part i - reviewer for consti law

8/12/2019 Part I - Reviewer for Consti Law

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DRAFT*Xavier University College of Law-Zamboanga

in consortium witAteneo !e Zamboanga University

Constitutional Law "ne Atty# $!ilwasif T#%a!!iri&

First 'emester( )&&-)&) 'atur!ay( &am-&+m

Re,uire! Tetboo.

Bernas S.J., Fr. Joaquin (2011) The 1987 Philippine Constitution ! Co"prehensi#e$e#ie%er, &anila $e' Boo Store, n*.Bernas S.J., Fr. Joaquin (200+) The 1987 Constitution o the $epu-li* o thePhilippines ! Co""entar, &anila $e' Boo Store, n*./a*hura, !ntonio (200) utline $e#ie%er in Politi*al a%, 3ue4on Cit 5J 6raphil

!rts, n*.

Classroom /olicies

Stuents are e'pe*te to ha#e rea the assine "aterials or the *lass sessionsan "a -e *alle upon to re*ite.

!ttenan*e is *he*e.

ni#ersit rules o#ernin *uts an a-sen*es are o-ser#e. ou e'*ee the totalallo%a-le *uts, then ou %ill -e roppe ro" the *ourse.

Cell phones an other ele*troni* e#i*es "ust -e ept in silent "oe. t is i"perati#ethat stuents a#oi usin these e#i*es urin *lassroo" sessions.

ou ail to su-"it a require"ent on ti"e, ou %ill re*ei#e eu*tions ro" our total"ar. :ou %ill o-tain a rae o ;0 points in the e#ent o ailure to su-"it a paperrequire"ent or to sho% up urin a s*heule lon or inal e'a".

Plaiaris" an *heatin are ra#e oenses o intelle*tual ishonest an arepunisha-le - uni#ersit rules.

Consultation an is*ussion is a#aila-le upon request o the stuent.


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/reamble

Article 01 Te 2ational Territory

$.!. 92;; or the /e% Baselines a% o 2009.

1982 / Con#ention on the a% o the Sea

Reagan v# Commissioner( 3 'CRA 456

Fa*ts

>illia" $eaan, a *i#ilian e"ploee o an !"eri*an *orporation pro#iin te*hni*alassistan*e to the nite States !ir For*e in the Philippines, ispute the pa"ent othe in*o"e ta' assesse on hi" - responent Co""issioner o nternal $e#enueon an a"ount reali4e - hi" on a sale o his auto"o-ile to a "e"-er o the niteStates &arine Corps. The transa*tion too pla*e at the Clar Fiel !ir Base at

Pa"pana. t is his *ontention that the sale %as "ae outsie the Philippine territoran thereore -eon the Philippines? @urisi*tional po%er to ta'.

ssues

>hether or not the *olle*tion o the assesse in*o"e ta' is %ithin the @urisi*tion othe PhilippinesA

$ulin

The Court enie the petition. The Court o !ppeals, in its e*ision o inin nothino-@e*tiona-le in the assess"ent an thereater the pa"ent o P2,979.00 as in*o"eta' #ali %as also air"e - the ih Court. Further"ore, the Court rule that thePhilippines -ein inepenent an so#erein, its authorit "a -e e'er*ise o#er itsentire o"ain. There is no portion thereo that is -eon its po%er. >ithin its li"its,its e*rees are supre"e, its *o""ans para"ount. ts la%s o#ern therein, ane#erone to %ho" it applies "ust su-"it to its ter"s. >ith rear to -ases unerlease to the !"eri*an ar"e or*es - #irtue o the "ilitar -ases aree"ent o197, the are not an *annot -e orein territor. The Court urther rule that theirst an *ru*ial error i"pute to the Court o Ta' !ppeals to the ee*t that it shoulha#e hel that Clar !ir For*e is orein soil or territor or purposes o in*o"e ta'

leislation is *learl %ithout support in la%. There is nothin in the &ilitar Bases!ree"ent that lens to support to the assertion that "ilitar -ases ha#e -e*o"eorein soil or territor. Thereore, the *ountr?s @urisi*tional rihts, *ertainl note'*luin the po%er to ta', ha#e -een preser#e.

/eo+le v# 7o8o( 93 'CRA :;5

F!CTS6o4o -ouht a house an lot %hi*h is lo*ate in the S /a#al reser#ation

%hi*h is %ithin the territorial @urisi*tion o lonapo Cit. pon a#i*e o anassistant in the &aor?s oi*e an so"e neih-ors, she e"olishe the house

%ithout o-tainin ne*essar per"its an then later ere*te another house. She %as*hare - the Cit


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o 19 %hi*h requires her to se*ure per"its or anDor *onstru*tion %ithin thepre"ises o the Cit. She %as *on#i*te in #iolation thereo - the lo%er *ourt. Sheappeale an *ountere that the Cit o lonapo has no a"inistrati#e @urisi*tiono#er the sai lot -e*ause it is %ithin the orein /a#al Base.

SShether or not the State *an e'er*ise a"inistrati#e @urisi*tion %ithin the/a#al Base o a orein *ountr


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%ases Conversion an! Develo+ment Autority v# Commission on Au!it( 96'CRA )49

Fa*tsThe Boar o the Bases Con#ersion an Ee#elop"ent !uthorit, ,in thie e'er*ise oits po%er aopte a *o"pensation an -eneit s*he"e that in*lue a P 10,000earIen -eneit rant to ea*h *ontra*tual e"ploee, reular e"ploee an Boar"e"-er. This %as su-"itte to the then presient, Fiel 5. $a"os %ho appro#e it.This %as later in*rease to P +0,000 an %as rante e#en to the ullIti"e*onsultants o the aen*. ater, the State !uitor issue a "e"oranu"isallo%in the :hether or not the BCE! Boar "e"-ers an *onsultants are entitle to the :


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- !sso*iate Justi*e $enato S. Puno ile 2 requests or the *orre*tion o the

orer in hierar*h at the Court o !ppeals at the i*e o the Presient -ut

%as enie - the sa"e oi*e.

- Petitioner !sso*iate Justi*e $enato S. Puno %rote a letter to the Supre"e

Court seein the *orre*tion or his ranins in the Court o !ppeals.

- That !sso*iate Justi*e $enato S. Puno %as a or"er "e"-er o the

nter"eiate !ppellate Court.

- /o#. 29, 1990 the Supre"e Court rante the petition.

- ! "otion or re*onsieration %as i""eiatel ile - !sso*iate Justi*es Jose

Ca"pos @r. an uis Ja#ellana as the %ere ire*tl ae*te - the - the

orere *orre*tion o the supre"e *ourt.

SS


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Fa*ts.The Presiential Co""ission on 6oo 6o#ern"ent (PC66) in#estiates an

prose*utes &a@. 6en. Josephus 3. $a"as an hether or not the sear*h an sei4ure %ere #ali.

$ulin1 /o. !lthouh the *ountr te*hni*all i not ha#e a *onstitution at that ti"e,the *ountr ne#ertheless %as -oun - international la%s to %hi*h it %as a sinator.

The Philippine 6o#ern"ent a**epte spe*ii* international la%s *alle thenternational Co#enant on Ci#il an Politi*al $ihts an ni#ersal Ee*laration ou"an $ihts as the nation?s eault Bill o $ihts as eneral a**epte prin*iple ointernational la%. !lthouh the transitional o#ern"ent, %hi*h the past 197+Constitution -ein a-roate an the uture 1987 Constitution -ein rate, o notha#e its o%n *onstitution as a -asis o *i#il, politi*al an hu"an rihts, the nation?speople still possess these rihts. Constitutionalit is i""aterial %hen uni#ersalit orihts e'ists to all nations. (Catalo)

Co @im Cam v# &4:9?

FA+T!, +o im +han had a -ending ci#il case$ initiated during the Ja-anese occu-ation$with the +ourt of First nstance of Manila. After the /iberation of the Manila and theAmerican occu-ation$ Judge Arsenio Di0on refused to continue hearings on the case$ sayingthat a -roclamation issued by "eneral Douglas Mac Arthur had in#alidated and nullified all

udicial -roceedings and udgments of the courts of Phili--ines and$ without an enabling law$lower courts ha#e no urisdiction to ta2e cogni0ance of and continue udicial -roceedings

-ending in the courts of defunct 3e-ublic of the Phili--ines.

