Participatory mapping for the systematic monitoring of agro-biodiversity of potatoes

Henry Juárez, Severin Polreich, Franklin Plasencia, Alejandra Arce, Raúl Ccanto, Domingo Begazo & Stef de Haan

Esri User Conference | July 14–18, 2014 San Diego Convention Center

Session Title: Global Modeling - CGIAR

Outline

• Introduction

• The Chirapaq Ñan initiative (“the rainbow route”)

• Participatory mapping + cultivar sampling

• Conclusions

Biodiversity…

sustains a wide variety of genetic traits very valuable for adaption of the potato genepool.

threatening (changing) factors in the Andes (biotic, abiotic, climate change, socio-cultural etc.)

monitoring for in-situ conservation requires standardized approaches and common parameters and indicators.

Introduction

Measuring Dynamics at landrace and landscape level:

Survey: landrace level (objective: red list, which are varieties more/less frequent and what is the reason behind?).

Mapping landscape level (objective: do landscape relevant changes affect the distribution of floury-landraces, bitter-landraces and improved varieties with specific properties?).

Mixed approach: is the potato diversity (and related indicators) depending on altitude (likely threatened by climate change)?

Introduction

Rationale for Long Term-Monitoring:Most on-farm conservation projects do not allow for systematic comparison of loss or enrichment because: Lack of historical data does not allow for

timeline comparison; There is little agreement on methods and

metrics to be used for baseline research + monitoring;

Researchers still think short-term with a lack of attention to benchmark site selection and accessible databases.

• Total diversity• Relative diversity• Spatial diversity• Threats to conservation• Collective knowledge

Introduction

• Introduction

• The Chirapaq Ñan initiative (“the rainbow route”)

• Participatory mapping + cultivar sampling

• Conclusions

Outline

A network for the long-term monitoring of in-situ conserved potato genetic diversity in light of socio-environmental changes.

An inter-disciplinary approach to conserve the dynamic aspects of potato diversity in its center of origin and to contribute to the well-being of farmers who are custodians of ancestral varieties.

The Chirapaq Ñan initiative (“the rainbow route”)

Diversity hotspot identification and establish consortia for long-term monitoring.

Multilateral Agreements

Diversity hotspot identification and establish consortia for long-term monitoring.

Multilateral Agreements

Recurrent measurements to show tendencies and trends

Timeline

Recurrent measurements to show tendencies and trends

Timeline

Prognostics and ScenariosFuture Models and Prevention

Plans

Prognostics and ScenariosFuture Models and Prevention

Plans

Step 1

Step 3

Step 2

Step 4Strategic steps of Chirapaq Ñan…

The Chirapaq Ñan initiative (“the rainbow route”)

Analyzing the actual status of diversity and impact factors:

Level 1: Genes, Alleles, Chromosomes

Level 2: Varieties, Classes and Species

Level 3: Landscape and Spatial Dynamics

Level 4: Collective Knowledge

Inventory and Baseline

Analyzing the actual status of diversity and impact factors:

Level 1: Genes, Alleles, Chromosomes

Level 2: Varieties, Classes and Species

Level 3: Landscape and Spatial Dynamics

Level 4: Collective Knowledge

Inventory and Baseline

Selection of hotspots: Passport data Species distribution Proximity CWR Expert opinion Ethnicity & Language Geographic distance

between hotspots Partnership strength Threat level Others …..

Geo-spatial diversity assessment was applied in five Peruvian monitoring sites with high potato diversity (Huancayo, Pasco, Apurimac, Huancavelica & Cusco).

In the near future these assessments will be part of baseline studies in diversity hotspots in Peru, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Chile.

The Chirapaq Ñan initiative (“the rainbow route”)

• Introduction

• The Chirapaq Ñan initiative (“the rainbow route”)

• Participatory mapping + cultivar sampling

• Conclusions

Outline

Participatory mapping + cultivar sampling

Participatory mapping

Analyze the actual status of diversity

of potatoes at level of varieties,

landscape and spatial dynamics.

Selection of target communities and talk with community leaders and selection of farmers

Training on GPS use, understanding maps, map drawing, survey taking.

