pas ho in john 3:16 as proof of particular redemption

8/9/2019 pas ho in John 3:16 as Proof of Particular Redemption

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pavß o ̊in John 3:16 as Proof of Particular Redemption

by Michael Senders

Part 1: A Petition for a More Consistent Interpretation of pavß o + verb Passages

Many preachers and teachers have made much of the traditional English

translation of pavß o ̊in John 3:16 as “whosoever 1.” In recent times, some have goneso far as to host entire conferences revolving around this passage. It is the intent of

this paper to show that the Greek construction “pavß o ̊+ verb” has been translated byEnglish Bible versions inconsistently throughout the various passages in which it

occurs, most famously in John 3:16. The author will attempt to prove that thisconstruction can, and should, be translated more consistently, and in a way that does

not import an outside thought not present in the construction.2

The construction pavß o˚3 + verb is found thirty-nine times within the NewTestament. Twenty-eight times the verb takes the present active participle form (Matt

5:28, 5:32, 7:21, 7:26; Luke 14:11, 16:18, 18:14; John 3:15, 3:16, 4:13, 6:40, 8:34,

11:26, 12:46; Acts 13:39; Rom 2:1, 10:11; 2 Tim 2:19; 1 Jn 2:29, 3:3, 3:4, 3:6 (twice),

3:15, 4:7, 5:1 (twice); 2 Jn 9), once in the present participle (Jn 18:37), three times in

the present middle participle (Matt 5:22; Luke 6:47; 1 Jn 2:23), three times in theaorist active participle (Luke 20:18; John 6:45, 16:2), once in the aorist middle

participle (Gal 3:13), and three times in the perfect middle participle (John 3:8; 1 Jn3:9, 5:18). Three more uses can be added for the form

pavn o˚ + verb: John 6:37

(present active indicative), 6:39 and 17:2 (perfect active indicative). It is interesting tonote that twenty-six of the forty-one uses are Johannine, with ten uses in the short

book 1 John alone.

First we will discuss the lexical meaning of pavß. Pavß has the genericmeaning of “all,” “each,” or “every.” When grouped with the article and a participle,

it means “every one who,” or “whoever.”4 The article, in this case acts as an

impersonal pronoun, meaning, “the [one].” When grouped with a participle, it

“receives the meaning of a relative clause,” to which BAG adds, “esp. after pavß,” andsuggests the translation, “everyone who becomes angry,” for pavß o ̊oṙgizo/menoß atMatt 5:22.

5 Thus, any time pavß o ̊occurs with a verb, it should be viewed as a phrase,

and should not be broken apart during exegesis. Special attention should be given tothose of the Arminian theological persuasion, who on occasion, draw attention to pavß within these phrases by separating it from the rest of the phrase to underline the

[assumed] unlimited nature of pavß when it occurs alone. Within the phrase, pavß is

1 More modern translations, such as the NASB, use the cognate “whoever.”

2 It should be noted that the author has no intention of speculating about why the versions noted havechosen to translate in the ways they have; such speculation is mere conjecture and is entirely fruitless.

The author’s purpose is merely to point out that an inconsistency exists, and then to find an appropriate

solution. 3

This paper will limit its discussion to singular usage.

4 BAG, 637. 5 Ibid., 553.


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limited only to those people participating in the action of the following verb. For

example, in John 3:16 according to the KJV, “…that He gave his only begotten Son,

that whosoever believeth in Him…,” the emphasis may be put on “whosoever,” and

then explained that the Greek word behind it is pavß, and that it therefore means thatthe Son was given for all without exception. This is a clear case of dividing a phrase,

and a good reason for dropping “whosoever” from all modern translations. Within theGreek phrase, pavß is limited to its verbal participants. Hence, in John 3:16, themonogenhv was sent so that “all those believing in him might be saved.” Pavß therefore is only describing the group of believers, not the whole of humanity.

When it comes to translation options, there are a variety of acceptable possibilities, and choice has more to do with how fluid of a reading one is hoping to

achieve. We will use John 3:16 as an example. pavß o ̊pisteu/wn in its most rigidliteral translation could read, “all the [ones] believing.” Also acceptable may be,

“everyone believing,” “all those believing,” “everyone who believes,” etc. The most

rigid literal translation is unnecessary, as “everyone that believes” seems to be anacceptable, readable translation that doesn’t import foreign ideas and yet is true to the

intention of the Greek text.So why this rigid adherence to “whosoever,” which imports a connotation that

the action of believing is open to anyone, an idea not present in the Greek text? John3:16 and its surrounding context say nothing about the cause of one’s faith, only that

believing is the necessary condition for the promise of eternal life. We will now look

at the full list of verses mentioned above in several popular versions for comparison,

to prove that the continued adherence to “whosoever,” or “whoever,” is forced, and

unnecessary.

Matt 5:22

Greek (NA27) KJV NIV NASB ESV

eġw\ de\ le/gwu˚mivn o¢ti pavß o˚ o˙rgizo/menoß twv ̂a˙delfwv ̂au˙touv e¡noxoß e¡stai thv ̂

kri/se˙i\...

But I say unto

you, That

whosoever is

angry with his

brother without a

cause shall be in

danger of the

judgment…

But I tell you that

anyone who is

angry with his

brother will be

subject to

judgment.

But I say to you

that everyone

who is angry with

his brother shall

be guilty before

the court…

But I say to you

that everyone

who is angry with

his brother will be

liable to

judgment…

Matt 5:28

eġw\ de\ le/gwu˚mivn o¢ti pavß o˚ ble/pwn

gunaivka pro\ßto\ eṗiqumhvtai

au˙th\n h¡dheṁoi/xeusenau˙th\n e˙n thv ̂

kardi/a auṫouv.

But I say untoyou, That

whosoever

looketh on a

woman to lust

after her hath

committed

adultery with her

already in his

heart.

But I tell you thatanyone who

looks at a woman

lustfully has

already

committed

adultery with her

in his heart.

…but I say to youthat everyone

who looks at a

woman with lust

for her has

already

committed

adultery with her

in his heart.

But I say to youthat everyone

who looks at a

woman with

lustful intent has

already

committed

adultery with her

in his heart.

