Participatory Rural

Appraisal(PRA) as a Tools &

Techniques and Situation Analysis

Dr. Sandeep Kumar Raut

Town & Country Planning OrganisationMinistry of Housing & Urban Affairs

Mobile: 9818726997, dr.sandeepraut@gmail.com

What is PRA?Participatory method to gather/ collect information

by involvement of Rural/ local communities for

decision making and implementation of the Project.

“for the Rural community,

by the Rural community and

with the Rural Community”.

“ An approach and methods for learning about rural

life and conditions from, with and by rural people”.

(Chambers 1994)

WHY PRA?• Success of the Project is very high due to sense of

ownership and belongingness.

• Empowerment of people through participation

• Respect for human dignity.

• Community develop their own skills for decisionmaking.

• Creating the opportunity for individuals to exercisetheir right.

How does Villages make itself as

Sustainable Community Space

COMPREHENSIVEDEVELOPMENT PLANPlanned Development

Growth ImpetusAdequate Infrastructure

Quality of LifeControl Regulation

IMPACTSEconomic Viable Village

Self Sustained Infrastructure

Answer is People Participation through PRA techniques.

VILLAGE PLANNING PERSPECTIVE………?

Before the

project: at

collection

of data

stage

During the

implementation

stage of the

project

After the

complication

of projects for

administration

For

Evaluation

and

monitoring

of the

project

PRACOMMUNITY

PARTICIPATION

Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) and community participation at all stages

of the project:

POINTS TO REMEMBER….Principles of PRA

Before Going to Village

POINTS TO REMEMBER….Principles of PRA

✓ Reversal of learning

To learn from the local people

✓ Learning rapidly and progressively

Exploration, flexible methods, adaptable

✓ Offsetting bias

To be receptive rather than preconceived ideas

✓ Optimizing tradeoffs

Understanding the usefulness of information

✓ Triangulating

Crosschecking and approximation

✓ Sharing

To discuss and argue about ideas in open forum with all stakeholders.

Before Going to Village

ON THE FIELD/ VILLAGE ………..STEPS OF PRA

➢ Transect Walk (Systematic walks and observation);

➢ Participatory Mapping (Sketch maps drawn on site);

➢ Diagramming (Seasonal Calendars, Venn diagrams, bar charts, chapati diagrams, Calendars)

➢ Innovation assessment (Matrices, scoring and ranking different actions)

TRANSECT WALK………EXAMPLE

TRANSECT WALK

TRANSECT WALK……..EXAMPLE

TRANSECT WALK…….EXAMPLE

COMMUNITY MAPPING THROUGH JOINING

TRANSECT WALK

W

N

S

EPARTICIPATING MAPPING

PARTICIPATING MAPPING……….EXAMPLES

RESOURCE MAPPING…….EXAMPLES

VENN DIAGRAM

VENN DIAGRAM

CALENDARS….EXAMPLES

CALENDARS….EXAMPLES

Historical Profile

CALENDARS….EXAMPLES

CALENDARS….EXAMPLES

MATRICES….EXAMPLES

MATRICES….EXAMPLES

TYPES OF PRA MAPPING

PRA MAPPING

SPACE MAPPING

TIME MAPPING

RELATION ANALYSIS

• Social and Resource Mapping• Mobility map• Services and Opportunities

mapping• Transect Mapping

• Timeline / Calendars • Trend Analysis• Historical Profile• Seasonal Diagram

• Social Effects, Impact, network Diagram, Process Map, Well Being, Ranking, Venn Diagram, Ranking, Matrix, Pie, Livelihood analysis, Spider Diagram, Administrative System.

Gainthikhata Panchayat is located 25 Kms. away from Haridwar towards Najimabad on the

NH-74. The Panchayat consists of five villages, viz Gainthikhata, Gujjarbasti, Lal Dhang,

Chidiyapur and Norangbad with a population of approximately 15000-17000 .

Gainthikhata Village

In three days visit to the Gaindikhata Panchayat the survey team visited two villages i.e.

Gainthikhata and Gujjarbasti . The team met the villagers, Sarpanch, Teachers and

Patwari of the Panchayat and done primary survey which include RRA (Rapid Rural

Appraisal) based on UBA questionnaire and performed PRA (Participatory rural appraisal)

exercise in these two villages.

Gainthikhata Panchayat

Gainthikhata Village Participatory MappingInviting a meeting.

Brainstorming the issues

PM begin with sun rise

direction (for north)

Choose the respondent from

the community

Asking the respondent to

draw important landmarks of

village (for example his own

property)

With reference to objective of

the project PRA team ask

about the issues and

problems.

Various colours of pen should be use for different land uses or infrastructure (for

example, red for problems, green for forest, yellow for houses black for roads etc.

Gainthikhata Village Participatory Mapping

There are many ways that this

technique can be adapted to get at

specific types of information that may

be of interest to a particular project.

The territorial map would explore

the villages resources and potentials

A regional map give information of

neighboring villages for common

resources or other resources in large

areas like hospital, college etc.