Carry out the participatory mapping + surveying (3-4 months)

Participatory mapping + cultivar sampling

Participatory mapping + cultivar sampling

Cultivar sampling

A random harvest of 200 plants per plot was evaluated to record the variety content of the field

Several workshops were carried out to define a master list of local (vernacular) names and synonyms.

Participatory mapping + cultivar sampling

Sample size

Region Communities Households FieldsApurimac 3 141 579Cusco 3 98 1,775Huancavelica 3 176 1,063Junin 4 104 1,098Pasco 2 147 1,932

5 15 666 6,447

Potato cultivar categories: improved varieties (bred potatoes) native or traditional varieties (native-floury and native-bitter)

Participatory mapping + cultivar sampling

Number of varieties

Potato cultivar categories: improved varieties (bred potatoes) native or traditional varieties (native-floury and native-bitter)

N % N % N %Apurimac 189 172 88.7 11 7.8 6 3.5Cusco 158 125 59.4 17 12.2 16 28.5Huancavelica 199 174 82.9 13 8.0 12 9.2Junin 194 172 46.2 5 5.6 17 48.2Pasco 192 184 74.2 1 0.0 7 25.7

Region Number of varieties (n)

Native-floury Native-bitter Improved

3000-3100

3100-3200

3200-3300

3300-3400

3400-3500

3500-3600

3600-3700

3700-3800

3800-3900

3900-4000

4000-4100

4100-4200

4200-4300

4300-4400

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

Native-flouryNative-bitterImproved varieties

Participatory mapping + cultivar sampling

Diversity of varieties by altitude gradient (Huancavelica Region)

3000-3100

3100-3200

3200-3300

3300-3400

3400-3500

3500-3600

3600-3700

3700-3800

3800-3900

3900-4000

4000-4100

4100-4200

4200-4300

4300-4400

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

Native-flouryNative-bitterImproved varieties

Participatory mapping + cultivar sampling

Diversity of varieties by altitude gradient (Cusco Region)

Participatory mapping + cultivar sampling

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

F6

F7

F8

F9

F10

F11

F12

F13

F14

F15

F16

Fam

ilie

s (n

=16

)

Within Field Distribution of Varietal Diversity (%)

Villa Hermosa, Huancavelica

Number of plots per family: 9.1

Number of varieties per plot: 32.0

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

F6

F7

F8

F9

F10

F11

F12

F13

F14

F15

Fam

ilie

s (n

=15

)

Within Field Distribution of Varietal Diversity (%)

Huayta Corral, HuancavelicaNumber of plots per family: 5.1

Number of varieties per plot: 3.2

Overall Cultivar Frequency (OCF)

A measure of evenness based on the number of households conserving a specific cultivar

OCF = (CCF community 1 + CCF community 2 + …..) / N communities sampled

Community Cultivar Frequency (CCF) = (Number of households conserving a specific cultivar / total household sample size of the community) * 100%

Very few households : OCF < 1%Few households : OCF < 5%Many households : OCF < 25%Most households : OCF > 25%

Participatory mapping + cultivar sampling

Overall Cultivar Frequency (OCF)

Region Cultivar category NVery few

householdsFew

householdsMany

householdsMost

householdsNative-floury 172 71 47 39 15Native-bitter 11 5 3 2 1Improved 6 0 3 3 0Native-floury 125 42 44 29 10Native-bitter 17 4 5 5 3Improved 16 1 4 4 7Native-floury 174 69 50 39 16Native-bitter 13 2 7 3 1Improved 12 1 4 5 2Native-floury 172 62 64 36 10Native-bitter 5 1 1 3 0Improved 17 2 3 8 4Native-floury 185 59 55 51 20Native-bitter 1 0 1 0 0Improved 6 2 2 1 1

Apurimac

Cusco

Huancavelica

Junin

Pasco

Participatory mapping + cultivar sampling

Native-flouryPeruanitaLargaAmarillaYana PuqyaCamotilloChiqchi PasñaAqu SuytuPuka WayruKuchipa AkanYana WinquTrajin WaqachiDusisHuamantangaSuytu PuqyaAllqa PaltaBotiguelaAllqay WalasMuru WayruWitqisPuka Llumchuy WaqachiTantasTarmeñaPuka Chiqchi PasñaQala SuytuWayru MachuChungyaYana PaltaTaragalloMarkinaYuraq SuytuSangre De ToroYuraq PuqyaPromesaRuntusYana ÑataYuraq Gaspar