!!&E!,4hether or not udicial -roceedings and decisions made during the Ja-anese occu-ation were#alid and remained #alid e#en after the American occu-ation54hether or not the 6ctober '($ 177) -roclamation of MacArthur issued in which he declaredthat 8all laws$ regulations and -rocesses of any go#ernment in the Phili--ines than that of thesaid +ommonwealth are null and #oid without legal effect in areas of Phili--ines free ofenemy occu-ation and control9 in#alidated all udgments and udicial acts and -roceedings ofthe courts4hether or not if they were not in#alidated by MacArthur:s -roclamation$ those courtscouldcontinue hearing the cases -ending before them.

;


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%E/D, 4rit of Mandamus issued to the udge of the +F of Manila$ ordering him to ta2ecogni0ance of and continue to final udgment the -roceedings in the ci#il case.&nder international law$ s-ecifically the %ague +on#entions$ the functioning of courts andmunici-al laws remain #alid during occu-ation. This reduces the harm done to the -eo-le ofthe occu-ied territory$ and re#ersing udicial -rocesses stri-s -arties$ without due -rocess$ of

#ested rights achether or not the Court o nustrial $elations has @urisi*tion o#er the

*ase, %hi*h in turn epens on %hether or not the !CCF! e'er*ise

o#ern"ental or proprietar un*tions

2. >hether or not it is %ithin the *o"peten*e o the *ourt to enor*e *olle*ti#e

-arainin aree"ent -et%een the petitioner an the responent unions,

the sa"e ha#in alrea e'pire

!CCF!, in ee*t, *hallenes the @urisi*tion o the C$ to entertain thepetition o the nions on the roun that it is enae in o#ern"ental un*tions.The nions *onten that !CCF! peror"s proprietar un*tions.

$ el! in teACCFAcase( tus1

The !C! is a o#ern"ent oi*e or aen* enae in o#ern"ental notproprietar un*tions. There *an -e no ispute as to the a*t that the lan reor"

=


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prora" *onte"plate in the sai Coe is -eon the *apa-ilities o an pri#ateenterprise to translate into realit. t is a purel o#ern"ental un*tion. n #ie% o theoreoin pre"ises, %e hol that the responent nions are not entitle to the*ertii*ation ele*tions souht - the" nor, *onsequentl, to -arain *olle*ti#el %iththe petitioner, no urther rine -eneits "a -e e"ane on the -asis o an

*olle*ti#e -arainin aree"ent.The ro%in *o"ple'ities o "oern so*iet, ho%e#er, ha#e renere this

traitional *lassii*ation o the un*tions o o#ern"ent quite unrealisti*, not to sao-solete. The areas %hi*h use to -e let to pri#ate enterprise an initiati#e an%hi*h the o#ern"ent %as *alle upon to enter optionall, an onl K-e*ause it %as-etter equippe to a"inister or the pu-li* %elare than is an pri#ate ini#iual orroups o ini#iuals,K *ontinue to lose their %ellIeine -ounaries an to -ea-sor-e %ithin a*ti#ities that the o#ern"ent "ust ha#e unertaen in its so#erein*apa*it i it is to "eet the in*reasin so*ial *hallenes o the ti"es. ere as al"oste#er%here, else, the tenen* is unou-tel to%ars a reater so*iali4ation oe*ono"i* or*es. ere o *ourse, this e#elop"ent %as en#isione inee aopte

as a national poli*, - the Constitution itsel in its e*laration o prin*iple *on*erninthe pro"otion o so*ial @usti*e.

/C v Court of 0n!ustrial Relations( &9 'CRA )45Fa*ts

The People?s o"esite an ousin Corporation %as appealin to theSupre"e Court or the re#ersal o the $esolution o the Court o nustrial $elations,orerin the PC to pa pri#ate responents %ae ierentials or %or renerero" Jul 2;, 197 to Fe-. 198.

SShether or no the C$ has @urisi*tion o#er PC, a o#ern"ent o%neanDor *ontrolle *orporation, an i the PC is peror"in a o#ern"ental opropriet un*tions.

$/6

The PC is a o#ern"ental institution peror"in o#ern"ental un*tions,

-e*ause it is tase %ith the "ass housin an resettle"ent prora" to "eet thenees o Filipinos or e*ent housin. The C$ has @urisi*tion o#er la-or isputesin#ol#in o#ern"ent o%ne or *ontrolle *orporation peror"in propriet un*tions,-ut not those peror"in o#ern"ental un*tions.

The petition is rante. The assaile resolution o the Court o nustrial$elations is S


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/eo+le v# 7o8o( 93 'CRA :;5 >&4;3?

F!CTSoreta 6o4o -ouht a house an lot lo*ate insie the nite States /a#al$eser#ation %ithin the territorial @urisi*tion o lonapo Cit. She e"olishe thehouse an -uilt another one in its pla*e, %ithout a -uilin per"it ro" the Cit

&aor o lonapo Cit, -e*ause she %as tol - an assistant in the Cit &aorKsoi*e an neih-ors in the area, that su*h -uilin per"it %as not ne*essar or the*onstru*tion o the house. n 29 Ee*e"-er 19, the -uilin an lot inspe*tor othe Cit ithin its li"its, its e*rees are supre"e, its *o""ans para"ount. tsla%s o#ern therein, an e#erone to %ho" it applies "ust su-"it to its ter"s. That is thee'tent o its @urisi*tion, -oth territorial an personal. /e*essaril, lie%ise, it has to -ee'*lusi#e. it %ere not thus, there is a i"inution o so#ereint.

CF !FF$&


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Se*tion 2. 6enerall !**epte Prin*iples o nternational a%!ustin #.


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HELD,

es. ndeed$ the recei#ing state is tas2ed$ as -art of international law under theienna +on#ention on Di-lomatic 3elations$ to -rotect the -remises of embassies andlegations for the -rotection of foreign di-lomats from any lawless element. But the same

cannot be in#o2ed as defense to the -rimacy of the Phili--ine +onstitution which u-holdsand guarantees the rights to free s-eech and -eacable assembly. At the same time$ the +ity6rdinance issued by res-ondent mayor cannot be in#o2ed if the a--lication thereof wouldcollide with a constitutionally guaranteed rights.

Tana!a v# Angara( );) 'CRA &6 >&44;?Facts

n !pril 1;, 199, the Philippine 6o#ern"ent represente - its Se*retar o theEepart"ent o Trae an nustr sine the Final !*t -inin the Philippine

6o#ern"ent to su-"it to its respe*ti#e *o"petent authorities the >T (>orl Traerani4ation) !ree"ents to see appro#al or su*h. n Ee*e"-er 1, 199,$esolution /o. 97 %as aopte - the Philippine Senate to rati the >T!ree"ent.This is a petition assailin the *onstitutionalit o the >T aree"ent as it #iolatesSe* 19, !rti*le , pro#iin or the e#elop"ent o a sel reliant an inepenentnational e*ono", an Se*tions 10 an 12, !rti*le , pro#iin or the Filipino irstGpoli*.

0ssue

>hether or not the $esolution /o. 97 ratiin the >T !ree"ent isun*onstitutional

Ruling

/o. The Supre"e Court rule the $esolution /o. 97 is not un*onstitutional. >hilethe *onstitution "anates a -ias in a#or o Filipino oos, ser#i*es, la-or anenterprises, at the sa"e ti"e, it re*oni4es the nee or -usiness e'*hane %ith therest o the %orl on the -ases o equalit an re*ipro*it an li"its prote*tion oFilipino interests onl aainst orein *o"petition an trae pra*ti*es that are unair.

n other %ors, the Constitution i not inten to pursue an isolationalist poli*.Further"ore, the *onstitutional poli* o a selIreliant an inepenent nationale*ono"G oes not ne*essaril rule out the entr o orein in#est"ents, oos anser#i*es. t *onte"plates neither e*ono"i* se*lusionG nor "eni*an* in theinternational *o""unit.G The Senate, ater eli-eration an #otin, a#e its *onsentto the >T !ree"ent there- "ain it a part o the la% o the lanG. TheSupre"e Court a#e ue respe*t to an equal epart"ent in o#ern"ent. tpresu"es its a*tions as reular an one in oo aith unless there is *on#in*inproo an persuasi#e aree"ents to the *ontrar. !s a result, the ratii*ation o the>T !ree"ent li"its or restri*ts the a-soluteness o so#ereint. ! treatenae"ent is not a "ere o-liation -ut *reates a leall -inin o-liation on the

parties. ! state %hi*h has *ontra*te #ali international o-liations is -oun to "ae

