUS
Sirolimus Everolimus
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), resulting in a reduction in IL‐2 driven lymphocyte proliferation
Dose • PO/NGT: 2‐5 mg daily• Based on 24 hr trough levels• 1 mg, 2 mg tabs & 1 mg/mL solution
• PO/NGT: 0.75 – 1.5 mg PO q 12 hr• Based on 12 hr trough levels• 0.25 mg, 0.75 mg tabs
Administration • Consistency with/without food
• Oral solution available for NGT • Tablets can be given via NGT
Clinical Pearls • Used to minimize CNI exposure and in malignancy recurrence• Doses should be adjusted if needed at 5 day intervals due to long half‐life• CYP3A4/Pgp substrate (many DDIs)• Strongly consider holding therapy (convert to CNI) in patients undergoing surgical
procedures because of risk of impaired wound healing
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
NGT ADMINISTRATION: EVEROLIMUS
Must wear gloves and mask
Place whole tablets in a
20 mL oral syringe
Draw 10 mL sterile water into syringe
Pull the plunger back to
15 mL and cap syringe
Gently shake until tablets are dispersed
Immediately give via NGT and flush with 20 mL sterile water
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
SIROLIMUS & EVEROLIMUS: ADVERSE EFFECTS
• Hypertension
• Hypertriglyceridemia
• Hyperlipidemia
• Hyperglycemia
• Leukopenia
• Thrombocytopenia
• Prolonged DGF
• Impaired wound healing
• Lymphocele
• Mucositis
• Aseptic pneumonitis
• N/V, diarrhea
• Rash/acne
• Proteinuria
• Tremor, headache, insomnia
DGF: Delayed graft function
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
SIROLIMUS & EVEROLIMUS: DRUG INTERACTIONS
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
↑ Concentration ↓ Concentra on Nephrotoxic Risk
• Amiodarone• Azole antifungals• Clarithromycin• Erythromycin• Diltiazem• Verapamil• Nicardipine
• Grapefruit juice• Indinavir• Ritnovair• Nelfinavir• Sertraline• Metronidazole
• Rifampin• Phenytoin• Phenobarbital• Carbamazepine• St. John’s Wort
• Aminoglycosides• Acyclovir (IV)• Amphotericin B• NSAIDs• ACE‐I/ARBs
COSTIMULATORY BLOCKADE: EVIDENCE
Belatacept not proven more effective than tacrolimus
Compared with cyclosporine, belatacept improved GFR despite a higher incidence of rejection
Rostaing et al 2013
Fergu
son et al 2
011
• Prophylaxis of organ rejection concomitantly with basiliximab induction, mycophenolate and corticosteroids in adult Epstein‐Barr Virus (EBV) seropositive kidney transplant recipients
• Used ONLY in EBV seropositive patients• Use for prophylaxis in organs other than the kidney has not been established
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
COSTIMULATORY BLOCKER: BELATACEPT
Mechanism of Action
Fusion protein; selective T cell co‐stimulation blocker resulting in T cell anergy
Dose • Initial: 10 mg/kg IV x 6 doses• Maintenance: 5 mg/kg IV q 4 weeks• Conversion from CNI
• 5 mg/kg IV x 5 doses, then q 4 weeks• CNI dose is slowly tapered over 1 month
• Dose is based on actual body weight and rounded to closest multiple of 250 mg
Administration • 30 minute infusion with in‐line 0.22 micron filter• No pre‐medications required
Adverse Effects • Hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia• N/V, diarrhea• Headache
Clinical Pearls • Used as maintenance • Contraindicated in EBV‐ naïve patients or patients with an unknown EBV status because
of the risk of PTLD
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
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REMS REQUIREMENTS
• Mycophenolate
• Associated with increased risk of first trimester pregnancy loss
• Prescribers are required to provide extensive counseling to females of childbearing potential
• www.mycophenolaterems.com
• Belatacept
• Risk of developing Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) and Post‐Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD)
• Prescribers are required to provide patients with a medication guide and pre‐infusion checklist
