particle dark matter andth e l u id the early...
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Particle Dark Matter d th E l U iand the Early Universe
KICP Cosmology Short CourseSeptember 2010 Rocky Kolb University of Chicago
Mysteries of the Dark UniverseMysteries of the Dark UniverseMysteries of the Dark UniverseMysteries of the Dark UniverseDark Matter:Holds together individual galaxies.
(A new elementary particle?)( y p )
Dark Energy:Pushes apart different galaxies.
(The energy of empty space?)
Chemical Elements: (other than H & He) 0.025%
Radiation: 0.005%
Neutrinos: 0.17%
Stars:0 8%0.8%
H & He:H & He:gas 4%
Cold Dark Matter: (CDM) 25%
Dark Energy: 70%
CDM: Reality, Or a Substitute?CDM: Reality, Or a Substitute?
The construction of a model … consists of snatching from the enormous and complex mass of facts called reality a few simple,
il d k i t hi h h t t th ieasily managed key points which, when put together in some cunning way, becomes for certain purposes a substitute for reality itself.
Evsey DomarEssays on the TheoryEssays on the Theory
of Economic Growth
A PreviousA PreviousConsensusConvergencegDominantBest-FitStandardCosmologicalModelModel
Dark Matter GoalsDark Matter Goals
Discover dark matter and its role in shaping the universe
Particle PhysicsDiscover dark matter and how it is
p g
Discover dark matter and how it is …… grounded in physical law… part of a comprehensive model/theory
Cosmology/AstrophysicsUnderstand the role of dark matter in structure …
… formation… evolution
Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions1. Why do we think there is Dark Matter? (Dan Hooper)
M81Spitzer Space Telescope
Fritz Zwicky 1933 & 1937 Coma Cluster
s)
Dark MatterDark Matter
observed
v (k
m/s
100
vdark
50Vera Rubin
darkmatter
expectedfrom stars
105 R (kpc)M33 rotation curveM33 rotation curve
Dark MatterDark Matter
Abel 2218 HST
100 Myr 1 M-Myr
The growth of cosmic seedsThe growth of cosmic seeds00 y y
5 M Myr today5 M-Myr today
Kravtsov
Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions
2. How much Dark Matter is there?
1. Why do we think there is Dark Matter?
Critical density: g cm
Dark MatterDark Matter23 8H G
dynamics x-ray gaslensing
Critical density: g cm 03 8H G
simulations
cmb power spectrum
DarkMatter 0.25
Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions
2. How much Dark Matter is there?
1. Why do we think there is Dark Matter?
3. Could it be normal stuff?
Dark MatterDark Matter
QSO 1937-1009B
Burles et al.Burles et al.
Tytler
BWMAP: 0.0458 0.00015
Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions
2. How much Dark Matter is there?
1. Why do we think there is Dark Matter?
4 How is it distributed?
3. Could it be normal stuff?
4. How is it distributed?
Dark MatterDark Matter
Navarro, et al.
Tip of the IcebergTip of the IcebergTip of the IcebergTip of the Iceberg
Most of the matter is dark
and
it’s not even “normal” stuff!
Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions
2. How much Dark Matter is there?
1. Why do we think there is Dark Matter?
4 How is it distributed?
3. Could it be normal stuff?
4. How is it distributed?
5. Could Newton be wrong?
toonpool.com
Dark Matter
• MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics)The Bullet ClusterThe Bullet Cluster
Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions
2. How much Dark Matter is there?
1. Why do we think there is Dark Matter?
4 How is it distributed?
3. Could it be normal stuff?
5. Could Newton be wrong?
4. How is it distributed?
6. Could astronomy point to the identity of Dark Matter?
Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions
2. How much Dark Matter is there?
1. Why do we think there is Dark Matter?
4 How is it distributed?
3. Could it be normal stuff?
5. Could Newton be wrong?
4. How is it distributed?
7. Are you really sure it can’t be baryons?
6. Could astronomy point to the identity of Dark Matter?
Dark Matter
• MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics)
• Planets
• Dwarf stars MACHOS
• Black holes
MACHOS
• Black holes
Large Magellanic Cloud150,000 light years distant150,000 light years distant100 million stars
brown dwarf
LMC
observer
Dark Matter
• MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics)