Matt 5:32

eġw\ de\ le/gwu˚mivn o¢ti pavß o ̊

But I say unto

you, That

But I tell you that

anyone who

…but I say to you

that everyone

But I say to you

that everyone


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aṗolu/wn th\ngunaivka auṫouv parekto\ß lo/goupornei/aß poieiv

au˙th\nmoiceuqhvnai…

whosoever shall

put away his wife,

saving for the

cause of

fornication,

causeth her to

commitadultery…

divorces his wife,

except for marital

unfaithfulness,

causes her to

become an

adulteress…

who divorces his

wife, except for

the reason of

unchastity, makes

her commit

adultery…

who divorces his

wife, except on

the ground of

sexual

immorality,

makes her commit

adultery…

Matt 7:21

Ou˙ pavß o ̊le/gwn moi:

ku/rie ku/rie,eiṡeleu/setai

eiß̇ th\nbasilei/an twvn

ou˙ranwvn…

Not every one

that saith unto

me, Lord, Lord,

shall enter into the

kingdom of

heaven…

Not everyone

who says to me,

‘Lord, Lord’ will

enter the kingdom

of heaven…

Not everyone

who says to Me,

‘Lord, Lord,’ will

enter the kingdom

of heaven…

Not everyone

who says to me,

‘Lord, Lord,’ will

enter the kingdom

of heaven…

Matt 7:26

Kai\ pavß o˚ ak̇ou/wn moutou\ß lo/gouß

tou/touß kai\ mi\ poiwvn auṫou\ßom̊oiwqh/setaia˙ndri\ mwrwv ,̂

o¢stißw˙ k̂odo\mhsenau˙touv te/n

oik̇i/an eṗi\ th\na£mmon…

And every one

that heareth these

sayings of mine,

and doeth them

not, shall be

likened unto a

foolish man,

which built his

house upon the

sand:

But everyone

who hears these

words of mine…

“Everyone who

hears these words

of Mine and does

not act on them,

will be like a

foolish man who

built his house on

the sand.

And everyone

who hears these

words of mine…

Luke 6:47

Pavß o˚ eṙco/menoß pro/ßme kai\ ak̇ou/wn

mou twvnlo/gown kai\

poiwvn auṫou/ß,u˚powdei/xw um̊ivn

ti/ni eṡti\nom̊oioß…

Whosoever

cometh to me, and

heareth my

sayings, and doeth

them, I will shew

you to whom he is

like…

I will show you

what he is like

who comes to me

and hears my

words and puts

them into

practice.

Everyone who

comes to Me and

hears My words

and acts on them,

I will show you

whom he is like…

Everyone who

comes to me and

hears my words

and does them…

Luke 14:11

o¢ti pavß o ̊u˚ywvneåuto\n

tapeinwqh/setai…

For whosoever

exalteth himself

shall be abased…

For everyone

who exalts

himself will be

humbled…

For everyone

who exalts

himself will be

humbled…

For everyone

who exalts

himself will be

humbled…

Luke 16:18

Pavß o˚ aṗolu/wn th\n

gunaivka auṫouv

kai\ gamwvne˚te/ran

Whosoever

putteth away his

wife, and marrieth

another,committeth

Anyone who

divorces his wife

and marries

another womancommits

Everyone who

divorces his wife

and marries

another commitsadultery…

Everyone who

divorces his wife

and marries

another commitsadultery…


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moiceu/ei… adultery… adultery…

Luke 18:14

… o¢ti pavß o˚ u˚ywvn eåuto\n

tapeinwqh/setai…

… for every one

that exalteth

himself shall beabased…

… For everyone

who exalts

himself will behumbled…

… for everyone

who exalts


…For everyone

who exalts


Luke 20:18

pavß o˚ pesw\n e˙p’ek̇eivnon to\n li/qon

sunqlasqh/setai…

Whosoever shall

fall upon that

stone shall be

broken…

Everyone who

falls on that

stone will be

broken to

pieces…

Everyone who

falls on that

stone will be

broken to

pieces…

Everyone who

falls on that

stone will be

broken to

pieces…

John 3:8

to\ pneuvmao¢pou qe/lei pneiv kai\ th\n qwnh\nau˙touv ak̇ou/eiß,al̇l! ou˙k oi™daßpo/qen e¡rcetaikai\ pouv u˚pa/gei: ou¢twßeṡti\n pavß o ̊gegennhme/noßek̇ touv pneu/matoß.

The wind bloweth

where it listeth,

and thou hearest

the sound thereof,

but canst not tell

whence it cometh,

and whither it

goeth: so is everyone that is born

of the Spirit.

…So it is with

everyone born of

the Spirit.

“The wind blows

where it wishes

and you hear the

sound of it, but do

not know where it

comes from and

where it is going;

so is everyone

who is born of the

Spirit.

…So it is with

everyone who is

born of the Spirit.

John 3:15

i¢na pavß o˚ pisteu/wn eṅ

au˙twv ̂e¡chˆ zwh\naiẇ/nion.

That whosoever

believeth in him

should not perish,

but have eternal

life.

…that everyone

who believes in

him may have

eternal life.

…so that

whoever believes

will in Him have

eternal life.

…that whoever

believes in him

may have eternal

life.

John 3:16

ou¢twß ga\rh˙ga/phsen o ̊

qeo\ß to\n

ko/smon, w¢steto\n u˚io\n to\nmonogenhv

e¡dwken, i¢napavß o ̊

pisteu/wn eiß̇au˙to\n mh\

aṗo/lhtai al̇l’e¡chˆ zwh/naiẇ/nion.

For God so loved

the world, that he

gave his only

begotten Son, thatwhosoever

believeth in him

should not perish,

but have

everlasting life.

For God so loved

the world that he

gave his one and

only Son, thatwhoever believes

in him shall not

perish but have

eternal life.

For God so loved

the world, that He

gave his only

begotten Son, thatwhoever believes

in Him shall not

perish, but have

eternal life.

For God so loved

the world, that he

gave his only Son,

that whoever believes in him

should not perish

but have eternal

life.

John 4:13

a˙pekri/qh ˙Ihsouvß

kai\ ei™pen auṫh " :̂pavß o ̊pi/nwn ek̇

Jesus answered

and said unto her,

Whosoever

Jesus answered,

“Everyone who

drinks this water

Jesus answered

and said to her,

“Everyone who

Jesus said to her,

“Everyone who

drinks of this


5/18

touv u¢datoßtou/tou diyh/sei

pa/lin:

drinketh of this

water shall thirst

again:

will be thirsty

again…”

drinks of this

water will thirst

again…”

water will be

thirsty again…”

John 6:37

pavn o§ di/dwsi/nmoi o ̊path\r

pro\ß eṁe\ h¢xei…

All that theFather giveth me

shall come to

me…

All that theFather gives me

will come to

me…

All that theFather gives Me

will come to

Me…

All that theFather gives me

will come to

me…

John 6:39

touvto de/ eṡtinto\ qe/lhma touv pe/myanto/ß me,

i¢na pavn o § de/dwke/n moi mh\

aṗole/sw eẋ

au˙touv, a˙lla\ aṅasth/swau˙to\ [eṅ] thv ̂

eṡca/thˆ h˚me/ra.