• www.nulojix.com
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
REMS REQUIREMENTS
• Eculizumab
• The purpose of the SOLIRIS REMS is to mitigate the occurrence and morbidity associated with meningococcal infections by informing healthcare providers and patients about the:
• Increased risk of meningococcal infections
• Early signs of invasive meningococcal infections
• Need for immediate medical evaluation of signs and symptoms consistent with possible meningococcal infections
• www.solirisrems.com
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
MAINTENANCE THERAPY SUMMARY
Maintenance
Tacrolimus +
IF AE to FK‐switch to
Cyclosporine
↓CNI exposure or malignancy–
Sirolimus
↓ CNI exposure or malignancy–Everolimus
Mycophenolate + +/‐ Corticosteroid
If continued, tapered over 3 months
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION RELATED COMPLICATIONS
Allograft Rejection
Infection
PTLD
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
REJECTION
T cell Mediated Rejection (TCMR)
• Optimize maintenance
• + Steroid Bolus
• +/‐Thymoglobulin
• +/‐Alemtuzumab
Antibody‐Mediated (Humoral) Rejection (AMR)
• Optimize maintenance
• + Steroid Bolus
• +/‐ Thymoglobulin
• PLUS
• IVIG, PP, Rituximab or
• IVIG, PP, Bortezomib or
• IVIG, PP, Eculizumab
PP: Plasmapheresis
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
AGENTS USED FOR REJECTION
Agent TCMR or AMR
Dosing Guidelines General Recommendations
Corticosteroids TCMR Methylprednisolone 500 mg‐1000mg IV daily x 3‐5 doses
1st line‐low severity TCMR
Antithymocyte Globulin
TCMR 1.5 mg/kg IV daily x 4‐14 doses 1st line‐mod and high severity
Alemtuzumab Both 15‐30 mg IV x 1‐2 doses For AMR +PP +IVIG +/‐ rituximab
IVIG AMR 100 mg/kg after PP + PP considered 1st line for AMR
Rituximab AMR 375 mg/m2 – 1000 mg IV x1 dose CD20 not on pro B cells or plasma cells, do not use as monotherapy
Bortezomib AMR 1.3 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 4, 8 and 11 +PP and IVIG in refractory AMR or recurrence
Eculizumab AMR 1200 mg IV x 1 dose, followed 1 week later by 4 weekly doses of 900 mg, with a final dose of 1200 mg at week 5
+PP AND IVIG in refractory AMR Meningococcal infection‐ vaccination 14 days before therapy
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
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REJECTION TREATMENT SUMMARY
Rejection
T cell mediated
Corticosteroids Antithymocyte globulin
Antibody mediated
IVIG +PPAlemtuzumab +/‐Rituximab
Bortezomib EculizumabOR
+OR
OR
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS
Most common life‐threatening complication of long‐term immunosuppression
Contributes to graft loss
Reduces long‐term survival
Increases the risk for post‐transplant malignancy
Immunosuppression is reduced or withheld during infection
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TIMELINE OF POST‐TRANSPLANT INFECTIONS
• First month post‐transplant
• Same infections as those observed in immunocompetent patient
• 2‐6 months post‐transplant
• Opportunistic infections
• Immunomodulating viruses
• Greater than 6 months post‐transplant
• Depend on patient’s clinical course
• Community‐acquired or persistent infections
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RISK FACTORS
Technical & surgical complications of procedure
Net state of recipient immunosuppression
Recipient’s environmental exposures
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TREATMENT & PREVENTION: PCP
Medication Prophylaxis Dosing Treatment Dosing Clinical Pearls
SMZ/TMP 1 SS or DS tablet three times weekly
15‐20 mg/kg/day of TMP component IV divided q 6‐8 hr x 21 days
May need to stop early due to hyperkalemia and myelosuppression
Atovaquone 1500 mg PO daily 750 mg PO BID x 21 days Available only as liquid Administer with food