• Planets Microlensing
• Dwarf stars MACHOS
• Black holes
MACHOS
• Black holes
Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions
2. How much Dark Matter is there?
1. Is there Dark Matter?
4 How is it distributed?
3. Could it be normal stuff?
5. Could Newton be wrong?
4. How is it distributed?
7. Are you really sure it can’t be baryons?
6. Could astronomy point to the identity of Dark Matter?
8. Well, what’s left?
Dark Matter
• MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics)
• Planets
• Dwarf stars MACHOS
• Black holes
MACHOS
P ti l li f th bi b
• Black holes
• Particle relic from the big bang
Meet two brainiacs with a l t t llot to learn. Leonard and Sheldon can tell their quarks from their quantum physics but havephysics, but have no clue how women add up. L it t th iLeave it to their pretty new neighbor, just off a messy breakup, to teach them a thing or two inthing or two in THE BIG BANG THEORY.
Absolute spaceSpace and TimeSpace and TimeSpace and TimeSpace and Time
Absolute space … remains always similar and immovable.
Absolute, true, and mathematical time… flows without regard toflows without regard to anything external…
Isaac Newton 1687Isaac Newton, 1687Philosophiae NaturalisPrincipia Mathematica
Space and TimeSpace and TimeSpace and TimeSpace and Time
Space & time are relative.Albert Einstein, 1905,
S & ti bSpace & time can be curved, warped, bent.
Albert Einstein 1915Albert Einstein, 1915
Modern Commandments of GenesisModern Commandments of GenesisModern Commandments of GenesisModern Commandments of Genesis
matterradiationradiation
forces
cosmological g
spaceandti cosmological
term(dark energy)
time
(10 nonlinear partial differential equations)
Einstein’sEinstein’sEinstein’sEinstein’sUniverseUniverse
19171917––19291929UniverseUniverse
19171917––19291929
• Gravity Geometry
19171917––1929192919171917––19291929
• A stationary universe
• Gravity Geometry
CCosmology becomes a science!!!!
EdwinHubbleHubble
University of Chicago 1909 National ChampionsUniversity of Chicago 1909 National Champions
SpaceSpaceExpandsExpands
SpaceSpaceExpandsExpandsExpandsExpandsExpandsExpands
Edwin HubbleEdwin Hubble1929
Time MachinesTime MachinesTime MachinesTime MachinesHubble Space TelescopeKeck Telescope Hawaii Hubble Space TelescopeKeck Telescope – Hawaii
Magellan Telescope – ChileSouth Pole Telescope
The Universe Is RadiantThe Universe Is RadiantThe Universe Is RadiantThe Universe Is Radiant
Penzias & Wilson 1965 Temperature of the Universe is K ( F)
Our UniverseOur UniverseOur UniverseOur Universe
emerged from a state of high temperature and… emerged from a state of high temperature and density 13.78 billion years ago, and is expanding and cooling evolving and dynamicand cooling, evolving and dynamic.
Possible FuturesPossible Futuresof the Universeof the Universe
Possible FuturesPossible Futuresof the Universeof the Universe
Sun burns
Today
Terror of the Universeof the Universeof the Universeof the Universeout
HellFEMA
responds
Terrorthreat
red
Cubs win
Hell freezes
over
Series
Universeends
1000 billion ye
18billion ye
13.78billion ye
billion-bibillion ye
100billion y e
19billion y e
18billion ye
Cosmic Time Line
ears
ears
ears
llionears
ears
ears
ears
NeutronsP t1015
Complete historyComplete historyf th if th i
Complete historyComplete historyf th if th i
TProtons
born1015
1012
of the universeof the universe(abridged)(abridged)
of the universeof the universe(abridged)(abridged)
Nuclei
10
109
(elements)born
106
Atomsborn
Quasars
103
TodayHot as
hell
Quasarsborn
ns ms s d y mn a1 tTodayhell
Sunborn
nano-second
micro-
second
second
day
year
millen-
nium
aeon
10-3
110
1age (seconds)(10 )T K
(10 )T K
Looking out in space isLooking out in space islooking back in timelooking back in time
Looking out in space isLooking out in space islooking back in timelooking back in timelooking back in time.looking back in time.looking back in time.looking back in time.