And this is the

Father’s will

which hath sent

me, that of all

which he hath

given me I should

lose nothing, butshould raise it up

again at the last

day.

And this is the

will of him who

sent me, that I

shall lose none of

all that he has

given me, but

raise them up atthe last day.

This is the will of

Him who sent

Me, that of all

that He has given

Me I lose nothing,

but raise it up on

the last day.

And this is the

will of him who

sent me, that I

should lose

nothing of all that

he has given me,

but raise it up onthe last day.

John 6:40

touvto ga/reṡtin to\ qe/lema

touv parto/ßmou, i¢na pavß o ̊

qeorwvn to\nuio̊\n kai\

pisteu/wn eiß̇au˙to\n e¡chˆ zwh\naiẇ/nion…

And this is the

will of him that

sent me, that

every one which

seeth the Son, and

believeth on him,

may have

everlasting life…

For my Father’s

will is that

everyone who

looks to the Son

and believes in

him shall have

eternal life…

For this is the will

of My Father, that

everyone who

beholds the Son

and believes in

Him will have

eternal life…

For this is the will

of my Father, that

everyone who

looks on the Son

and believes in

him should have

eternal life…

John 6:45

… pavß o ̊ak̇ou/saß para\ touv patro\ß kai\ maqw\n e¡rcetai

pro\ß e˙me/.

…Every man

therefore that

hath heard, and

hath learned of

the Father,

cometh unto me.

…Everyone who

listens to the

Father and learns

from him comes

to me.

…Everyone who

has heard and

learned from the

Father, comes to

Me.

…Everyone who

has heard and

learned from the

father comes to

me…

John 8:34

aṗekri/qhau˙toivß

o ̊İhsouvß: aṁh\naṁh\n le/gw um̊ivn

o¢ti pavß o ̊poiwvn th\n

a˚mari/andouvlo/ß e˙stin

thvß am̊arti/aß.

Jesus answered

them, Verily,

verily, I say unto

you, Whosoever

committeth sin is

the servant of sin.

Jesus replied, “I

tell you the truth,

everyone who

sins is a slave to

sin.

Jesus answered

them, “Truly,

truly, I say to you,

everyone who

commits sin is the

slave of sin.

Jesus answered

them, “Truly,

truly, I say to you,

everyone who

commits sin is a

slave to sin.

John 11:26

kai\ pavß o ̊zwvnkai\ pisteu/wn

And whosoever

liveth and

…and whoever

lives and believes

…and everyone

who lives and

…and everyone

who lives and


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eiß̇ eṁe\ ou˙ mh\ aṗoqa/nhˆ eiß̇to\n aiẇvna. …

believeth in me

shall never die. … in me will never

die. …

believes in Me

will never die. …

believes in me

shall never die. …

John 12:46

eġw\ fwvß eiß̇ to\nko/smonel̇h/luqa, i¢na

pavß o ̊pisteu/wn eiß̇

eṁe\ eṅ thv ̂skoti/aˆ mh\

mei/nhˆ.

I am come a lightinto the world,

that whosoever

believeth on me

should not abide

in darkness.

I have come intothe world as a

light, so that no

one who believes

in me should stay

in darkness.

I have come as Light into the

world, so that

everyone who

believes in Me

will not remain in

darkness.

I have come intothe world as light,

so that whoever

believes in me

may not remain in

darkness.

John 16:2

a˙posunagw/goußpoih/sousinu˚mavß: al̇l’

e¡rcetai w¢ra i¢napavß o˚

aṗoktei/naßum̊avß do/xhlatrei÷an

prosfe/rein twv ̂qewv .̂

They shall put

you out of the

synagogues: yea,the time cometh,

that whosoever

killeth you will

think that he

doeth God

service.

They will put you

out of the

synagogue; infact, a time is

coming when

anyone who kills

you will think he

is offering a

service to God.

They will make

you outcasts from

the synagogue, but an hour is

coming for

everyone who

kills you to think

that he is offering

service to God.

They will put you

out of the

synagogues.Indeed, the hour

is coming when

whoever kills you

will think he is

offering service to

God.

John 17:2

kaqw\ß e¡dwkaßau˙twv ̂eẋousi/anpa/shß sarko/ß,

i¢na pavn o§ de/dwkaß auṫwv ̂dw/shˆ au˙toivßzwh\n aiẇnion.

As thou hast

given him power

over all flesh, that

he should giveeternal life to as

many as thou hast

given him.

For you granted

him authority

over all people

that he might giveeternal life to all

those you have

given him.

…even as You

gave Him

authority over all

flesh, that to allwhom You have

given Him, He

may give eternal

life.

…since you have

given him

authority over all

flesh, to giveeternal life to all

whom you have

given him.

John 18:37

pavß o ̊w£n ek̇thvß al̇hqei/aß

ak̇ou/ei mou thvßfwnhvß.

Every one that is

of the truth

heareth my voice.

Everyone on the

side of truth

listens to me.”

Everyone who is

of the truth hears

My voice.

Everyone who is

of the truth listens

to my voice.”

Acts 13:39

e˙n tou/twˆ pavß o ̊pisteu/wn

dikaiouvtai.

And by him all

that believe are

justified…

Through him

everyone who

believes is

justified …

…and through

Him everyone

who believes is

freed…

…and by him

everyone who

believes is

freed…

Rom 2:1

Dio\ a˙napolo/ghtoßei™, w™ a¡nqrwpepavß o ̊kri/nwn:

Therefore thou art

inexcusable, O

man, whosoever

thou art that

judgest:

You, therefore,

have no excuse,

you who pass

judgment on

someone else…

Therefore you

have no excuse,

everyone of you

who passes

judgment…

Therefore you

have no excuse, O

man, every one of

you who judges.


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Rom 10:11

le/gei ga\r h˚ grafh/:pa !ß o ̊pisteu/wn

eṗ’ auṫwv ̂ou˙ kataiscunqh/setai.