LogroginaVayo ZapatoWaripa TakllaMacoUqi RuyruAngelpa TantanRosadaPrescosPuka Wakapa QallunImillicayYana Wakapa QallunCordovinaYuraq WaytaPuka SuytuWituWara SuruQalapa WaranWamanpa UmanMurunkiLeonaYuraq ÑataYana SuytuYana PapaTonginaRitipa SisanPuka PasñaYana AllqaCaramelo SuytuYuraq PasñaAcero SuytuMuru LuquAlkarazaAllqa SuytuWamanpa QallunAzul Ñawi GasparChilenoYana Chiqchi Pasña

Yana MurunkiAchanqayraQillu IpilluKichka MatankaYuraq WayruCocharcasYana Pumapa MakinBayo BotasQolqi TupuWalasWachwapa QallunYuraq TuquMisipa MakinWiripa TakllanPuka MurunkiQuri MarkinaAllqa IpilluAllqa PapaMaswa PapaPampa UstuPuka PrescosUqi PaltaPuka PuqyaAmillicaAzul RebosoChurquillayLeonpa MakinQillu CamotilloYana PasñaWinquTumbayAllqa CordovinaAzul Ñawi PasñaCachi SuytuGaspar MoradoKuchipa ChupanPuka Ñawi Pasña

Qala WawaRosasRuyru PuqyaYana GasparYana PonchoYana TulluYutupa RuntunCucharquinaPuka CocharcasPuka MarkinaQillu SuytuSuytu MurunkiAzul PaltaGaspar RosadoLlamapa SullunRomano SuytuSumchillaySupa PuchquchiSuytu DusisUqi PuqyaYuraq WinquAllqa ImillaAlqu YupiAsno QaraAyrampuAzul Chiqchi PasñaAzul WaytaCasa BlancaChikñas MoradoChiqci WaliClavelinaDuraznilloGuindo CamotilloIkichinaKuchipa QallunLiwlipa RuntunMuru Gaspar

Muru KututuMuru ToroOjos De CaimanPuka CamotilloPuka DusisPuka Masa WaqachiPuka Ritipa SisanPuka SunquPuka Sunqu GasparPuka WaraQala WipeRiti WaqachiRuywashSaywaSuytu OcaSuytu PeruanitaTuqra PapaUki IpilluWayry PeruanaYaku ÑawiYana ChurchillosYana TarmeñaYana WayruYuraq IpilluYuraq Llumchuy WaqachiYuraq Oca

Native-bitterYana ManuaYuraq WañaQanchilluYuraq SiriAzul QanchilluAzul WañaYana SiriYana WañaYuraq ManuaCayhua SiriAzul SiriRuyru SiriAzul Manua

ImprovedYungayCanchanCapiroPerricholiTomasaLiberteñaMarivaRevoluciónAndinaAmarilisRenacimiento

Overall Cultivar Frequency in Huancavelica

Participatory mapping + cultivar sampling

39.6% Native-floury varieties => very few households

68.3% Native-floury varieties => (very few households + few households)

• Introduction

• The Chirapaq Ñan initiative (“the rainbow route”)

• Participatory mapping + cultivar sampling

• Conclusions

Outline

Conclusions

Model can be expanded to other crops and regions:• Systematic long-term monitoring provides robust intelligence

about landrace conservation status. • Baseline research will allow for future time series comparison,

genetic gap analysis and spatial distribution mapping.

Participation of custodian farmers, NGO’s, governments and indigenous organizations is key – a common language is essential (standardized methods and interdisciplinary communication tools).

Challenge: Common names are site-specific and may vary between farmers and communities. But, as long as researchers use the right tools (well trained enumerators, following up the surveys, getting advice from older farmers, conducting participatory workshops, etc) this will provide robust knowledge about landrace conservation status.

Awards 2011 (ESRI/Society for Conservation)

Gracias