CBR: a snapshot of theuniverse 380,000 AB
opaquue
DARK MATTERDARK MATTERfrom thefrom the
DARK MATTERDARK MATTERfrom thefrom thefrom the from the
Primordial SoupPrimordial Soupfrom the from the
Primordial SoupPrimordial Soupfraction of a second later
Hot Primordial Soupp
380,000 years laterRadiation Last Scattered
13 78 th d illi l t13.78 thousand-million years laterToday
Periodic TablePeriodic Table(Chemist)(Chemist)
Periodic TablePeriodic Table(Chemist)(Chemist)(Chemist)(Chemist)(Chemist)(Chemist)
Periodic TablePeriodic Table(Cosmologist)(Cosmologist)Periodic TablePeriodic Table(Cosmologist)(Cosmologist)(Cosmologist)(Cosmologist)(Cosmologist)(Cosmologist)
M t lMetals
MetalsMetals
The Universe today:The Universe today:The Universe today:The Universe today:
73% Hydrogen (10-5 2H-deuterium)5 326% Helium (10-5 3He)
1% Metals
The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:76% Hydrogen (10-5 2H- deuterium)76% Hydrogen (10 H deuterium)24% Helium (10-5 3He)10-8% Lithium10 % Lithium
The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:The Universe 3 minutes AB:
Big bang (rate of change of the temperature)N l h i (bi di i ti )Nuclear physics (binding energies, reactions)
76% Hydrogen (10-5 2H- deuterium)24% Helium (10-5 3He)24% Helium (10 He)10-8% Lithium
Kepler’s supernova Observed 1604in Ophiuchusin OphiuchusPeak magnitude = 2.25Distance < 10 kpc
Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions
2. How much Dark Matter is there?
1. Is there Dark Matter?
4 How is it distributed?
3. Could it be normal stuff?
5. Could Newton be wrong?
4. How is it distributed?
7. Are you really sure it can’t be baryons?
6. Could astronomy point to the identity of Dark Matter?
9 Could it be a particle we know?
8. Well, what’s left?
9. Could it be a particle we know?
NeutrinosNeutrinosN i i• Neutrinos exist:three active + sterile?
• Neutrinos have mass:Atmospheric ( eV)S l ( V)Solar ( eV)
• Contribute to
m
hot thermal relic:
• Not most of dark matter
45 eV
• Not most of dark mattertoo light!too hot!
Top Ten Dark QuestionsTop Ten Dark Questions
2. How much Dark Matter is there?
1. Is there Dark Matter?
4 How is it distributed?
3. Could it be normal stuff?
5. Could Newton be wrong?
4. How is it distributed?
7. Are you really sure it can’t be baryons?
6. Could astronomy point to the identity of Dark Matter?
9 Could it be a particle we know?
8. Well, what’s left?
10. Then what?
9. Could it be a particle we know?
Particle Relic from the BangParticle Relic from the Bang• neutrinos• sterile neutrinos, gravitinos thermal
• LKP (lightest Kaluza-Klein particle)• LSP (neutralino, axino, …)
thermalrelics
• B.E.C.s, axions, axion clusters• LKP (lightest Kaluza-Klein particle)
nonthermal
• supermassive wimpzillas• solitons (Q-balls; B-balls; ….)
nonthermalrelics
B E C22 5610 eV (10 g)
Mass rangeNoninteracting: wimpzillas
Interaction strength range
B.E.C.axion clusters8 25
10 eV (10 g)10 M (10 g)
Noninteracting: wimpzillasStrongly interacting: B balls
• Particle is stable (or at least has a lifetime greater than tU)
Cold Thermal Relics*Cold Thermal Relics*Particle is stable (or at least has a lifetime greater than tU)
• There is no associated asymmetry (like baryons)• Particle is in thermal equilibrium at “high” temperatureq g p• Particle remains in LTE until T M (cold)
* An object of particular veneration.
010
Cold Thermal RelicsCold Thermal Relicsce 5
010
actual
unda
nc 510
freeze outX1010
ve a
bu
equilibrium
Rel
ativ
1510
/e M TR
20101 2 31 10 10 10
e
/T/MX
Smaller annihilation rate larger X
• Particle is stable (or at least has a lifetime greater than tU)
Cold Thermal RelicsCold Thermal RelicsParticle is stable (or at least has a lifetime greater than tU)
• There is no associated asymmetry (like baryons)• Particle is in thermal equilibrium at “high” temperatureq g p• Particle remains in LTE until T M (cold)• Particle annihilates
• Calculate freeze-out abundance, depends on annihilation rate
• Contributes to • Contributes to X
• If annihilation rate depends on M, then X determines M
The WIMP MiracleThe WIMP MiracleCross section (& mass ?) of order weak scale (GeV)Cross section (& mass ?) of order weak scale ( GeV)
Cold thermal relic: WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle)
mir·a·cle\ˈmir-i-kəl \noun
1 : an extraordinary event manifesting divine intervention in human affairs
WIMP Causationor
WIMP Coincidence?