For the scripture

saith,

Whosoever

believeth on him

shall not beashamed.

As the Scripture

says, “Anyone

who trusts in

him will never

be put toshame.”

For the Scripture

says,

“WHOEVER

BELIEVES IN

HIM WILL NOTBE

DISAPPOINTED.”

For the Scripture

says, “Everyone

who believes in

him will not be

put to shame.”

Gal 3:13

…eṗikata/ratoß,pavß o˚

krema/menoß eṗi\ xu/lou,

…Cursed is every

one that hangeth

on a tree:

… “Cursed is

everyone who is

hung on a tree.”

… “CURSED IS

EVERYONE

WHO HANGS

ON A TREE” —

… “Cursed is

everyone who is

hanged on a

tree”-…

2 Tim 2:19

… a˙posth/twaṗo\ a˙diki/aß

pavß o ̊o˙noma/zwn to\ o¡noma kuri/ou.

… Let every onethat nameth the

name of Christ

depart from

iniquity.

… “Everyonewho confesses the

name of the Lord

must turn away

from

wickedness.”

… “Everyonewho names the

name of the Lord

is to abstain from

wickedness.

… “Let everyonewho names the

name of the Lord

depart from

iniquity.”

1 Jn 2:23

pavß o˚ a˙rnou/menoß to\nuio̊\n ouḋe\ to\npate/ra e¡cei…

Whosoever

denieth the Son,

the same hath not

the Father…

No one who

denies the Son has

the Father…

Whoever denies

the Son does not

have the Father…

No one who

denies the Son has

the Father…

1 Jn 2:29

… pavß o˚ poiwvnth\n

dikaiosu/nhn eẋau˙touv

gege/nnhtai.

… every one that

doeth

righteousness is

born of him.

…everyone who

does what is right

has been born of

him.

… everyone also

who practices

righteousness is

born of Him.

… everyone who

practices

righteousness has

been born of him.

1 Jn 3:3

kai\ pavß o ̊e¡cwnth\n e˙lpi÷da

tau÷thn eṗ! au˙twv ̂ag̊ni/zei

eåuto/n, kaqw\ße˙keivnoß ag̊no/ß

eṡtin.

Whosoever

committeth sin

transgresseth also

the law: for sin is

the transgression

of the law.

Everyone who

has this hope in

him purifies

himself, just as he

is pure.

And everyone

who has this hope

fixed on Him

purifies himself,

just as He is pure.

And everyone

who thus hopes in

him purifies

himself as he is

pure.

1 Jn 3:4

Pavß o˚ poiwvnth\n a˚marti/an

kai\ th\naṅomi/anpoieiv…

Whosoever

committeth sin

transgresseth also

the law…

Everyone who

sins breaks the

law…

Everyone who

practices sin also

practices

lawlessness…

Everyone who

makes a practice

of sinning also

practices

lawlessness…

1 Jn 3:6


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pavß o ̊eṅ auṫwv ̂me/nwn ouċ

a˚marta/nei: pavßo ̊am̊arta/nwnou˙c e˚w/rraken

au˙to\n ouḋe\ e¡gnwken auṫo/n.

Whosoever

abideth in him

sinneth not:

whosoever

sinneth hath not

seen him, neitherknown him.

No one who lives

in him keeps on

sinning. No one

who continues to

sin has either seen

him or knownhim.

No one who

abides in Him

sins; no one who

sins has seen Him

or knows Him.

No one who

abides in him

keeps on sinning;

no one who keeps

on sinning has

either seen him orknown him.

1 Jn 3:9

Pavß o˚ gegennhme/noßek̇ touv qeouv a˚marti/an ou ̇

poieiv…

Whosoever is

born of God doth

not commit sin…

No one who is

born of God will

continue to sin…

No one who is

born of God

practices sin…

No one born of

God makes a

practice of

sinning…

1 Jn 3:15

pavß o ̊miswvnto\n a˙delfo\nau˙touv

aṅqrwpokto/noßeṡti/n…

Whosoever hateth his brother

is a murderer…

Everyone whohates his brother

is a murderer…

Everyone who hates his brother

is a murderer…

Anyone who hates his brother

is a murderer…

1 Jn 4:7

…kai\ pavß o˚ a˙gapwvn e˙k touv

qeouv gege/nnhtai kai\ ginw/skei to\n

qeo/n.

…and every one

that loveth is

born of God, and

knoweth God.

…Everyone who

loves has been

born of God and

knows God.

…and everyone

who loves is born

of God and knows

God.

…and whoever

loves has been

born of God and

knows God.

1 Jn 5:1

Pavß o ̊pisteu/wn o¢ti

!Ihsouvß eṡtin o ̊Cpristo\ß, ek̇

touv qeouv gege/nnhtai, kai\ pavß o ̊aġapwvn

to\ngennh/santaaġapav ø [kai\]

to\ngegennhme/non

eẋ auṫouv.

Whosoever

believeth that

Jesus is the Christ

is born of God:

and every one

that loveth him

that begat loveth

him also that is

begotten of him.

Everyone who

believes that Jesus

is the Christ is

born of God, and

everyone who

loves the father

loves his child as

well.

Whoever believes

that Jesus is the

Christ is born of

God, and

whoever loves

the Father loves

the child born of

Him.

Everyone who

believes that Jesus

is the Christ has

been born of God

and everyone

who loves the

Father loves

whoever has been

born of him.

1 Jn 5:18

Oi¡damen o¢tipavß o ̊

gegennhme/noßek̇ touv qeouv

ou˙cam̊arta/nei…

We know that

whosoever is

born of God

sinneth not…

We know that

anyone born of

God does not

continue to sin…

We know that no

one who is born

of God sins…

We know that

everyone who

has been born of

God does not

keep on sinning…

2 Jn 9


9/18

Pavß o˚ proa/gwnkai\ me\ me/nwn eṅthv ̂didachv ̂touv Cristou " qeo\n

ou˙k e¡cei.

Whosoever

transgresseth, and

abideth not in the

doctrine of Christ,

hath not God.

Anyone who runs

ahead and does

not continue in

the teaching of

Christ does not

have God.

Anyone who goes

too far and does

not abide in the

teaching of Christ,

does not have

God.

Everyone who

goes on ahead and

does not abide in

the teaching of

Christ, does not

have God.