Dapsone 50‐100 mg PO daily 100mg PO daily + trimethoprim 15 mg/kg/day PO in three divided doses x 21 days
Should never be administered to a patient with a significant sulfa allergy or G6PD deficiency
Pentamidine 300 mg inhaled q 4 weeks
4 mg/kg IV daily x 21 days Prophylaxis dose can be given IV if necessary
Primaquine/Clindamycin
Not recommended 15‐30 mg PO daily + 600‐900 mg IV q 6‐8 hr x 21 days
Long term clindamycin can predispose to C. diff
G6PD: glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase
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TREATMENT & PREVENTION: CMV
Medication Prophylaxis Dosing Treatment Dosing Clinical Pearls
Ganciclovir 5 mg/kg IV daily 5 mg/kg IV q 12 hr Oral form no longer availableCan be initiated IV and then converted to PO valganciclovir
Valganciclovir 900 mg PO daily 900 mg PO q 12 hr Can be initiated with IV ganciclovir and then converted to PO valganciclovir
Cidofovir Not recommended 5 mg/kg IV once weekly x2; then every 2 weeks
Ganciclovir‐resistant CMV disease1 L of NS given before and at the time of each infusionProbenecid 2 g – 3 hr before infusion; 1g – given at both 2 and 8 hr after infusion
Foscarnet Not recommended Ganciclovir‐resistant CMV disease
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
TREATMENT & PREVENTION: FUNGAL
Medication Prophylaxis Dosing Treatment Dosing Clinical Pearls
Nystatin K, H: 500,000 unit/5 mL S/S QID N/A Only use if SOT is low risk
Fluconazole Li, M, P: 400 mg PO daily 800 mg IV x1, then 400 mg IV daily
Monitor CNI drug levels
Itraconazole Lu, H: 200 mg PO BID 200‐400 mg PO daily Solution and capsule not to be used interchangeably
Posaconazole Lu: 200 mg NGT TID with full meal or nutritional supplement or 300 mg PO daily with high fat meal
200 mg PO QID initially, then 400 mg PO BID
Liquid and Tablet not to be used interchangeablyDDI with liquid and PPI or H2
Voriconazole Lu, H: 200 mg PO BID 6 mg/kg IV q 12 hr x 1day, 4 mg/kg IV q 12 hr
Monitor CNI drug levels
Micafungin Li: 50 mg IV daily 100‐150 mg IV daily Refractory or salvage
Amphotericin B Lu: Inhaled AmphoB 25 mg daily x 4 days, then once weekly Li, M, P: 3‐5 mg/kg Abelcet IV daily
5 mg/kg IV daily Higher dosages are not more effective
K: Kidney; H: Heart, Li: Liver; Lu: Lung; M: Multivisceral; P: Pancreas
DURATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLAXIS
Solid Organ PCP CMV Antifungal
Kidney 3 months D+R‐: 6 monthsAll other serotypes: 3 months
Continued while on steroids
Liver 12 months D+R/‐: 6 monthsAll other serotypes: 3 months
Low risk: noneHigh risk: 7‐14 days
Intestine/Multivisceral
Indefinite 12 months Azole continued until steroid discontinued
Heart 3 months D+R‐: 6 monthsAll other serotypes: 3 months
3 months
Lung 12 months D+R‐: 12 monthsAll other serotypes: 6 months
12 months
**Patients that have completed their course of prophylaxis and receive treatment for rejection should restart PCP, CMV and antifungal prophylaxis for a period of 3 months
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
POST‐TRANSPLANT LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS (PTLD)
Heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders
Most commonly of B‐cell origin with 60‐80% of total PTLD cases found to be EBV‐positive
Most serious and potentially fatal complication post‐transplantation
Associated with a mortality of 40‐60%
Solid Organ Type Incidence
Liver 2.2%
Multivisceral 7‐11%
Heart 3.4%
Lung 1.8‐7.9%
Kidney 1%
EBV: Epstein Barr Virus
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PTLD
RISK FACTORS
• Advanced age
• Type of transplant
• High degree of immunosuppression
• Primary EBV infection after transplant
• Type of immunosuppressive agents used
• Allograft rejection
• Cytomegalovirus co‐infection
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
• Unexplained fever
• Mononucleosis‐like syndrome
• Gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction or perforation
