Parts of Speech

Noun — a word that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or action

Ex.: Diligence is what teachers value most in the classroom.

Pronoun — a word that takes the place of a noun Ex.: He lost his backpack.

Article — a word used to signal a noun Ex.: a, an, the

Action verb — expresses action, something that a person, animal, force of nature, or thing can do

Ex.: In the library and at church, Michelle giggles inappropriately.

Linking verb — does not express action. Instead, they connect the subject of the sentence with additional information.

Ex.: Kayla a a shopaholic. Kayla is_ beautiful.

Helping verb — has no meaning of its own; they "help" the main verb

Ex.: includes forms of be, have, do, can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must Your should see a doctor.

7 STEPS TO GRAMMAR

1. Locate the prepositional phrase. **A prepositional phrase usually shows location or time (after school, in my

room). A prepositional phrase is made of a preposition (P) and an object of the preposition (OP) which will be a

noun or pronoun (person, place, or ). To find the object of the preposition, say the preposition, then say,

"what". The answer to that question will be the OP. For example:

P OP

The friendly boy quietly gave his sweet mother a red rose (from the florist shop). From what? The shop.

Labeling the prepositional phrase. **A prepositional phrase begins with the preposition and ends with the object

of the preposition.

You may also find modifiers (articles, adjectives) in the phrase, but you will

not find:

the subject, verbs, direct objects, or indirect objects.

2. Locate the subject.

The subject is the noun/pronoun that does the action or is in a

state-of-being

Ask yourself who or what the sentence is about

Ex. She drove the car. Who drove the car? Does the action

She is a nurse. Who is a nurse? State of Being

Label the subject (S)

Label only steps 1— 2

1. Drake is planning her science project for Mrs. Smith's class.

2. A boy with dark brown hair was walking across the greenbelt this morning.

3. The police and the fire department are cooperating after the accident.

4. John and Jason were measuring the area of the classroom.

5. The hikers had journeyed over two thousand miles across the African plain.

Step 3 Locate the verbs (label AV, HV, LV) **These will never be in the prepositional phrase.**

A. Action verb (label AV) Action can be a. physical

b. mental c. ownership

S AV P OP Physical: Mary ran (through the park.)

S AV P OP Mental: Mary thought (about the test.)

S AV P OP Ownership: Mary has two tickets (for the game.)

Remember: Subject = who/what the sentence is about

Verb = what the subject is doing (for action verb)

S AV The friendly boy quietly gave his sweet mother a red rose

P OP (from the florist shop.)

STEP 3

Locate the verb (predicate). There are three types of verbs:

1. Action verbs (AV) — show action; physical action, mental action, ownership (have, has)

AV Ex. She drove the car. She has a car.

2. Helping verbs (HV) — appear in front of another verb to make a verb phrase. See song for a list.

HV AV Ex. We have watched the movie.

3. Linking verbs (LV) — connect a subject to an adjective or noun that describe it or rename it.

LV Ex. Susan is a nurse. (nurse is a noun, so it is a predicate noun)

LV John is cool. (cool is an adjective, so it is a predicate adjective)

Label only steps 1— 3

1. The art museum has golden marble lions with huge paws.

2. American Idol is broadcast to a worldwide audience.

3. Coach Boswell sprinted across the field after the game.

4. Language Arts teachers meet daily at CMS and plan for students.

5. During Hurricane Ike, many residents lost electricity for weeks.

6. Inside the pyramid, the climate changes to keep the animals comfortable.

7. In a single contraction, the heart pumps about two ounces of blood.

8. Over the summer, Jaime consistently wrote his cousin a letter.

9. At Intercontinental, the passengers boarded the plane in the morning

10.Mr. Camps spoke in the library during the PTA meeting.

7 STEPS NOTES - STEP 4 DIRECT OBJECTS

4. b0 Locate the direct object. The direct object is a noun that

receives the action of the verb. It usually comes after

the verb. To find the direct object: 1. has to be a noun 2. has to receive action

3. answers "what" after the action verb

Ex. The friendly boy quietly gave his sweet mother a red

DO

rose (from the florist shop.)

STEP 5: INDIRECT OBJECT

5. (IC)) Locate the indirect object. It will be the noun that answers "to whom" the direct object happens. The indirect object comes

the direct object.

Ex. The friendly boy quietly gave his sweet mother a red

DO rose (from the florist shop.)

**The indirect object is most often a person or pet.

Step 6: Locate any modifiers.

Modifiers elaborate (explain in more detail) the sentence. There are four different types of modifiers:

1. adjectives (adj) — describe a noun or pronoun 2. adverbs (adv) — describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs 3. articles (A) — a, an, the 4. possessive pronouns (ppn) — a pronoun (her, his, ours, their, your, etc.)

that shows ownership

A adj S adv AV ppn adj 10 A adj DO P A Ex. The friendly boy quietly gave his sweet mother a red rose (from the

adj OP florist shop).

Label steps 1 - 6

1. A boy with dark brown hair was walking across the greenbelt this morning.

2. The hikers had journeyed over two thousand miles across the African plain.

3. Jonathan was studying for his history test last night.

4. Our Chess Club members frantically raced to catch the bus for the tournament.

5. At the Houston Zoo, the monkeys were screaming hysterically at the amazed crowd.

STEP 7 : LOCATE AND LABEL CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS

Conjunctions (Conj) — often indicates two of something; remember FANBOYS

For And Nor But Or Yet So

CONJUNCTION WHAT IS LINKED SAMPLE SENTENCES

and noun phrase+noun We have tickets for the symphony and the opera. phrase

but sentence+sentence The orchestra rehearses on Tuesday, but the chorus rehearses on Wednesday.

or verb+verb Have you seen or heard the opera by Scott Joplin?

so sentence+sentence I wanted to sit in the front of the balcony, so I ordered my tickets early.

Interjections ant) — shows strong emotion; punctuated with an ! or , Ex. Ah, you are finally here.

Oh well, we'll beat them next time. Ouch! That hurts! Hey! Watch it!

7 STEPS TEST REVIEW

TEST DATE:

Label the following sentences using all 7 steps. You may use your notes and old worksheets. Please label every word.

1. They suffered from hunger during the war.

2. My azaleas budded with new flowers until the freeze.

3. She always thinks positively.

4. Lilly has two tickets.

5. Susan is a nurse at the hospital.

6. That hamburger smells delicious.

7. Carol has always seemed calm before swim meets.

8. Have they joined the camera club?

9. Laura wrote an essay about her favorite hobby.

10.Mike's knowledge of snakes may have saved him after the snakebite.

11. The trainer fed the seal a bucketful of fish.

12.The nurse handed the surgeon a scalpel and a sponge.

13.Her employer paid Kim one week's salary.

14.Mary remained tired for two days after her fever.

15.That model airplane looks too hard for me to assemble.

16. The new perfume smells like French vanilla.

17. Brittany was called to the office twice by Ms. Fasold during Language.

18. Mike's knowledge of snakes may have saved him after the snakebite.

19. The assistant gave his boss some phone messages after lunch.

20. The shy boy quietly took paper from his binder.

21. The teacher became frustrated with the students for talking in class.

22. Mary's friends gave her a bridal shower before her wedding.

23. Elaine carefully stashed the chocolate bar in her top drawer.

24. Michelle Kwan skated and placed during the Winter Olympics.

25. Wow! That grammar test seemed incredibly easy.