Even a cursory reading of the above list will alert the reader to the wide swath

of interpretations that have been offered for the exact same construction in the Greek

text. The most shocking part is that each Bible version is largely consistent with one

interpretation. The most common interpretation for pavß o ̊in the KJV is “whosoever,”used 27 times, and from this we can assume that for the translators of the KJV,

“whosoever” was the most appropriate translation at that period of time. The NIV,

NASB, and ESV each have the highest uses of “everyone who,” used 20, 27, and 27

times respectively. One immediately begins to question why so many varying

translations exist- 17 total translations plus variants of each- when it is apparent that

the translators see at least some need for consistency- a consistency not found in thetranslation “whoever.” On the other hand, “whoever,” was only used by the NIV

twice, the NASB 7 times, the ESV 4 times, and in these uses, only 3 times is

“whoever” used in a non-salvific context; once in the NASB at 1 John 2:23, and twice

in the ESV at John 16:2 and 1 Jn 4:7. “Whoever” is evidently not the preferred

translation of pavß o.̊ It also seems that its usage is intentional in salvific contexts,and that there is an adherence to unnecessary translational traditions in those contexts

against the preferred consistent translation.

Even more stunning is seeing the changes in translation of the same phrase.

Pavß o ̊gegennhme/noß is used only 3 times in scripture, and yet has 8 differenttranslations between the four versions, none showing any consistency in translation.

Pavß o ̊pisteu/wn is used 6 times, and has 6 different translations, though they doshow consistency. This many variant translations is entirely unnecessary, as all the

passages together are capable of being translated consistently, as will be presently

shown.

Following is another table, similar to the above, containing each verse in

question. The Greek text is given, followed by a rigid translation, and then the

author’s suggestion according to a consistent translation of the whole.

Matt 5:22

Greek (NA27) Rigid Suggested

eġw\ de\ le/gw um̊ivn o¢ti pavß o˚ oṙgizo/menoß twv ̂a˙delfwv ̂au˙touv e¡noxoß e¡stai thv ̂

kri/se˙i\...

But I say that all those being

angry with their brother, he is

guilty with the judgment…

But I say that everyone that is

angry with their brother is guilty

before the court…

Matt 5:28

eġw\ de\ le/gw um̊ivn o¢ti pavß o˚ ble/pwn gunaivka pro\ß to\

eṗiqumhvtai auṫh\n h¡dheṁoi/xeusen auṫh\n eṅ thv ̂

kardi/a auṫouv.

But I say to you that all those

looking at a woman with desire

for her has now committedadultery with her in his heart.

But I say to you that everyone

that looks at a woman with lust

for her has already committedadultery with her in his heart.


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Matt 5:32

eġw\ de\ le/gw um̊ivn o¢ti pavß o ̊aṗolu/wn th\n gunaivkaau˙touv parekto\ß lo/gou

pornei/aß poieiv au˙th\nmoiceuqhvnai…

But I say to you that all those

sending away their woman,

except for the reason of

immorality, makes her commit

adultery…

But I say to you that everyone

that divorces his wife, except

for immorality, causes her to

commit adultery…

Matt 7:21

Ou˙ pavß o ̊le/gwn moi: ku/rieku/rie, eiṡeleu/setai eiß̇ th\nbasilei/an twvn ouṙanwvn…

Not all those saying to me:

Lord, Lord, will enter into the

kingdom of heaven…

Not everyone that says to me,

“Lord, Lord,” will enter the

kingdom of heaven.

Matt 7:26

Kai\ pavß o˚ ak̇ou/wn moutou\ß lo/gouß tou/touß kai\

mh\ poiwvn auṫou\ßo˚moiwqh/setai aṅdri\ mwrwv ,̂o¢stiß w˙ k̂odo\mhsen auṫouv

te/n oik̇i/an eṗi\ th\n a£mmon…

And all those hearing these

words of mine and not doing

them, will be like a foolish man,

who built his house upon the

sand.

And everyone that hears these

words of mine and does not do

them will be like a foolish man,

who built his house on the sand.

Luke 6:47

Pavß o˚ eṙco/menoß pro/ß mekai\ a˙kou/wn mou twvn

lo/gown kai\ poiwvn auṫou/ /ß,up̊owdei/xw um̊ivn ti/ni eṡti\n

om̊oioß…

All those coming to me and

hearing my words and doing

them, I will show you what he is

like…

Everyone that comes to me and

hears my words and does them,

I will show you what he is

like…

Luke 14:11

o¢ti pavß o ̊u˚ywvn eåuto\ntapeinwqh/setai…

For all those exalting himself

will be humbled…

For everyone that exalts

himself will be humbled…

Luke 16:18

Pavß o˚ aṗolu/wn th\ngunaivka auṫouv kai\ gamwvn

et̊e/ran moiceu/ei…

All those putting away their

woman and marrying another

commits adultery…

Everyone that divorces his wife

and marries another commits

adultery…

Luke 18:14

…o¢ti pavß o˚ u˚ywvn eåuto\ntapeinwqh/setai…

…for all those exalting himself

will be humbled…

…for everyone that exalts

himself will be humbled…

Luke 20:18

pavß o˚ pesw\n e˙p’ ek̇eivnon

to\n li/qonsunqlasqh/setai…

All those falling upon that stone

will be broken…

Everyone that falls upon that

stone shall be shattered…


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John 3:8

to\ pneuvma o¢pou qe/lei pneiv kai\ th\n qwnh\n auṫouv

ak̇ou/eiß, al̇l! ou˙k oi™daß

po/qen e¡rcetai kai\ pouv u˚pa/gei: ou¢twß eṡti\n pavß o ̊gegennhme/noß ek̇ touv

pneu/matoß.

The wind blows where it wills

and you hear the sound of it, but

you do not know where it comes

and where it goes; in this way isall those already born of the

Spirit.

The wind blows where it wills

and though you hear its sound,

you do not know from where it

comes or to where it goes; so itis with everyone that is born of

the Spirit.

John 3:15

i¢na pavß o˚ pisteu/wn eṅau˙twv ̂e¡chˆ zwh\n aiẇ/nion.

In order that all those believing

in him might have life

everlasting.

…so that everyone that

believes in him might have

eternal life.

John 3:16

ou¢twß ga\r h˙ga/phsen o ̊qeo\ßto\n ko/smon, w¢ste to\n u˚io\nto\n monogenhv e¡dwken, i¢napavß o ̊pisteu/wn eiß̇ auṫo\nmh\ a˙po/lhtai al̇l’ e¡chˆ zwh/n

aiẇ/nion.

