parties and political stability: modernization and parties
TRANSCRIPT
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Parties and Political Stability: Modernization and Parties
Pat Ray M Dagapioso2009
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Political Community in Modern Society• Mobilizing new people into new
roles modernization leads to a larger and more diversified society, which lacks the ‘natural’ community oif the extended family,or the tribe.
• Either these groups that are mobilized will become assimilated into the pol’l system or they become the source of antagonism or revolution against the sytem.
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National Integration and Political Assimilation• The common problems of nat’l
integration & pol’l assimilation is the expansion of pol’l consciousness and participation produced by modernization.
• Instability – polities: participation and institutionalization at low levels
• Stable – polities: large scale modern pol’l institutions with extensive pol’l participation.
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Political Parties
• Society with well organized pol’l parties w/ low levels of pol’l participation shows less destabilizing expansion of pol’l participation.
• Example: Malaya (60s) is more stable with single party that composed of diverse ethnic groups than Thailand w/ virtually no pol’l parties.
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Different Context in the World Over
• Societies w/ low levels of participation and partyless monarchy were unstable, e.g. Libya 60s.
• Societies w/c lack effective traditional and modern pol’l institutions faced highly unstable futures, e.g. Haiti (Duvalier) & Dominican Republic (Trujillo).
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Modernizing Societies
• Societes w/ highly developed traditional pol’l institutions may evolve to higher levels of participation through the adaptation of those institutions.
• Pol’l Parties become necessary to organize & to structure the expanded participation.
• The creation of modern pol’l insitutions then supplements the need to expand pol’l consciousness, e.g. pol’l parties
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The Case of Modernizing Countries
• Early attention to the problems of pol’l organization and the creation of modern pol’l institutions makes for an easier and less destabilizng process of modernization.
• Soviet Union – the NEP had reconstruct and strengthened the party, reinvigoration of the cadres, before the the industrialization of the Soviets and collectivizaion fo agriculture in the 30s.
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The Case of Modernizing Countries – Episode II
• China – first priority was given to extension of party control and the refurbishing of the party organization (1949); late 50s economic development move to forefront party’s objectives.
• Turkey – Mustafa Kemal consciuosly laid first the national and pol’l basis for his society before turning to social reform and economic development.
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The Case of Modernizing Countries – Episode III
• Tunisia – Neo-Destour gov’t: prime objective was to building of the state; second, formation of the formal ruling class; and after that Tunisia in 1961 turned to a program of economic and social development.
• Modernizing society: ‘building the state’ means the creation of an effective bureaucracy and more importantly the creation of an effective party system capable of structuring the participation of new groups in politics.
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Political Parties and Consequences• Parties organize pol’l
participation, party systems affect the rate at w/c participation expands.
• High level of participation produces anomic politics and vioence.
• Low level of particiaption ends o weaken pol’l parties, institutions and other socia forces.
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More on Parties
• 1. Party and Party system with mass support is stronger than a party w/ restricted support for the former and with increased pol’l participation for the latter.
• 2. Participation w/o organization degenerates into mass movements, & organization that lacks participation degenerates into personal cliques.
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More on Parties – Part II
• 3. Strong Parties require high levels of support and pol’l institution.
• 4. Parties are instruments of mobilization.
• 5. Elections w/ parties provide mechanism for pol’l mobilization w/n institutional framework.
• 6. Strong pol’l parties results in larger voting turnout.
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The Fragility of No-Party State
• Traditional parties do not have them, modernizing politics need them, but does not want them.
• Opposition of pol’l parties in the society are: Conservatives, administrative opposition and the populistic and Rousseaunian groups.
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Conservatives
• They oppose the parties because they see them as challenging the existing social structure.
• Parties are innovations threatening the pol’l power of the elite based on heredity, social status, and and ownership.
• Ruling monarchs see p. parties as divisive forces w/c challenges his authority or greatly complicate his efforts to unify and modernize his country.
• Its ability to modernize politically, economically, socially is limited.
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Administrative Opposition
• They accept the need to rationalize social and economic structures, but is unwilling to accept the implications of modernization for broadening the scope of popular participation in politics.
• Goals: efficiency and elimination of conflict.
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Populist-Rosseaunians • They deny the need for any
intervening structure between the people and its pol’l leaders.
• They want partyless democracies. • In short: conservatives – party
challenges the hierarchy, administrators – threat to rationalized rules, and populists- obstacle to expression of general will.
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Overall Arguments Toward Parties
• Washington: 1. parties promote corruption and administrative efficiency;
• 2. split society against itself and promote conflicts;
• 3. encourage pol’l instability; encourage pol’l weakness;
• 4. lay the state to influence from and penetrated by external powers.
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Party’s Rebuttal: Strong Parties• Those arguments are characterisitcs of weak
aprties, not the strong ones.The truth is parties appear as factions and exacerbate conflict and disunion in the early stages of development.
• Yet, strong parties become buckle w/c binds one social force to another and creates the basis for loyalty and identity.
• Party forments stability and orderly change in the government by regularizing the procedures of leadership succession and assimilation of new groups into the pol’l system.
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Party Suppression
• Anti-party suppression prevail in many modernizing states.
• Elites, tries to prevent the emergence of the parties and declares them illegal.
• Such systems maybe stable, yet the suppression of the pol’l parties in these states (Thailand, Iran) made them presumptively unstable.
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Party Survival in Suppressing Societies
• At, some point, parties are allowed to be formed w/n a traditional parliament.
• Yet, these societies always try to limit the pol’l power in the system and pol’l participation of the parties (Morocco).
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Consequences of Societies w/ Pol’l Parties
• Military dictator assumes power after parties have become weakened or fragmented.
• Asia – military coup occurs where parties were proscribed
• Spain – Franco regime promotes pol’l passivity
• Further, the suppression of parties usually accompanies substantial efforts to decrease the level of pol’l consciousness and pol’l activity.
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Party and the Traditional State
• No-party state is the natural state for a traditional society.
• Modernization brought traditional societies to become anti-parties: conscious efforts to prevent and suppress parties were made.
• Further, they furnish party substitutes, for new ways of pol’l participation.
• More hostile government = greater instability, i.e., more coups be frequent.
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Strong Parties and Pol’l Stability
• The stability of a modernizng pol’l system depends on the strength of its pol’l parties.
• A strong party can be said when it has institutionalized mass support. Strength = support and levels of institution.
• Society must have at least one strong party.
• Countries with strong party base also finds a way to reduce military involvement in politics.
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Strong Parties and Pol’l Stability – Part 2
• Military intervenes in politics by: 1. decline in party strength, 2. fragmentation of leadership, 3. evaporation (condensation, you know what I mean) of mass support, 4. decay of organizational structure, 5. shift of pol’l leaders from party to bureaucracy, and 6. rise of personalism.
• Military coups do not pestroy parties; they ratify deteriioration w/c had already occurred.
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Strong Parties and Pol’l Stability – Part 3
• Institutional strength of a pol’l party is measured by its ability to survive its founder or charismatic leader who first brings it to power.
• Example: Congress Party (India) shows adaptability with its changing leadership.
• Puerto Rico – PPD leader Munoz Arin retire from leadership and uttered ‘I’ve begun to prove that the Island can get along with me’ and had fostered institutionalization.
• Weak parties, depend upon its leaders.• Deaths of leaders had shaken the
disintegration of parties, e.g. Senanayake of Ceylon, and Aung San in burma.
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