• Abdominal mass lesions
• Infiltrative disease of the allograft
• Hepatocellular or pancreatic dysfunction
• Central nervous system disease
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PTLD: TREATMENT
• Based on case reports or a limited series of patients
• Initial strategy – reduction or discontinuation of immunosuppressive drug therapy
• Most effective for EBV‐ associated PTLDs occurring within the 1st year of transplantation
• Rituximab is the first line if initial strategy fails
• 375 mg/m2 IV weekly x 4 weeks
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
CONCLUSION
• UNOS amended its bylaws to include a clinical pharmacist as an essential member of the healthcare team
• ICU pharmacists play an integral role in the management of immunosuppression related issues in SOT recipients
• Valuable source in identifying and preventing immunosuppressant related adverse effects, drug interactions and providing alternative regimens when needed
• Important to be familiarized with management of rejection and infectious complications commonly seen in the SOT population
2016 ANNUAL MEETING
REFERENCES1. Reed MJ, Dhanyamraju S, Schultz MF, et al. Solid organ transplantation in the ICU. Comprehensive Critical Care: Adult. Chapter
42:791‐804.2. Moten MA, Doligalski CT. Postoperative transplant immunosuppression in the critical care unit. 2013;24(4):345‐350.3. Statistics from Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network as of January 16, 2015. Accessed April 18, 2016.4. Thompson ML, Flynn JD, Clifford TM. Pharmacotherapy of lung transplantation: an overview. J Pharm Practice 2012; 26(1): 5‐13.5. Gabardi S, Roger C. Long‐term management after kidney transplantation. PSAP 2014 Chronic Illnesses. 229‐258.6. Ferguson R, Grinyo J, Vincenti F, et al. Immunosuppression with belatacept‐based, corticosteroid‐avoiding regimens in de novo
kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2001;11:66‐76.7. Rostaing L, Vincenti F, Grinyo J, et al. Long‐term belatacept exposure maintains efficacy and safety at 5 years: results from the long‐
term extension of the BENEFIT study. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:2875‐83.8. Vincenti F, Rostaing L, Grinyo J, et al. Belatacept and long‐term outcomes in kidney transplantation. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:333‐43.9. Shah N, Meouchy J, Qazi Y. Bortezomib in kidney transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2015;20:652‐656.10. Kocak B, Demiralp AE, Karatas C, et al. Eculizumab for salvage treatment of refractory antibody‐mediated rejection in kidney
transplant patients: case reports. Transplantation Proceedings 2013; 45:1022‐1025.11. Fishman JA. Infection in solid‐organ transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:2601‐14.12. Razonable RR, Humar A. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:93‐106.13. Silveira FP, Kusne S. Candida infections in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:220‐227.14. Petrara MR, Giunco S, Serraino D, et al. Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders: from epidemiology to pathogenesis‐driven
treatment. Cancer Letters 2015; 369: 37‐44.15. Andreone P, Gramenzi A, Lorenzini S, et al. Post‐transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1997‐
2004.16. Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, et al. 2013 Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the vaccination of the
immunocompromised host. http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/11/26/cid.cit684.full.pdf+html17. Alloway RR, Dupuis R, Gabardi S, et al. Evolution of the role of the transplant pharmacist on the multidisciplinary transplant team.
Am J Transplant 2011; 11:1576‐1583.
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QUESTIONS
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