For in this way God loved the

world, that he gave the Son, the

unique one, so that all those

believing in him might not be

destroyed but have life

everlasting.

For in this way God so loved the

world, that he gave his unique

Son, so that everyone that

believes in him might not

perish, but have everlasting life.

John 4:13

aṗekri/qh ˙Ihsouvß kai\ ei™pen

au˙th "

:̂ pavß o ̊pi/nwn ek̇ touv u¢datoß tou/tou diyh/seipa/lin:

Jesus answered and said to her,

“All those drinking from thiswater will thirst again.”

Jesus said to her, “Everyone

that drinks this water will thirstagain.”

John 6:37

pavn o§ di/dwsi/n moi o ̊path\rpro\ß eṁe\ h¢xei…

All those the Father has given

me, to me he will come…

Everyone given to me by the

Father will come to me…

John 6:39

touvto de/ eṡtin to\ qe/lhmatouv pe/myanto/ß me, i¢na pavno § de/dwke/n moi mh\ aṗole/sweẋ auṫouv, a˙lla\ aṅasth/swau˙to\ [e˙n] thv ̂eṡca/thˆ h˚me/ra.

And this is the will of he whosent me, that all those given me

from him, I might not lose, but

raise it up on the last day.

Now this is the will of the onewho sent me, that everyone

given to me I should lose none

of it, but raise it up on the last

day.

John 6:40

touvto ga/r e˙stin to\ qe/lematouv patro/ß mou, i¢na pavß o ̊

qeorwvn to\n uio̊\n kai\ pisteu/wn eiß̇ auṫo\n e¡chˆ

zwh\n aiẇ/nion…

For this is the will of my father,

that all those seeing the son and

believing on him might have life

unending…

For this is the will of my Father,

that everyone that sees the son

and believes on him might have

everlasting life…


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John 6:45

…pavß o ̊ak̇ou/saß para\ touv patro\ß kai\ maqw\n e¡rcetai

pro\ß e˙me/.

…all those heard from the

father and learned comes to

me…

Everyone that has heard and

has learned from the Father

comes to me…

John 8:34

…aṁh\n a˙mh\n le/gw um̊ivn o¢tipavß o ̊poiwvn th\n a˚mari/an

douvlo/ß e˙stin thvß a˚marti/aß.

“Truly, truly, I say to you, that

all those doing sin is a slave to

sin.”

“Truly, truly, I say to you, that

everyone that sins is its slave.”

John 11:26

kai\ pavß o ̊zwvn kai\ pisteu/wn eiß̇ eṁe\ ou˙ mh\

aṗoqa/nhˆ eiß̇ to\n aiẇvna…

And all those living and

believing in me will with

absolute certainty not dieforever…

And everyone that lives and

believes in me will certainly

never die…

John 12:46

eġw\ fwvß eiß̇ to\n ko/smonel̇h/luqa, i¢na pavß o ̊

pisteu/wn eiß̇ eṁe\ eṅ thv ̂skoti/a ̂mh\ mei/nhˆ.

I came as light into the world,

that all those believing in me

might not remain in darkness.

I have come as light into the

world, that everyone that

believes in me might not remain

in darkness.

John 16:2

aṗosunagw/goußpoih/sousin um̊avß: al̇l’e¡rcetai w¢ra i¢na pavß o˚ aṗoktei/naß um̊avß dw/shlatrei÷an prosfe/rein twv ̂

qewv .̂

They will make you apart from

the synagogue, but the hour is

coming that all those killing

you will think they are offering

service to God.

They will banish you from the

synagogue, but the hour is

coming that everyone that kills

you will think they are offering

service to God.

John 17:2

kaqw\ß e¡dwkaß au˙twv ̂eẋousi/an pa/shß sarko/ß,

i¢na pavn o§ de/dwkaß auṫwv ̂dw/shˆ au˙toivß zwh\n aiẇnion.

Inasmuch as you gave him

authority over all flesh, that all

those given to him he mightgive to them life unending.

Just as you gave him authority

over all flesh, that to everyone

that you have given to him hemight give them everlasting life.

John 18:37

…pavß o ̊w£n ek̇ thvßal̇hqei/aß ak̇ou/ei mou thvß

fwnhvß.

…all those being of the truth

hear my voice.

…everyone that is of the truth

hears my voice.

Acts 13:39

eṅ tou/tw ̂pavß o ̊pisteu/wndikaiouvtai.

In him all those believing are

justified…

By him everyone that believes

is justified.


13/18

Rom 2:1

Dio\ aṅapolo/ghtoß ei™, w™ a¡nqrwpe pavß o ̊kri/nwn…

Therefore you are without

apology, O man, all those

judging…

Therefore you have no excuse,

O man, everyone that passes

judgment…

Rom 10:11

le/gei ga\r h˚ grafh/: pa !ß o ̊pisteu/wn eṗ’ auṫwv ̂ou˙ kataiscunqh/setai.

For the Scripture says, “All

those believing in him shall not

be dishonored.”

For the Scripture says,

“Everyone that believes in him

shall not be put to shame.”

Gal 3:13

eṗikata/ratoß, pavß o˚

krema/menoß eṗi\ xu/lou…Cursed are all those hanging on

a tree…

Cursed is everyone that hangs

on a tree…

2 Tim 2:19

a˙posth/tw aṗo\ aḋiki/aß pavßo ̊o˙noma/zwn to\ o¡noma

kuri/ou.

Depart from unrighteousness,

all those naming the name of

the Lord.

Depart from unrighteousness,

everyone that names the name

of the Lord.

1 Jn 2:23

pavß o˚ aṙnou/menoß to\n uio̊\nou˙de\ to\n pate/ra e¡cei,

All those denying the son,

neither does he have the father.

Everyone that denies the Son

does not have the Father either.

1 Jn 2:29

…pavß o˚ poiwvn th\ndikaiosu/nhn eẋ auṫouv

gege/nnhtai

…all those doing righteousness

has been born of him.

…everyone that practices

righteousness has been born of

him.

1 Jn 3:3

kai\ pavß o ̊e¡cwn th\n e˙lpi÷da

tau÷thn eṗ!

au˙twv ̂a˚gni/zeie˚auto/n, kaqw\ß ek̇eivnoßa˚gno/ß eṡtin.

And all those having this hope

in him purifies himself, just ashe is pure.

