partnership excellence growth global pro-poor fisheries and aquaculture development ifad cop...
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partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Global Pro-Poor Fisheries and Aquaculture Development
IFAD CoP Workshop12-13 January 2009, Rome
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
the MDGs, fisheries & aquaculture• Fisheries and aquaculture can help
meet the Millennium Development Goals• fish contributes >50% of protein
intake for 400 million people from the poorest African and South Asian countries
• employs 135 million worldwide, a quarter of whom work in aquaculture
• for the World’s 40 least developed countries, fish is the third largest traded commodity
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
small-scale fisheries and aquaculture
Importance: Safety Net• Part of diversified
livelihood strategies.• Contributes to food and
nutrition security. • Vulnerable sector
• Often landless• Highly mobile• Marginalised
Importance: Economic Driver• An important cash
generator.• Strong economic
multiplier effects.• 50% of the 80 billion dollar
a year global fish trade from LDCs
• Economically resilient (esp compared to industrial fisheries).
Challenges: (i) wider changes in the environment – especially water management and climate change; (ii) insecure rights; (iii) social exclusion; (iv) poor access to services
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
small-scale fisheries & aquaculture
• Over half of global production from
small-scale fisheries(37-43 million t)
• Marine catches larger than inland
(28-30 million t vs 9-13 million t)
• Participation greater in inland SSF
(11-12 million people in marine vs 14-
15 million in inland SSF)
• Women ca. 60% of overall
participation
• Aquaculture is the fastest growing
food production sector (avg 6% per
year over the past 5 years). It now
accounts for 33% of global fish supply
• Environmental problems can arise if
use of ecosystem services not
managed properly
• Challenge: increase food production
while maintaining ecosystem
resilience and reducing poverty
Resilience Sustainability
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
resilient small-scale fisheries…absorb shocks and reorganise themselves following stresses and disturbance while still delivering benefits for poverty reduction
Social Resilience
Ecological Resilience
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
sustainable aquaculture…• produces fish in ways that do
not store up environmental problems for the future
• uses land, water, food and energy wisely and efficiently
• is integrated into national economies in ways that maximize its development impact
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
multiple dimensions of poverty
Vulnerability
Income and asset
poverty
Social exclusion
Social exclusion: inequality and ‘elite capture’ of rights in CBFM, poor access to services (inc. health, education, finance, justice)
Vulnerability: insecure rights, uncertain production systems, high physical, economic and regulatory or institutional risks
(Bene, Macfadayen, Allison, 2007)
Fisherfolk not always the ‘poorest of the poor’ in income terms
Physical asset profiles strongly mediated by rights to land, mobility, uncertain production system
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
vulnerability & incentives for resource conservation
Risk perception: Fish stock decline may be low in fisherfolk’s risk-hierarchies; aquaculture investment may be seen as too risky
Social exclusion: fishers and farmers not able to gain the support of external agents to improve rights and access to services
Overall outcome: fishers lack incentives and means to manage resources, even when granted to them through ‘rights-based fishing’; aquaculture technology uptake low by the poorest
Policy implications: Incentives to claim and defend aquatic property rights (and to risk investing in aquaculture) may require vulnerability to be reduced and other rights to be strengthened
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
perceptions of risks to livelihoodsFrom participatory vulnerability mapping exercises with
fishers and fish workers in East Africa:1. Malaria and other common illnesses2. Gear theft and personal insecurity3. Insecure rights of access to land and landing sites4. Unpredictable seasons/weather (climate change)5. Rising costs of inputs6. Marketing-related insecurities...11. Too much fishing; decline of fish stocks.
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
example: vulnerability of fisheries to climate change impacts
HighMissing data
Low
Allison et al, in press
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
National adult seroprevalence
(%)
Fisherfolk seroprevalence
(%)
Number of HIV positive fishers
Kenya 6.7 30.5 45 000
Thailand 1.5 6.9 24 000
Indonesia 0.1 1.4 72 000
example: vulnerabililty of fisherfolk to HIV/AIDS
(Allison & Seeley, 2004; Kissling et al., 2005)
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
why addressing poverty, vulnerability, and rights helps fishery governance The more secure people feel, the more they save
and invest in the future As fishing people become more secure, the risks
of fishery decline becomes the most important remaining source of insecurity
This leads to more incentive to invest in governing fish stocks.
Incentives and capacity to claim and defend property rights will be clearer and stronger if violations of fisherfolk’s broader human rights are addressed first
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
investments to reduce vulnerability…
Income & Asset
Poverty
MarginalisationVulnerability
Improve access to health services,
secure land rights,aquatic property
rights
Organisational development,labour rights,migrant’s rights,gender equity
Diversification, microfinance, education & skills
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
How to prevent overfishing while supporting livelihood
interests and contributing to poverty reduction and food
security?
Develop new technologies& markets
…in the context of responsible fisheries and ecosystem-based management
Reformfisheries
governance
Assess resource & environmentalstatus to guide fishery management
Build assets and capabilities
Reduce vulnerability and strengthen rights
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
an integrated approach to pro-poor fisheries and AQ development
Market failure
Governance failure
Entitlements failure
ResponseThreat
Claim human rights – to food,health, decent work, freedom from discrimination etc
Strengthen access to infrastructure,Information, higher-value markets
Clarify and strengthen aquatic property or user rights
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
communities of practice can help to maximise our impact
A Linear World View A Networked World View
Thinking For Thinking With
Developing Technologies Technologies plus…..