11


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its leislations su*h "oii*ations as "a -e ne*essar to ensure the ulill"ent othe o-liations unertaen. (Sinon)

%ayan v# Zamora( 7R &369;( "ctober &( )

Fa*ts

n &ar*h 1, 197, the Philippines an the nite States o !"eri*a ore a"ilitar -ases aree"ent %hi*h or"ali4e, a"on others, the use o installations inthe Philippine territor - the S "ilitar personnel. To urther strenthen theireense an se*urit relationship, the Philippines an the S entere into a &utualEeense Treat on !uust +0, 19;1. ner the treat, the parties aree to responto an e'ternal ar"e atta* on their territor, ar"e or*es, pu-li* #essels anair*rat.

n 1991, %ith the e'piration o $PIS &ilitar Bases !ree"ent, the perioi*"ilitar e'er*ises -et%een the t%o *ountries %ere hel in a-ean*e. o%e#er, theeense an se*urit relationship *ontinue pursuant to the &utual Eeense Treat.n Jul 18, 1997 $P an S e'*hane notes an is*usse, a"on other thins,the possi-le ele"ents o the 5isitin For*es !ree"ent (5F!). /eotiations - -othpanels on 5F! le to a *onsoliate rat te't an a series o *oneren*es.


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>hether or not the 5F! treat is re*oni4e, a**epte an aree upon -the t%o *ontra*tin statesA

el

The 1987 Philippine Constitution *ontains t%o pro#isions requirin the*on*urren*e o the Senate on treaties or international aree"ents. !ll treaties aninternational aree"ents entere into - the Philippines, rearless o su-@e*t"atter, *o#erae or parti*ular esination requires the *on*urren*e o the Senate to-e #ali an ee*ti#e. ther pro#ision pro#ie - the Constitution applies to treaties

%hi*h in#ol#e presen*e o orein "ilitar -ases, troops an a*ilities in thePhilippines. Both *onstitutional pro#isions share so"e *o""on roun. The a*tthat the Presient reerre the 5F! to the Senate uner Se*. 21 !rt. 5, an that theSenate e'tene its *on*urren*e uner the sa"e pro#ision is i""aterial.

nou-tel, Se*. 2; !rt. 5 %hi*h spe*ii*all eals %ith treaties in#ol#inorein "ilitar -ases an troops shoul appl in the instant *ase. en*e, or 5F! to-e *onstitutional it "ust sui*ientl "eet the ollo%in requisites

a) t "ust -e uner a treat

-) The treat "ust -e ul *on*urre in - the Senate, an %hen so require -Conress, ratiie - a "a@orit o #otes *ast - the people in a national reerenu"

*) $e*oni4e as a treat - the other *ontra*tin State

There is no ispute in the presen*e o the irst t%o requisites. The thir

requisite i"plies that the other *ontra*tin part a**epts or a*no%lees thearee"ent as a treat. &oreo#er, it is in*onsequential %hether the S treats the5F! onl as an e'e*uti#e aree"ent -e*ause, uner international la%, an e'e*uti#earee"ent is as -inin as a treat. The are equall -inin o-liations uponnations. Thereore, there is inee "are *o"plian*e %ith the "anate o the*onstitution. The *ourt also ins that there is no ra#e a-use o is*retion on thepart o the e'e*uti#e epart"ent as to their po%er to rati the 5F!.

Lim v# $ecutive 'ecretary( 7R &9&::9( A+ril &&( ))

Facts,

1(


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This case in#ol#es a -etition for certiorari and -rohibition as well as a -etition?in?inter#ention$ -raying that res-ondents be restrained from -roceeding with the so?calledBali2atan '?1 and that after due notice and hearing$ that udgment be rendered issuing a

-ermanent writ of inunction andor -rohibition against the de-loyment of &.!. troo-s inBasilan and Mindanao for being illegal and in #iolation of the +onstitution

Arthur D. /im and Paulino 3. Ersando$ herein -etitioner$ assail the constitutionality ofBali2atan ' G 1 for being #iolati#e of !ec ' Article' of the +onstitution. Petitioners resort toa s-ecial ci#il action for certiorari due to the transcendental im-ortance of the matterin#ol#ing the constitutionality of the FA treaty which is a affirmation of the earlier MutualDefense Treaty. They were oined subse


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The -etition and the -etition?in?inter#ention are hereby D!M!!ED without-reudice to the filing of a new -etition sufficient in form and substance in the -ro-er3egional Trial +ourt.

The T63 is clear and unambiguous in its inter-retation that &! Forces may engage incombat only for self G defense5 and 8eHercise9 is defined as ad#ising$ assisting and training of

3P -ersonnel and in no way authori0es &! Forces to o-erate inde-endently within Phili--ineterritory.

Also$ !E+T6@ (. @TE3P3ETAT6@ 6F T3EATE!,Article (1

"eneral rule of inter-retation1. A treaty shall be inter-reted in good faith ill accordance with the ordinary meaning to begi#en to the tenus of the treaty in their conteHt and in the light of its obect and -ur-ose.

&i@ares #. $anaa, 6$ 1+9+2;, !pril 12, 200;

'angri-La v# Develo+ers( 7R &94436( =arc 3&( )5

FACT/S

At the core of the contro#ersy are the !hangri?/a mar2 and ! logo. 3es-ondent D"+claims ownershi- of said mar2 and logo in the Phili--ines on the strength of its -rior usethereof within the country. As D"+ stresses at e#ery turn$ it filed on 6ctober 1>$ 17>' withthe Bureau of Patents$ Trademar2s and Technology Transfer IBPTTT -ursuant to !ections 'and ) of 3e-ublic Act I3A @o. 1;;$(as amended$ an a--lication for registration co#eringthe subect mar2 and logo. 6n May (1$ 17>($ the BPTTT issued in fa#or of D"+ thecorres-onding certificate of registration therefor$ i.e.$ 3egistration @o. (17). !ince then$D"+ started using the !hangri?/a mar2 and ! logo in its restaurant business.

6n the other hand$ the uo2 family owns and o-erates a chain of hotels with interest in hotelsand hotel?related transactions since 17;7. As far bac2 as 17;'$ it ado-ted the name !hangri?/a as -art of the cor-orate names of all com-anies organi0ed under the aegis of the uo2"rou- of +om-anies Ithe uo2 "rou-. The uo2 "rou- has used the name !hangri?/a inall !hangri?/a hotels and hotel?related establishments around the world which the uo2Family owned.

All hotels owned$ o-erated and managed by the aforesaid !/%M "rou- of +om-aniesado-ted and used the distincti#e lettering of the name !hangri?/a as -art of their tradenames.

The uo2 "rou- andor -etitioner !/%M caused the registration of$ and in fact registered$the !hangri?/a mar2 and ! logo in the -atent offices in different countries around theworld.

The -etitioners accused D"+ of a--ro-riating and illegally using the !hangri?/a mar2 and! logo$ adding that the legal and beneficial ownershi- thereof -ertained to !/%M and thatthe uo2 "rou- and its related com-anies had been using this mar2 and logo since March

17;' for all their cor-orate names and affairs. n this regard$ they -oint to the Paris+on#ention for the Protection of ndustrial Pro-erty as affording security and -rotection to

1*
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!/%Ms eHclusi#e right to said mar2 and logo. They further claimed ha#ing used$ since late17=*$ the internationally?2nown and s-ecially?designed !hangri?/a mar2 and ! logo forall the hotels in their hotel chain.4hile the Paris +on#ention -rotects internationally 2nown mar2s$ 3.A. @o. 1;; still re!essions 7(5 Paras$ nternational /aw and 4orld 6rgani0ation$ 17=1 Ed.$ -. '. 4ithal$ thefact that international law has been made -art of the law of the land does not by any meansim-ly the -rimacy of international law o#er national law in the munici-al s-here. &nder thedoctrine of incor-oration as a--lied in most countries$ rules of international law are gi#en astanding e


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/armaceutical v# D"( 7R &;33:( "ctober 4( );

F!CTS

This *ase in#ol#e the $e#ise "ple"entin $ules an $eulations ($$$) issue

- the E in pursuan*e to


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har" in the $$$. )?