And everyone that has this

hope in him purifies himself,even as he is pure.

1 Jn 3:4

Pavß o˚ poiwvn th\n a˚marti/ankai\ th\n a˙nomi/an poieiv, kai\ h˚ am̊arti/a eṡti\n h˚ a˙nomi/a.

All those doing sin even does

lawlessness, and sin is

lawlessness.

Everyone that practices sin also

practices lawlessness, for sin is

lawlessness.

1 Jn 3:6


14/18

pavß o ̊eṅ auṫwv ̂me/nwn6 ou˙cam̊arta/nei: pavß o ̊

am̊arta/nwn ouċ e˚w/rrakenau˙to\n ouḋe\ e¡gnwken auṫo/n.

All those remaining in him do

not sin, all those sinning has not

seen him, neither has he known

him.

Everyone that remains in him

does not sin; everyone that sins

continually has not seen him,

nor has he known him.

1 Jn 3:9

Pavß o˚ gegennhme/noß ek̇ touv qeouv am̊arti/an ou ̇poieiv,

All those already born of God,

does not do sin…

Everyone that has been born of

God does not practice sin…

1 Jn 3:15

pavß o ̊miswvn to\n a˙delfo\nau˙touv aṅqrwpokto/noß

eṡti/n…

All those hating his brother is a

murderer.

Everyone that hates his brother

is a murderer.

1 Jn 4:7

…kai\ pavß o˚ aġapwvn e˙k touv qeouv gege/nnhtai kai\ ginw/skei to\n qeo/n.

…and all those loving have

been born of God and knows

God.

…and everyone that loves has

been born of God and knows

God.

1 Jn 5:1

Pavß o ̊pisteu/wn o¢ti!Ihsouvß eṡtin o ̊Cristo\ß, ek̇touv qeouv gege/nnhtai, kai\

pavß o ̊aġapwvn to\ngennh/santa aġapav ø [kai\]

to\n gegennhme/non eẋ auṫouv.

All those believing that Jesus is

the Christ, is born of God, and

all those loving the one bearing

[also] love the one born of him.

Everyone that believes that

Jesus is the Christ, is born of

God; and everyone that loves

the Father loves those born of

him.

1 Jn 5:18

Oi¡damen o¢ti pavß o ̊gegennhme/noß ek̇ touv qeouv

ou˙c a˚marta/nei…

We know that all those born of

God do not sin…

We know that everyone that

has been born of God does not

sin…

2 Jn 9

Pavß o˚ proa/gwn kai\ me\

me/nwn eṅ thv ̂didachv ̂touv Cristou " qeo\n ouk̇ e¡cei.

All those going ahead and not

remaining in the teaching ofChrist does not have God.

Everyone that goes ahead and

does not remain in the teachingof Christ does not have God.

At this point it is the author’s belief that his point has been proven; every use

of pavß o ̊+ verb may be translated in a way that is consistent with all other uses. Thetranslations suggested are fluid, and consistent with not only the Greek, but also with

the other Bible versions for fluid transition from version to version. The most

important point is this: all connotations brought on by the more traditional English

renderings have evaporated. The more consistent translation has provided neutrality in

6 me/nwn is in boldface to show that it belongs to the construction, though it is separated by eṅ auṫwv .̂


15/18

regards to the origin of the condition, effectively avoiding eisegetical importations to

the English rendering.

In conclusion to the first part of this study, the word “whosoever,” or

“whoever,” is unwarranted in any modern translation. It imports a foreign thought

into the construction and should be translated in a way that is consistent with its otheroccurrences. In the case of John 3:16, the “offer” of salvation to “whoever believes”

is an eisegetical import not supported by the Greek. Instead, John 3:16 is neutral

regarding the cause of belief- it simply does not state why one believes. In the nextsection, the author will attempt to prove a rule concerning the usage of pavß o ̊+ verb,and demonstrate that through this rule the cause of belief in John 3:16 may be

ascertained.

Part 2: Identifying a Rule Concerning the Use of pavß o ̊+ Verb and the Argument forParticular Redemption

After proving that it is possible to consistently translate the pavß o ̊+ verbconstruction, the most obvious question is, “To what end?” What is the purpose ofretranslating some of the Bible’s most well known passages? The purpose is simple:

by removing a connotation that is not truly present, the true purpose of theconstruction may be demonstrated. Each author makes use of pavß o ̊+ verb todemonstrate that if a certain condition exists (independent of the cause of the

condition), then a certain outcome will occur, or is occurring. The next table will

demonstrate this.

Verse If Then

Matt 5:22 Angry with your brother Guilty before the court

Matt 5:28 Looking at a woman with lust Has committed adultery

Matt 5:32 Divorces wife Makes her commit adultery

Matt 7:21 Saying “Lord, Lord” (but not

doing his will)

Will not enter the kingdom of

heaven

Matt 7:26 Hearing my words but not doing

them

Will be like a foolish man

Luke 6:47 Coming to me and hearing my

words

Builds his house on bedrock

(v48)

Luke 14:11 Exalts himself Will be humbled

Luke 16:18 Divorces wife and marries

another

Commits adultery

Luke 18:14 Exalts himself Will be humbled

Luke 20:18 Falling on that stone Will be shattered

John 3:8 Born of the Spirit Is like the wind

John 3:15 Believing on Him Has eternal life

John 3:16 Believing on Him Shall not perish; have eternal

life

John 4:13 Drinks of this water Will thirst again

John 6:37 Given by the Father Will come to ChristJohn 6:39 Given by Father to Christ Christ will not lose (any); he


16/18

will raise it up on the last day

John 6:40 Looking and believing on Christ Will have eternal life

John 6:45 Heard and learned of the Father Comes to Christ

John 8:34 Sin Is slave to sin

John 11:26 Lives and believes in Christ Will never die

John 12:46 Believes in Christ Will not remain in darkness

John 16:2 Kills you Will think they are offering aservice to God

John 17:2 Given by God to Christ Christ gives eternal life

John 18:37 Of the truth Hears the voice of Christ

Acts 13:39 Believes Justified

Rom 2:1 Passing judgment Has no excuse

Rom 10:11 Believes Will not be disappointed

Gal 3:13 Hangs on a tree Is cursed

2 Tim 2:197 Names the name of the Lord Depart from unrighteousness!

1 John 2:23 Denies the Son Does not have the Father

1 John 2:29 Practices righteousness Is born of the Father

1 John 3:3 Has this hope (that we will be

like him, v2)

Purifies himself

1 John 3:4 Practices sin Practices lawlessness

1 John 3:6a Abiding in him Does not sin

1 John 3:6b Sinning Has not seen him and does not

know him

1 John 3:9 Born of God Does not practice sin

1 John 3:15 Hates his brother Is a murderer

1 John 4:7 Loving Is born of God

1 John 5:1 Believing that Jesus is the Christ Is born of God

1 John 5:18 Born of God Does not sin

2 John 9 Does not abide in the teaching Does not have God

The author believes he has identified an exegetical rule: In every instance that

pavß o ̊+ verb is used, it occurs within a conditional statement. By conditional, theauthor is not in any way insinuating that the “if” is conditioned upon the individual

who is taking part in the action of the verb; rather, in a neutral fashion, the authors are

simply stating that when the condition is met, the effect is definitely applied.