Historical map, Family resource

map, Cultural map, disaster

management map, Flood map, soil

fertility map, connective map etc.

Gainthikhata Village Participatory mapping

NORTH

HOUSES

COMMUNITY

FOREST

CIVIL FOREST

JOINT

FOREST

MANAGEMENT

RELIGIOUS

INSTITUTION

FLOODING AREAS AND ISSUES

SOIL FERTILITY ISSUES

ROAD RELATED ISSUES

CIVIL FOREST

Transect Walk Observation….

FODDER STORAGE REFLECTS THE

WEALTH RANKING

NON FUNCTIONAL BIO GASS PLANT

Gainthikhata Village : Outcome

Total population is around 6000-7000 with apporimatley1500 household

Located 1.5-2 k.m from NH-74 (few household do live near the NH-74) with a pakka

road constructed in the year of 2006-2007 still in a good condition.

No conveyance (any public or private ) available to travel from village to NH-74

except own vehicle and some villagers go by walk to NH-74.

Six primary Government school and six private primary schools are running

successfully Six Anganwadi centers are also running successfully. No government

hospital, no veterinary hospital and no any training centre is located in the village

of Gainthikhata.

Solar street lights are installed by the new sarpanch of the village. The internal

road is constructed in 2010 but the present situation of the same is not good. The

width of the road is approximately 10ft.

Issues and solution desired by Gainthikhata Villagers

Issues

Problem of drinking and irrigation water

Slope and flood

Seed depot

Cold storage

Potential

Good production of Jamun,

Interventions

Check dam on Nala /jhor

Irrigation work

Drinking water

Cold storage

Approach Road

Condition of Interior Road

River join Ganges cause

Heavy floods

LOSSING SOIL FERTILITY

Gujjarbasti Village The village Gujjarbasti is located on the other side of the NH-74, opposite to the Gainthikhata

Village. Gujjarbasti consists of 821 households with a present population of 6000-7000 people.

The entire village follows a grid iron fashion with a 8 k.m link road which starts from starting of

the village to the end of the village.

This is a rehabilitated village. In 2002, when Rajaji National Park was in its initial stage of

forming, a community named Gujjar community who used to live in the forest, asked to leave

the forest peacefully. These jungle nomads were rehabilitated in this village after providing a

fixed area of land to the each household for agriculture and for a house to live and they were

provided an amount of Rs 2000/HH for travel and basic expenses.

Each household were provided an 8200 m2 area of land for agriculture/ fodder and household

purpose by the forest department in this village. But there are yet to get the patta of the land.

As a result that they can’t sell their crops directly into Mandi.

Most of the house in the village a hut type shape made by villager themselves and a few of

them constructed pukka house. Primary hospital and veterinary hospital are present in the

village, but doctors are still not appointed in the both the hospitals, Three primary schools, one

junior school and one Aanganwadi are present in the village but no any training centre neither

any secondary school established in the village. For secondary education student have to visit

Gainthikhata.

Gujjarbasti Village Participatory Mapping

Fodder

Houses

Layout designRELIGIOUS INSTITUTION

FLOODING

AREAS

AN ISSUES

RESERVED FOREST

RESERVED FOREST

HOUSES

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Housing & Fodder land

Skill Identification

House made by villagers themselves

including roof, with local material and low

cost.

Main OccupationMain occupation of the village is animal husbandry and sale of milk to the

surrounding villages and Haridwar City.

Social Infrastructure and Religious Institution

As Gujjarbasti Village is rehabilitated villages nearly every new village settled here

have their own religious center but only one madrasa.

Madrasa Masjid

Local Rivulet creating major floods

Nala entering form the reserved forest and

during raining seasons cause heavy floods

Nala tanning work is not undertaken at the

entrance of the village is the main cause of

floods in the village

Inside the village Nala tanning work is

undertaken

Issues and solution desired by Gujjarbasti Villagers

Issues

➢ Flooding in link Road and Approach Road

➢ Land ownership

➢ Fodder land to be converted in Agri land and they want to

be part of APMC

➢ High school/ veterinary hospital / Doctor

➢ Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan: water pollution

➢ Health Issue due polluted Drinking water

Potential

➢ Specialization in Animal Husbandry and milk products

➢ Rope making and house making by using local material

➢ Being forest dwellers, good knowledge of medicinal plants

Interventions

➢ They want a self help group – micro finance

➢ High potential for setting up a milk chilling plant

➢ Bund construction along the Nahar

➢ Nala tanning work along the link road

Link Road flooding

Link Road flooding

Condition of social infrastructure

A planning process has six basic stages:

GOLES AND OBJECTIVES

BASIC RESEARCH/ ANALYSIS

PLAN FORMULATION

PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

MID TERM REVIEW

RRA: Basic interaction with the

local community

PRA Mapping and Information collection

Community participation with stakeholder and

experts

Discussing Proposal with the Community

Making Management Group from the

representative of different village

community