Fa*ts

The is an Spe*ial Ci#il !*tion or Certiorari an Prohi-ition %as -rouht to theSupre"e Court - the nterate Bar o the Philippines to question the*onstitutionalit o the orer o then Presient Joseph


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e'er*ise ire*tl supportin the &ET?s o-@e*ti#es. t is this treat to %hi*h the 5F!a#erts an the o-liations thereuner %hi*h it sees to reair".

n Fe-ruar 1, 2002, petitioners !rthur E. i" an Paulino P.


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n &a +, 1999, the Co""ittees su-"itte Propose Senate $esolution /o.+ re*o""enin the *on*urren*e o the Senate to the 5F! an the *reation o aeislati#e #ersiht Co""ittee to o#ersee its i"ple"entation. Ee-ates thenensue.

n &a 27, 1999, Propose Senate $esolution /o. + %as appro#e - the

Senate, - a t%oIthirs (2D+) #ote o its "e"-ers.

SS


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century between the 3e-ublic of the Phili--ines and the &nited !tates of America ?theisiting Forces Agreement.6n March 1)$ 17)=$ the Phili--ines and the &nited !tates ofAmerica forged a Military Bases Agreement which formali0ed$ among others$ the use ofinstallations in the Phili--ine territory by &nited !tates military -ersonnel. To furtherstrengthen their defense and security relationshi-$ the Phili--ines and the &nited !tates

entered into a Mutual Defense Treaty on August ($ 17*1. &nder the treaty$ the -artiesagreed to res-ond to any eHternal armed attac2 on their territory$ armed forces$ -ublic #essels$and aircraft.

ISSUE: Does the FA #iolate the Prohibition against nuclear wea-ons under Article $!ection >C

'ULIN(:

The court ruled that it does not #iolate Article '$ section > of the constitution.84%E3EA!$ by #irtue of Article of the FA$ the &nited !tates commits to res-ect the

laws of the 3e-ublic of the Phili--ines$ including the +onstitution$ which declares in Article$ !ection > thereof$ a -olicy of freedom from nuclear wea-ons consistent with the nationalinterest.9 This matter was settled in the discussion of one of the drafters of the constitutionstating that it does not #iolate Article '$ section > of the constitution. Moreo#er$ military

bases established within the territory of another state is no longer #iable because of thealternati#es offered by new means and wea-ons of warfare such as nuclear wea-ons$ guidedmissiles as well as huge sea #essels that can stay afloat in the sea e#en for months and yearswithout returning to their home country. These military warshi-s are actually used assubstitutes for a land?home base not only of military aircraft but also of military -ersonneland facilities. Besides$ #essels are mobile as com-ared to a land?based military head


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a--ealed to this +ourt on the inuncti#e rulings$ and a--ellee cross?a--ealed from the District+ourts grant of declaratory relief to 3oe and %allford.

ssue, 4hether or not the TeHas criminal abortion law is unconstitutional that 3oe may aborther -regnancy.

%eld,The +ourt decided that a right to-ri#acyunder thedue -rocessclause in the FourteenthAmendment to the &nited !tates +onstitutioneHtends to a womans decision to ha#e anabortion$ but that right must be balanced against the states two legitimate interests forregulating abortions, -rotecting -renatal life and -rotecting the mothers health. !aying thatthese state interests become stronger o#er the course of a -regnancy$ the +ourt resol#edthisbalancing testby tying state regulation of abortion to the mothers current trimester of

-regnancy.

=eyer v# 2ebras.a( )5) U' 34 >&4))?

F!CTS &eer, a tea*her, use a 6er"an Bi-le to tea*h in rae s*hool.!**orin to hi", this ser#e a ou-le purpose tea*hin 6er"an lanuae anreliious instru*tions. !ter -ein *hare %ith #iolation o /e-rasa?s statute, hetoo his *ase to the Supre"e Court, *lai"in that his riht an the rihts o parents%ere #iolate.

SShether or not the la% #iolate peopleKs li-ert, as prote*te - theFourteenth !"en"ent

$/6The Court hel that it %as inee a #iolation o the Eue Pro*ess Clause.

!lthouh the Constitution oes not spe*ii*all rant parents the riht to tea*h their*hilren a orein lanuae, Justi*e &*$enols state in the "a@orit opinion that

The Court has ne#er atte"pte to eine, %ith e'a*tness, the li-ert uarantee -the Fourteenth !"en"ent. >ithout ou-t, it enotes not "erel reeo" ro"-oil restraint -ut also the riht o the ini#iual to *ontra*t, to enae in an o the*o""on o**upations o lie, to a*quire useul no%lee, to "arr, esta-lish a ho"ean -rin up *hilren, to %orship 6o a**orin to the i*tates o his o%n*ons*ien*e, an enerall to en@o those pri#ilees lon re*oni4e at *o""on la%

as essential to the orerl pursuit o happiness - ree "en.

Certainl eu*ation an the pursuit o no%lee shoul -e en*ourae. &ereno%lee o the 6er"an lanuae *annot -e looe upon as har"ul. &eerKs rihtto tea*h an the riht o parents to hire hi" so to tea*h %ere %ithin the li-ert o this!"en"ent.

!lthouh the Court a**epte that the State "a ha#e @ustii*ation in osterin unita"on the popula*e, the rule that this parti*ular atte"pt rea*he too ar intoli-ert o parents to tea*h %hat the %ante to their *hilren.

''
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy#Privacy_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy#Privacy_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancing_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancing_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimester_(pregnancy)#Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimester_(pregnancy)#Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy#Privacy_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancing_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimester_(pregnancy)#Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimester_(pregnancy)#Physiology


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Pier*e #. So*iet o Sisters, 22 S ;10 (192;)Fa*ts

Co"pulsor &4;)?

Fa*ts o the Case

Eue to their parents? reliious -elies, three !"ish stuents ro" ierent a"iliespre#iousl enrolle in /e% 6larus ih S*hool stoppe s*hoolin ater the eihthrae, #iolatin >is*onsinKs *o"pulsor s*hool attenan*e la% (%hi*h requires a*hilKs s*hool attenan*e until ae 1) - e*linin to sen their *hilren to pu-li* orpri#ate s*hool ater the ha rauate ro" the sai rae. The %ere *on#i*te inthe 6reen CountCourt, an that rulin %as uphel in the appeals *ourt. is*onsin appeale that rulin in the . S.Supre"e Court.

'(
http://supreme.justia.com/us/268/510/case.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_County,_Wisconsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsinhttp://supreme.justia.com/us/268/510/case.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_County,_Wisconsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin


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ssue>hether or not the rihts uner the Free


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(a) The State has po%er to a@ust the einition o o-s*enit as applie to "inors, or

e#en %here there is an in#asion o prote*te reeo"s, the po%er o the state to

*ontrol the *onu*t o *hilren rea*hes -eon the s*ope o its authorit o#er

aults.

(-) Constitutional interpretation has *onsistentl re*oni4e that the parentsK *lai"

to authorit in the rearin o their *hilren is -asi* in our so*iet, an the leislature

*oul properl *on*lue that those pri"aril responsi-le or *hilrenKs %ell-ein are

entitle to the support o la%s esine to ai is*hare o that responsi-ilit.

(*) The State has an inepenent interest in prote*tin the %elare o *hilren an

saeuarin the" ro" a-uses.

Se*tion 1+. 5ital $ole o :outh

Se*tion 1. $ole o >o"en an o"en

Se*tion 1;. $iht to ealth

Se*tion 1. $iht to a Balan*e an ealthul


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the Presient as the Chie


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a"on others, noti*e, *onsultation, an resettle"ent, -e *o"plie %ith, hel theCourt.