This brings a whole new emphasis to John 3:16 apart from the repeated

unlimited atonement emphasis on “whosoever.” The emphasis turns from an offer into

a promise- those believing on him will have eternal life. Everlasting life is the effectof believing; it will certainly occur. Upon this fact can every Christian in every place

and at every time place the full of his or her hope. The Unique One of God was sent

by the Father not to make salvation an offer that may or may not be accepteddepending upon the free will choice of every individual at all times and at all places,

but to secure salvation for a certain people- those that believe. But what is that belief

contingent upon?

Based on the conclusion above, that pavß o ̊+ verb is always includes aconditional statement, we can find the answer for the question of the cause of belief in

John 3:16 within the table above. There is a string of pavß o ̊+ verb passages in John

7

This may be the only exception, as it is the only example where the effect appears in the imperative.Yet, it can still be understood in the prescribed notion if it is understood that Paul’s command

definitely applies to those “naming the name.” The author believes his conclusion stands.


17/18

6 there are indications that God himself is the cause of each respective effect. This

fact makes it certain that the only acceptable cause for belief is God himself.

In John 6:36, Jesus addresses the crowd at the Sea of Galilee in regards to

their disbelief. Why do they not believe? The answer is found in the first of four pavßo ̊+ verb passages. In verse 37, Christ states why they do not believe: “Everyone

given [pavn o ̊de/dwke/n] to me by the Father will come to me…” The plain meaningof the conditional factor here is that the primary reason one will come to Christ is

because the Father has given that one to Christ. The only argument against thisinterpretation is to say that there may be some who come to Christ that are not given

by the Father, which is preposterous. The argument that being given by the Father isfirst conditioned upon the free will choice of the moral agent is to turn the conditional

construction exactly backwards, and is an argument even more devoid of value than

the previous argument. The only way one can come to the Father is by being given to

Christ by the Father first. Verse 65 makes this explicit, “And he was saying, ‘For this

reason I said to you that no one is able to come to me unless it is given him from the

Father.’”

The next occurrence is in verse 39, “Now this is the will of the one who sentme, that everyone given [pavn o ̊de/dwke/n] to me I should lose none of it, but raisehim up on the last day.” The latter promise here has a parallel in verse 40, “For this isthe will of my Father, that everyone that sees [pavß o ̊qewrw/n] the Son and believes[kai\ pisteu/wn] on him might have eternal life, and I will raise him up on the lastday,” and 44, “No one is able to come to me unless the Father who sent me draws

him, and I will raise him up on the last day.” Every one of these passages refers to the

same group, that is, those that are raised up on the last day, the day when the dead inChrist will rise again (John 11:24). There will not be any person who will be raised up

“on the last day” who does not fit all three conditions. Once again, coming to Christin faith is conditioned upon action by the Father.

The final occurrence is in verse 45, “It is written in the prophets: ‘And theyshall all be taught of God.’ Everyone that has heard [pavß o ̊ak̇ou/saß] and haslearned [kai\ maqw\n] from the Father comes to me.” It has already been establishedthat those being raised up on the last day are given by the Father, and come to Christ.

Coming to Christ is a condition for being raised up. Therefore, in verse 45 we must

accept that the “they” are the same individuals in the previous passages because

“comes” in verse 45 corresponds with “to come” in verse 44, making “comes” in

verse 45 contingent upon being drawn by the Father. Those who have “heard and

learned” are the same as those that have been drawn and given by the Father.

In John 3:16, it is said that the Monogenes was sent to give eternal life to those

that believe in him. It has been established that coming to Christ is conditioned upon

being given to Christ by the Father. In John 6:40 the same idea as in John 3:16 isexpressed in nearly the exact same language:

3:16- i¢na pavß o ̊ pisteu/wn eiß̇ auṫo\n 6:40- i¢na pavß o ̊qeorwvn to\n uio̊\n kai\ pisteu/wn8 eiß̇ auṫo\n

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Pavß o˚ does not occur with pisteu/wn in John 6:40, but should be supplied. kai\ connects pisteu/wn with qeorwvn, making the group of those believing the same as those seeing, and the Greek author(John) does not repeat pavß o˚ because it should be understood.


18/18

3:16- mh\ aṗo/lhtai al̇l’ e¡ch ̂zwh/n aiẇ/nion. 6:40- e¡ch ̂zwh\n aiẇ/nion

If in John 6:40, those receiving eternal life are raised up on the last day, and those

believing on him in 3:16 also receive eternal life, and those raised up on the last day

in 6:40 are the same group as those given by the Father to the Son in 6:37, 39 anddrawn by him in 6:44, then it is necessary to conclude that those believing in him in

John 3:16 do so because they were first given to him and drawn by the Father.

Therefore, it has been established that Christ came to save a particular people who

were predetermined by the Father and given to Christ. Christ did not come to make

salvation a possibility, but he came to “do the will of [the] Father,” which was to

definitely save a particular people.

In conclusion, we have established the following points:1.

pavß o ̊+ verb constructions have been inconsistently translated in popularBible versions.

2.

It is entirely possible to consistently translate pavß o ̊+ verb constructions.3. A consistent translation of pavß o ̊+ verb constructions removes the “free

will” connotation of “whoever” in John 3:16 and similar passages.

4. pavß o ̊+ verb constructions occur in conditional statements in every use.5.

The pavß o ̊+ verb conditional statements in John 6 render aninterpretation of John 3:16 that defines the cause of believing as being

given to Christ by the Father.

pas ho in john 3:16 as proof of particular redemption

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