XWIMPsWIMPs
XX X
X q X q q q
XX q
X X q q X q
Xq XX X q q
Xq
q X
q q X X Xq
WIMPsWIMPsModeling Dark Matter
Minimalist Maximalist
• WIMP is only new particle • WIMP is one of many newbies
• Use effective field theory
• Example: Fermi interaction
• Use a motivated model
• Example: SUSY (Marcela)
• “Maverick” dark matter
• “Invent” as little new as possible
• “SUSY” dark matter
• Invent a lotInvent as little new as possible Invent a lot
The Equation that Describes Everything
If I had been present at creation, I would h t d i l hhave suggested a simpler scheme.
- Alfonse the Wise
WIMPsWIMPs
Dark matter is a complex physical phenomenon.
“WIMPs are a simple, elegant, compelling explanation for a complex physical phenomenon.”p p y p
“For every complex natural phenomenon there is a y p psimple, elegant, compelling, wrong explanation.”
- Tommy Gold
DirectDetection
DirectDetectionDetectionDetection
Frieman
Detect Relic WIMPs Detect Relic WIMPs Detect Relic WIMPs Detect Relic WIMPs
WIMP (300 km s-1)
change in temperaturep
ultrapurematerial ionization
Collar
COUPP CDMS
XENON
DAMA/LIBRACoGeNT
IndirectDetectionIndirect
DetectionDetectionDetection
Galactic Center
Detect RelicDetect RelicDetect RelicDetect RelicDetect RelicDetect RelicWIMPs WIMPs Detect RelicDetect RelicWIMPs WIMPs
Khomas Highland of Namibia
ATIC Fermi/GLAST PAMELAWMAP
IceCube
H E S S Veritas H.E.S.S. Veritas
Hooper
Productionin CollidersProductionin Collidersin Collidersin Colliders
FermilabFermilabFermilabFermilab
Particle Accelerator is a Time Machine and a Telescope
“KNOWN” INGREDIENTS:56% QUARKS16% GLUONS16% GLUONS9% ELECTRON-LIKE PARTICLES9% W’s AND Z’s9% W s AND Z s5% NEUTRINOS3% PHOTONS3% PHOTONS2% HIGGS BOSONS (to be discovered any day)
SECRET INGREDIENT:DARK MATTERDARK MATTER
Production in CollidersProduction in Colliders
SUSY MaverickJet
gq Jet
q X
Missingq
XET
Carena
A Decade of Excitement & ConfusionA Decade of Excitement & ConfusionI th WIMP i l ?• Is there a WIMP miracle?
• Situation now is muddled (direct hints/indirect hints)( )
• Ten years from now the WIMP hypothesis will have either:Convincing evidence or
Di d i di d & llid f di
Convincing evidence, orNear-death experience
• Direct detectors, indirect detectors, & colliders race for discovery
• Suppose by 2015 have credible signals from all three???
How will we know they are all seeing the same phenomenon?
• Lots of opinions (papers)• Lots of opinions (papers)
• Let’s hope for this problem!!!!
Other Dark QuestionsOther Dark Questions• Why only one WIMP?
• More strongly interacting:• More strongly interacting:― Easier to detect― Smaller contribution to
• SuperWIMPs
• Self-interacting WIMPs
• Haze fog mist• Haze, fog, mist
And this is just for WIMPs!
Dark AnswerDark Answer
Dark matter is a …
… fuzzy, decaying, repulsive, self-interacting, supermassive, inelastic particle that lives on another brane in a supersymmetric, modified gravity theorymodified gravity theory.
“To me every hour of the light and dark is
i l Ea miracle. Every cubic inch of space is a miracle.”
– Walt Whitman
is a miracle.
Every cubic inch of yspace is a miracle!• cosmic radiation
dark matter• dark matter• dark energy• virtual particlesp• Higgs potential• extra dimensions
The Dark Side of the UniverseThe Dark Side of the UniverseThe Dark Side of the UniverseThe Dark Side of the Universe
95% of theUniverse Is Dark!
“The most beautiful thing we canthing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and all science. Those t h thi tito whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no longer pause tono longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe, are as good as , gdead: their eyes are closed.”
Albert Einstein
Particle Dark Matter d th E l U iand the Early Universe
KICP Cosmology Short CourseSeptember 2010 Rocky Kolb University of Chicago