The e*ision also require the sai o#ern"ent aen*ies to ea*h su-"it to theCourt a quarterl proressi#e report o the a*ti#ities unertaen in line %ith the

prin*iple o *ontinuin"ana "us.G

Notes: Some provisions from RA 7279 (Urban Development and Housing Act of992!Se*tion 2. Ee*laration o State Poli* an Prora" -@e*ti#es. t shall -e the poli*o the State to unertae, in *ooperation %ith pri#ate se*tor, a *o"prehensi#e an*ontinuin r-an Ee#elop"ent an ousin Prora", hereinater reerre to as theProra", %hi*h shall

a) plit the *onitions o the unerpri#ilee an ho"eless *iti4ens in ur-an areasan in resettle"ents areas - "ain a#aila-le to the" e*ent housin at aora-le

*ost, -asi* ser#i*es, an e"plo"ent opportunitiesH

-) Pro#ie or the rational use an e#elop"ent o ur-an lan in orer to -rin a-outthe ollo%in

(1)


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is the insuren* an unsta-le la-or situation in Bataan. The presen*e in Batanaso a hue liqueie petroleu" as (P6) epot o%ne - the Pilipinas ShellCorporation %as another *onsieration.

o%e#er, espite spee*hes in the Senate an in the ouse opposin the

transer o the pro@e*t to Batanas, BPC ile in the B on !pril 11, 1989 a requestor appro#al o an a"en"ent o its in#est"ent appli*ation ... or esta-lishin apetro*he"i*al *o"ple' in the Philippines. (!nne' F, p. ;1, $ollo.) The a"en"ents*onsiste o. (1) in*reasin the in#est"ent a"ount ro" SV220 "illion to SV+20"illionH (2) in*reasin the prou*tion *apa*it o its naphtha *ra*er, poletheleneplant an polproplene plantH (+) *hanin the eesto* ro" naphtha onl tonaphtha anDor liqueie petroleu" asH () transerrin the @o- site ro" i"a,Bataan to Batanas (!nne' F, p. ;1, $ollo).

0ssueBs1There is -eore us an a*tual *ontro#ers %hether the petro*he"i*al plant

shoul re"ain in Bataan or shoul -e transerre to Batanas, an %hether itseesto* oriinall o naphtha onl shoul -e *hane to naphtha anDor liqueiepetroleu" as as the appro#e a"ene appli*ation o the BPC, no% u4onPetro*he"i*al Corporation (PC), sho%s. !n in the liht o the *ateori*ala"ission o the B that it is the in#estor %ho has the inal *hoi*e o the site anthe e*ision on the eesto*, %hether or not it *onstitutes a ra#e a-use ois*retion or the B to iel to the %ishes o the in#estor, national interestnot%ithstanin.*han

DecisionBs1#irtual la

The Court, thereore, hols an ins that the B *o""itte a ra#e a-use ois*retion in appro#in the transer o the petro*he"i*al plant ro" Bataan toBatanas an authori4in the *hane o eesto* ro" naphtha onl to naphthaanDor P6 or the "ain reason that the final sa" is in t#e investor all ot#ercircumstances to t#e contrar" not$it#standing. /o *oent a#antae to theo#ern"ent has -een sho%n - this transer. This is a repuiation o theinepenent poli* o the o#ern"ent e'presse in nu"erous la%s an theConstitution to run its o%n aairs the %a it ee"s -est or the national interest. la%li-rar

>


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Se*tion 21. Pro"otion o Co"prehensi#e $ural an !rarian Poli*

Se*tion 22. Pro"otion o $ihts o nienous Cultural Co""unities

Se*tion 2+. Co""unitIBase Pri#ate rani4ations

Se*tion 2. 5ital $ole o Co""uni*ations

Se*tion 2;. o*al


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his 5rogram of government.

?ss)e;hether or not Elly Pamatong has a constit)tional right to r)n for or hold 5)blic officeand0 5artic)larly0 to see6 candidacy for 5residency of the Re5)blic of the Phili55ines.

Rationale9Doctrine9R)lingElly Pamatong has no constit)tional right to r)n for or hold 5)blic office and05artic)larly0 to see6 the 5residency. ;hat is recognized is merely a 5rivilege s)bBect tolimitations im5osed by la. 4ection +0 >rticle ?? of the Constit)tion neither bestos s)ch arightnor elevates the 5rivilege to the level of an enforceable right. #here is nothing in the 5lainlang)age of the 5rovision hich s)ggests s)ch a thr)st or B)stifies an inter5retation of thesort.#he rticle ?? of the Constit)tion0 entitledrticle are generallyconsidered not self-eec)ting0 and there is no 5la)sible reason for according a different

treatmentto the


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or cancel a Certificate of Candidacy. >s long as the limitations a55ly to everybody e=)allyitho)t discrimination0 hoever0 the e=)al access cla)se is not violated. E=)ality is notsacrificed as long as the b)rdens engendered by the limitations are meant to be borne byany one

Se*tion 27. onest an nterit in Pu-li* Ser#i*e

Se*tion 28. Full Pu-li* Eis*losure

Article


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$/6The Se*retar o !ri*ulture an /atural $esour*es an the Co""issionero Fisheries e'*eee their authorit in issuin Fisheries !"inistrati#e rers /os.8 an 8I1, an that those orers are not %arrante uner the FisheriesCo""ission, $epu-li* !*t /o. +;12. The Fisheries a% oes not e'pressl prohi-itele*tro ishin. !s su*h is the *ase, the Se*retar o !ri*ulture an /atural

$esour*es an the Co""issioner o Fisheries are po%erless to penali4e it.!"inistrati#e rers /os. 8 an 8I1 are e#oi o an leal -asis.The la%"ain -o *annot eleate to an e'e*uti#e oi*ial the po%er to e*lare%hat a*ts shoul *onstitute a *ri"inal oense. t *an authori4e the issuan*e oreulations an the i"position o penalt pro#ie or in the la% itsel. t has -eenhel that to e*lare %hat shall *onstitute a *ri"e an ho% it shoul -e punishe is apo%er #este e'*lusi#el in the leislature, an it "a not -e eleate to an other-o or aen*Gt has -een hel that the pro"ulation o the Se*retar is equi#alent to leislatin onthat "atter, a po%er %hi*h has not -een an *annot -e eleate to hi", it -eine'pressl reser#eG to the la%"ain -o. Su*h an a*t *onstitutes not onl an

e'*ess o the reulator po%er *onerre upon the Se*retar -ut also an e'er*ise oa leislati#e po%er %hi*h he oes not ha#e, an thereoreG the sai pro#ision is nullan #oi an %ithout ee*tG.

ssue>hether or not P

$ulin The "e"oranu" is a "aniestation o the State?s *on*ern or the %orin*lass. Further, this is *onsistent %ith the *onstitutional pro#ision on so*ial @usti*e.The Philippine #erseas


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%orers, in*luin sea"en. But the petitioner questions the #aliit o &e"oranu"Cir*ular /o. 2 itsel as #iolati#e o the prin*iple o nonIeleation o leislati#e po%er.t *ontens that no authorit ha -een i#en the P

the &ei*al Collees %ho ha#e not taen up or su**essull passe the /&!T, ile%ith the $eional Trial Court ($TC), /ational Capital Jui*ial $eion, a Petition orEe*larator Ju"ent an Prohi-ition %ith a praer or Te"porar $estrainin rer(T$) an Preli"inar n@un*tion, to en@oin the Se*retar o


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ssue

>hether or not the la% authori4in the &ei*al Boar o


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pro#ie in*olle*ti#e -arainin aree"ents, it is a una"ental rule thati"ple"entin rules *annot a or etra*t ro" the pro#isions o la% it is esine toi"ple"ent. The pro#isions o $epu-li* !*t /o. 0, o not prohi-it the *reitin oCB! anni#ersar %ae in*reases or purposes o *o"plian*e %ith $epu-li* !*t /o.0. The i"ple"entin rules *annot pro#ie or su*h a prohi-ition not *onte"plate

- the la%. !"inistrati#e reulations aopte uner leislati#e authorit - aparti*ular epart"ent "ust -e in har"on %ith the pro#isions o the la%, an shoul-e or the sole purpose o *arrin into ee*t its eneral pro#isions. The la% itsel*annot -e e'pane - su*h reulations. !n a"inistrati#e aen* *annot a"enan a*t o Conress.Thus petitionerKs *ontention that the salar in*reases rante - it pursuant to thee'istin CB! in*luin anni#ersar %ae in*reases shoul -e *onsiere ineter"inin *o"plian*e %ith the %ae in*rease "anate - $epu-li* !*t /o. 0,is *orre*t. o%e#er, the a"ount that shoul onl -e *reite to petitioner is the %aein*rease or 1987 uner the CB! %hen the la% too ee*t. The %ae in*rease or198 ha alrea a**rue in a#or o the e"ploees e#en -eore the sai la% %as

ena*te.>


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"ust -e e'er*ise. n aition to the eneral poli* o the la% to prote*t the lo*al*onsu"er - sta-ili4in an su-sii4in o"esti* pu"p rates, R 8(*) o P.E. 19;e'pressl authori4es the / the pro#ision in $.!. 7+ that allo%s the presient to reorani4e *ities anpro#in*es *onstitutes #ali eleation o leislati#e po%erA

$ulin

The Supre"e Court e*lare that the *ontention has no "erit. >hile !rt. , Se*.1+ pro#ies that The pro#in*es an *ities %hi*h o not #ote or in*lusion in the!utono"ous $eion shall re"ain in the e'istin a"inistrati#e reions, this

pro#ision is su-@e*t to the qualii*ation that the Presient "a - a"inistrati#eeter"ination "ere the e'istin reions. This "eans that %hile nonIassentinpro#in*es an *ities are to re"ain in the reions as esinate upon the *reation othe !utono"ous $eion, the "a ne#ertheless -e reroupe %ith *ontiuouspro#in*es or"in other reions as the e'ien* o a"inistration "a require. Thereroupin is one onl on paper. t in#ol#es no "ore than "ere einition orrera%in o the lines separatin a"inistrati#e reions or the purpose o a*ilitatinthe a"inistrati#e super#ision o lo*al o#ern"ent units - the Presient aninsurin the ei*ient eli#er o essential ser#i*es. There %ill -e no transer o lo*alo#ern"ents ro" one reion to another e'*ept as the "a thus -e reroupe sothat a pro#in*e lie anao el /orte, %hi*h is at present part o $eion , %ill

-e*o"e part o $eion . The reroupin o *ontiuous pro#in*es is not e#enanaloous to a reistri*tin or to the i#ision or "erer o lo*al o#ern"ents, %hi*h

(=


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all ha#e politi*al *onsequen*es on the riht o people resiin in those politi*al unitsto #ote an to -e #ote or. t *annot -e o#ere"phasi4e that a"inistrati#e reionsare "ere roupins o *ontiuous pro#in*es or a"inistrati#e purposes, not orpoliti*al representation. The *hane o reional *enter ro" Pa"pana to Paaianis -ase on the po%er o the Presient. The transer is aresse to the %iso",

not the lealit o the Presient. The Court *annot interere.

$orio #. Sanian-aan, +09 SC$! 1

People #. 5era, ; P ; (19+7I19+8)Cu n@ien %as *on#i*te - the trial *ourt in &anila. e ile or re*onsieration

%hi*h %as ele#ate to the SC an the SC re"ane the appeal to the lo%er *ourt or

a ne% trial. >hile a%aitin ne% trial, he appeale or pro-ation allein that the he is

inno*ent o the *ri"e he %as *on#i*te o. Jue Tuason o the &anila CF ire*tethe appeal to the nsular Pro-ation i*e. The P enie the appli*ation. o%e#er,

Jue 5era upon another request - Cu n@ien allo%e the petition to -e set orhearin. The Cit Prose*utor *ountere allein that 5era has no po%er to pla*e Cun@ien uner pro-ation -e*ause it is in #iolation o !*t /o. 221 %hi*h pro#ies that

the *ertain se*tion o the a*t are un*onstitutional.

0''U$1 >hether or not the unue eleation o leislature po%er is #ali uner our

*onstitution.

RUL0271The po%er to "ae la%s or the leislati#e po%er is #este in a -i*a"eral

eislature - the Jones a% (se*. 12) an in a uni*a"eral /ational !sse"-l -

the Constitution (!*t. 5, se*. 1, Constitution o the Philippines). The Philippineeislature or the /ational !sse"-l "a not es*ape its uties an responsi-ilities- eleatin that po%er to an other -o or authorit. !n atte"pt to a-i*ate the

po%er is un*onstitutional an #oi, on the prin*iple thatpotestasdelegata non

delegarepotest.

The rule, ho%e#er, %hi*h or-is the eleation o leislati#e po%er, is not a-solute

an inle'i-le. t a"its o e'*eptions. !n e'*eption san*tione - i""e"orialpra*ti*e per"its the *entral leislati#e -o to eleate leislati#e po%ers to lo*al

authoritiesH an the Constitution itsel "iht in spe*ii* instan*es allo% eleation o

leislati#e po%er.

The s*ope is onl as ar as Conress allo%s it. Thus, eleate leislation "a not

#iolate a statute.

Se*on #ersion (sa"e *ase)

F!CTS The People o the Philippines an SBC are the plainti an the oenepart an &ariano Cu n@ien is the eenant in a *ri"inal *ase %here Supre"eCourt Jue on. Jose . 5era hear the appli*ation o Cu n@ien or pro-ation inthe aoresai *ri"inal *ase. The *ri"inal *ase %as irst ile in the CF %hi*hrenere a @u"ent o *on#i*tion senten*in n@ien to ineter"inate penalt o rs an 2 "os. To 8 ears an to pa *osts. pon appeal, the *ourt "oiie the

(>


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senten*e to an ineter"inate penalt o ro" ;rs an "os to 7rs, "os an 27as an air"e the @u"ent in all other aspe*ts. n@ien ile a "otion orre*onsieration an our su**essi#e "otions or ne% trial %hi*h %ere all enie.pon his petition or *ertiorari to the SC *ourt, su*h %as also e*line - the SC aninal @u"ent %as a**orinl entere in Ee*. 18, 19+;.in 19+, upon n@ien?s

ilin o a se*on alternati#e "otion or re*onsieration o ne% trial, the SC eniethe peititon an re"ane the *ase to the *ourt o oriin or e'e*ution o @u"ent.The CF o &anila, Jue 5era presiin, set the petition or hearin or pro-ation%ith the Fis*al o the Cit o &anila ilin an opposition to su*h. The pri#ateprose*ution ile a supple"entar opposition ela-oratin on the alleeun*onstitutionalit o !*t 221, as unue eleation o leislati#e po%er to thepro#in*ial -oars o se#eral pro#in*es. Jue 5era pro"ulate a resolution*on*luin n@ien as es ino*ente por ua ra*ionalG o the *ri"e -ut enin hispetition or pro-ation.e *on*lue that se*tion 11 o !*t /o. 221 *onstitutes an i"proper anunla%ul eleation o leislati#e authorit to the pro#in*ial -oars an is, or thisreason, un*onstitutional an #oi. !*t /o. 221 is tanta"ount to an unueeleation o leislati#e po%er. The po%ers o the o#ern"ent are istri-ute a"onthree *oorinate an su-stantiall inepenent orans the leislati#e, the e'e*uti#ean the @ui*ial.


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li*ense plates %as e*ie. !**orin to this, the *onis*ation "entione shoul not-e one e'*ept onl %hen illeall pare in the streets o &anila. This e*ision %assupporte - PE 10;.

T%o aen*ies are no% *lai"in to ha#e authorit to "ae orinan*es to -e a-le to

a*t as su*h. These are the &&! an &etrpolitan Poli*e Co""an.

&&! pla*e t%o orinan*es. rinan*e 8 an 11.

Soli*itor 6eneral su-"itte a petition *lai"in the orinan*es are not to -e onesin*e the one ena*tin it oes not ha#e total leislati#e po%er.

0''U$1>hether the eleate po%er is #ali or not.

RUL0271

/o, espite o &&!?s "erits, PE 10; still pre#ails. &&! *annot purel use theeleation o leislati#e po%ers in *reatin the sai orinan*es. Thus, rinan*es 11an 8 are /ull an 5oi. (Eaa)

Aba.a!a 7uro /arty List v# /urisima( 95) 'CRA )9&

Facts1So"eti"e in 200; $! 9++;, also no%n as the attrition a*t, %asinstitute. This la% i"pose a sste" o re%ars an punish"ent upon o#ern"entoi*ials %ho -elone to the Bureau o Custo"s an the Bureau o nternal$e#enue. The "ain ist o the la% %as that oi*ials -elonin to these epart"ents%oul -e re%are or *olle*tions in e'*ess o the set quotas, an punishe -is"issal i una-le to rea*h the sa"e quotas. !-aaa 6uro Part ist *ontests the*onstitutionalit o the la%, *lai"in a"on "an other allee neati#e ee*ts, thatit %ill en*ourae the pu-li* oi*ials o -oth these epart"ents to -e*o"e"er*enaries an lea the" a%a ro" the proper peror"an*e o their uties.

0ssue1>hether or not the reularit o the peror"an*e o the uties o the oi*ialso the Bureau o Custo"s an the Bureau o nternal $e#enue -e *ast into ou-t asa result o $! 9++;.

el!1 Pu-li* oi*ers en@o the presu"ption o reularit in the peror"an*e o theiruties. This presu"ption ne*essaril o-tains in a#or o B$ an BC oi*ials ane"ploees. $! 9++; operates on the -asis thereo an reinor*es it - pro#iin asste" o re%ars an san*tions or the purpose o en*ourain the oi*ials ane"ploees o the B$ an the BC to e'*ee their re#enue tarets an opti"i4etheir re#enueIeneration *apa-ilit an *olle*tion.

The presu"ption is isputa-le -ut proo to the *ontrar is require to re-ut it. t*annot -e o#erturne - "ere *on@e*ture or enie in a#an*e (as petitioners %oulha#e the Court o) espe*iall in this *ase %here it is an unerlin prin*iple toa#an*e a e*lare pu-li* poli*.

)


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Petitioners? *lai" that the i"ple"entation o $! 9++; %ill turn B$ an BC oi*ialsan e"ploees into -ount hunters an "er*enariesG is not onl %ithout an a*tualan leal -asisH it is also purel spe*ulati#e. ! la% ena*te - Conress en@os thestron presu"ption o *onstitutionalit. To @usti its nullii*ation, there "ust -e a*lear an unequi#o*al -rea*h o the Constitution, not a ou-tul an equi#o*al one.

To in#aliate $! 9++; -ase on petitioners? -aseless supposition is an aront to the%iso" not onl o the leislature that passe it -ut also o the e'e*uti#e %hi*happro#e it. Pu-li* ser#i*e is its o%n re%ar. /e#ertheless, pu-li* oi*ers "a -la% -e re%are or e'e"plar an e'*eptional peror"an*e. ! sste" o in*enti#esor e'*eein the set e'pe*tations o a pu-li* oi*e is not anathe"a to the *on*epto pu-li* a**ounta-ilit. n a*t,it re*oni4es an reinor*es ei*ation to ut,inustr, ei*ien* an loalt to pu-li* ser#i*e o eser#in o#ern"ent personnel.

nite States #. !n Tan o, + Phil 1F!CTS

IThe Philippine eislature passe !*t /o. 288, entitle !n !*t penali4in the"onopol an holin o, an spe*ulation in, pala, ri*e, an *orn unere'traorinar *ir*u"stan*es, reulatin the istri-ution an sale thereo, anauthori4in the 6o#ernorI6eneral, %ith the *onsent o the Coun*il o State, to issuethe ne*essar rules an reulations thereor, an "ain an appropriation or thispurposeG

Se*tion 1. The 6o#ernorI6eneral is here- authori4e, %hene#er, or an *ause,*onitions arise resultin in an e'traorinar rise in the pri*e o pala, ri*e or *orn, toissue an pro"ulate, %ith the *onsent o the Coun*il o State, te"porar rules ane"eren* "easures or *arrin out the purpose o this !*t,

I!n Tan o, sol one anta o ri*e at the pri*e o eiht *enta#os (P.80), %hi*h isa pri*e reater than that i'e - e are *learl o the opinion an hol that !*t /o. 288, in so ar as it unertaes toauthori4e the 6o#ernorI6eneral in his is*retion to issue a pro*la"ation, i'in the

)1


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pri*e o ri*e, an to "ae the sale o ri*e in #iolation o the pri*e o ri*e, an to "aethe sale o ri*e in #iolation o the pro*la"ation a *ri"e, is un*onstitutional an #oi.That po%er *an ne#er -e eleate uner a repu-li*an or" o o#ern"ent.

The @u"ent o the lo%er *ourt is re#erse, an the eenant is*hare

ae rer /o /C$I01a an thereinstate"ent o >ae rer /o /C$I01 on the -asis that esta-lishin salar *eilinis one throuh *olle*ti#e -arainin aree"ent in the Conress an not throuh ana"inistrati#e or e'e*uti#e orer. o%e#er, the />PC an >aes BoarI/C$ holon to >ae rer /o /C$I01a on the roun that the Conress a#e the"@urisi*tion to pree"pt *olle*ti#e -arainin aree"ent - pres*ri-in loor %ae an

salar *eilin to i' %ae istortions, an thus ee*ti#el settle la-or isputes.

ssue Can pres*ri-in salar *eilin an loor %ae one %ithin the ConressaloneA

$ulin/. The Conress #alil eleates it?s authorit o pres*ri-in loor %ae

an salar *eilin to a %ae -oar. The Supre"e Court rule in a#or o theresponents.

$! 727 intens to "ini"i4e -loo or ris *olle*ti#e -arainin aree"ents- e"po%erin a %ae -oar to i' %ae istortions throuh pres*ri-in loor %aean salar *eilin. This a*t *a"e into -ein %hen the Conress oun *olle*ti#e-arainin aree"ents i"pra*ti*al, -loo, an in*apa-le in qui*l settlin la-orisputes. $! 727 also e"po%ers a %ae *o""ission in resear*hin so*ioIe*ono"i* status an ine' that *an airl set a stanar or %aes.

t is true that !rt 5 Se* 1 o the 1987 Constitution e*lares that the Conresshas the e'*lusi#e po%er to "ae la%s in*luin settin %aes -ut this *ase is ane'*eption. n this *ase, the Conress still has the po%er to set %aes -ut the *anena*t a la% i#in enouh stanar to a -oar to ollo%. The Conress *an still

o#erthro% the %ae *o""ission an %ae -oars a"inistrati#e orer -ut ourConress *hose not to on the *onstitutional rouns o so*ial @usti*e (!rt Se* 18)the State prote*ts the rihts o %elare o %orers, (!rt Se* ) the State *anreulate properties an propert relations or the *o""on oo, (!rt Se* 1) theConress prioriti4es the @ust istri-ution o %ealth an properties an, (!rt Se* 20)the State "ust -alan*e the %elare o %orers an proit o the pri#ate se*tors.(Catalo)

People #. $osenthal, 8 P +28

!ustin #.


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Facts1This *ase is a petition assailin the #aliit or the *onstitutionalit o a etter onstru*tion /o. 229, issue - Presient Ferinan


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e'istin la%. t %as issue - Presient &ar*os not or the purpose o tain *arethat the la%s %ere aithull e'e*ute -ut in the e'er*ise o his leislati#e authorituner !"en"ent /o. . t %as pro#ie thereuner that %hene#er in his @u"entthere e'iste a ra#e e"eren* or a threat or i""inen*e thereo or %hene#er theleislature aile or %as una-le to a*t aequatel on an "atter that in his @u"ent

require i""eiate a*tion, he *oul, in orer to "eet the e'ien*, issue e*rees,orers or letters o instru*tion that %ere to ha#e the or*e an ee*t o la%. !s thereis no sho%in o an e'ien* to @usti the e'er*ise o that e'traorinar po%er then,the petitioner has reason, inee, to question the #aliit o the e'e*uti#e orer./e#ertheless, sin*e the eter"ination o the rouns %as suppose to ha#e -een"ae - the Presient in his @u"ent, a phrase that %ill lea to protra*teis*ussion not reall ne*essar at this ti"e, %e reser#e resolution o this "atter untila "ore appropriate o**asion. For the non*e, %e *onine oursel#es to the "oreuna"ental question o ue pro*ess.

Unite! 'tates v# /anlilio( )6 /0L 56F!CTS

The a**use %as *on#i*te o #iolation o !*t 170 relatin to the quarantinino ani"als suerin ro" anerous *o""uni*a-le or *ontaious iseases ansenten*in hi" to pa a ine o P0 %ith su-siiar i"prison"ent in *ase oinsol#en* an to pa the *osts o trial. t is allee that the a**use illeall an%ithout -ein authori4e to o so, an %hile quarantine aainst the sai *ara-aose'pose to rinerpest %as still in ee*t, per"itte an orere sai *ara-aous to -etaen ro" the *orral in %hi*h the %ere quarantine an ro#e the" ro" one pla*eto another. The a**use *ontens that the a*ts allee in the inor"ation anpro#e on the trial o not *onstitute a #iolation o !*t /o. 170

SShether a**use *an -e penali4e or #iolation o the orer o the Bureau o

!ri*ultureA


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of suc# orders is not a offense punis#able b" la$ unless t#e statute e.pressl"penali'es suc# violation/

'ecurities an! $cange Commission v# 0nter+ort Resources Cor+oration( 95;

'CRA 39:

FA+T!, 3+ alleged that a -ress release announcing the a--ro#al of the agreement was sentthrough faH to Phili--ine !toc2 EHchange IP!E and the !E+$ but that the faH machine of!E+ could not recei#e it. &-on the ad#ice of !E+$ 3+ sent the -ress release on the morningof 7 Aug 177). !E+ a#erred that it recei#ed re-orts that 3+ failed to ma2e timely -ublicdisclosures of its negotiations with "%B and that some of its directors hea#ily traded 3+shares utili0ing this material insider information. !E+ +hairman then issued an 6rder findingthat 3+ #iolated the 3ules on Disclosure when it failed to ma2e timely disclosure$ and thatsome of the officers and directors of the 3+ entered into transactions in#ol#ing 3+ sharesin #iolation of !ec ($ in relation to !ec (; of the 3e#ised !ecurities Act. 3+ filed an

6mnibus Motion alleging that !E+ had no authority to in#estigate the subect matter$ sinceunder !ec > of PD 7'?A$ as amended by PD 1=*>$ urisdiction was conferred u-on theProsecution and Enforcement De-t IPED of !E+. 3+ also claimed that !E+ #iolated theirright to due -rocess when it ordered that the res-ondents a--ear before !E+ and show causewhy no administrati#e$ ci#il or criminal sanctions should be im-osed on them$ and thus$shifted the burden of -roof to the res-ondents. They filed a Motion for +ontinuance ofProceedings. %ence a motion for reconsideration.

!!&E, 1. Do sections >$ ($ and (; of the 3e#ised !ecurities Act re


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(. E!. The !ecurities 3egulations +ode did not re-eal !ections >$ ( and (; of the

3e#ised !ecurities Act since said -ro#isions were reenacted in the new law. The

!ecurities 3egulations +ode absolutely re-ealed the 3e#ised !ecurities Act. 4hile

the absolute re-eal of a law generally de-ri#es a court of its authority to -enali0e the

-erson charged with the #iolation of the old law -rior to its a--eal$ an eHce-tion tothis rule comes about when the re-ealing law -unishes the act -re#iously -enali0ed

under the old law.

). E!. The !E+ retained the urisdiction to in#estigate #iolations of the 3e#ised

!ecurities Act$ reenacted in the !ecurities 3egulations +ode$ des-ite the abolition of

the PED. !ection *( of the !ecurities 3egulations +ode clearly -ro#ides that criminal

com-laints for #iolations of rules and regulations enforced or administered by the

!E+ shall be referred to the De-artment of Justice ID6J for -reliminary

in#estigation$ while the !E+ ne#ertheless retains limited in#estigatory -owers.

*. E!. The instant case has not yet -rescribed. 3es-ondents ha#e ta2en the -osition

that this case is moot and academic$ since any criminal com-laint that may be filed

against them resulting from the !E+:s in#estigation of this case has already

-rescribed.

7eroci v# D$2R( 7R 2o# &94;45( uly &;( );Facts1

Conress ena*te the


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ni#ersal Chare as rele*te in their respe*ti#e ele*tri* -ills startin ro" the "ontho Jul 200+.

0ssue1>/ the ni#ersal Chare uner the


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$esponent i not su-"it an proo o its a*tual operation, hen*e, thepenalt shall -e *o"pute or i#e (;) %orin as per %ee e'*luinholias or 172 as a"ountin to P172,000.00 in total.

0''U$1

1. "2, E! ha#e the i"plie po%er to i"pose ines as set orth in PE 98A2. "2, the rant o i"plie po%er to E! to i"pose penalties #iolate the rule

on nonIeleation o leislati#e po%ers

$LD1

0ssue G&1 YES1. Per Se*. 9 o PE 98 states that it *an i"pose penalties.2. Se*. o


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ssue

>hether or not the Se*tion +2 *onstitutes unue eleation o leislati#e po%er as itallo%s the *ourt to eter"ine the i"position o the ter" o i"prison"entA

el

$! 70 #ests in the *ourts the is*retion, not to i' the perio oi"prison"ent, -ut to *hoose %hi*h o the alternati#e penalties shall -e i"pose.>hat #ali eleation presupposes an san*tions is an e'er*ise o is*retion to i'the lenth o ser#i*e o the ter" o i"prison"ent %hi*h "ust -e en*o"passe %ithinspe*ii* or esinate li"its pro#ie - la%, the a-sen*e o %hi*h esinate li"its%ill *onstitute su*h e'er*ise as an unue eleation o leislati#e po%er.

>hen the o*trine o separation o po%ers is in#oe, the leislati#e *annot eleatea po%er that is onl eleate to the" - the Constitution. The i"position o a ine

*an stan alone o the i"position o the i"prison"ent as it is un*onstitutional an%hen su*h *ases arise, *ertain *lauses %hi*h *an -e eter"ine inepenent *anstan alone o the un*onstitutional *lause o the pro#ision. The *an, in a*t, onleleate to the is*retion o the *ourt to i"pose the pro#ision o ine ani"prison"ent -ut not to eter"ine the "ini"u" or "a'i"u" perio ori"prison"ent as it %ill -e ee"e un*onstitutional.

/eo+le v# Dacuycuy( &;3 'CRA 4 >&464?

FACTS:

%erein$ -ri#ate res-ondents$ +elestino !. Matondo$ !egundino A. +a#al and +irilo M.Kanoria$ -ublic school officials of /eyte$ were charged before the Munici-al +ourt of%indang$ /eyte in +riminal +ase @o. *** thereof for #iolation of 3e-ublic Act @o. );=$otherwise$ 2nown as the Magna +arta for Public !chool Teachers. They alleged that the factscharged do not constitute an offense since the -enal -ro#ision$ which is !ection (' of saidlaw$ is unconstitutional for the following reasons, I1 t im-oses a cruel and unusual

-unishment$ the term of im-risonment being unfiHed and may run to reclusion -er-etua5 and

I' t also constitutes an undue delegation of legislati#e -ower$ the duration of the -enalty ofim-risonment being solely left to the discretion of the court as if the latter were the legislati#ede-artment of the "o#ernment. !ection (' thereof -ro#ides,

!ec. ('. Penal Pro#ision. Q A -erson who shall wilfully interfere with$ restrain or coerce anyteacher in the eHercise of his rights guaranteed by this Act or who shall in any other mannercommit any act to defeat any of the -ro#isions of this Act shall$ u-on con#iction$ be -unished

by a fine of not less than one hundred -esos nor more than one thousand -esos$ or byim-risonment$ in the discretion of the court. IEm-hasis su--lied.

)7


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ISSUE: s !ection (' of 3.A. @o. );= #alidC

HELD:

@o. t is not for the courts to fiH the term of im-risonment where no -oints ofreference ha#e been -ro#ided by the legislature. 4hat #alid delegation -resu--oses andsanctions is an eHercise of discretion to fiH the length of ser#ice which must be ser#ed withinthe s-ecific or designated limits -ro#ided by law$ the absence of which designated limits willconstitute such eHercise as undue delegation$ if not an outright intrusion or assum-tion$ oflegislati#e -ower.

Se*tion 2. Senate Co"position

Se*tion +. 3ualii*ations o Senator

Se*tion . Senator Ter" o i*eH 5oluntar $enun*iation

Se*tion ;. Co"position o the ouse o $epresentati#esH !pportion"entH Part istTo-ias #. !-alos, 2+9 SC$! 10 (199)F!CTSPrior to $epu-li* !*t /o., 77; also no%n as !n !*t Con#ertin the&uni*ipalit o &analuon into a ihl r-ani4e Cit to -e no%n as the Cit o&analuonG, &analuon an San Juan -elone to onl one leislati#e istri*t.! ple-is*ite %as hel or the people o &analuon %hether or not the appro#e othe sai *on#ersion. The ple-is*ite %as onl 1.1Y o the sai *on#ersion./e#ertheless, 18,21 #ote esG %hereas 7, 911G #ote noG.SShether or not the ratii*ation o $!77; %as un*onstitutional *itin !rti*le5, Se*tions ;(1), an 2(1).

$/6!pplin li-eral *onstru*tion the Supre"e Court is"isse the *ontention o*onstitutionalit pertainin to !rt 5 2(1) sain shoul -e i#en a pra*ti*al ratherthan a te*hni*al *onstru*tion. t shoul -e sui*ient *o"plian*e %ith su*hrequire"ent i the title e'presses the eneral su-@e*t an all the pro#isions areer"ane to that eneral su-@e*t.

!s to !rti*le 5 Se* ;(1), the *lause unless other%ise pro#ie - la% %asenor*e @ustiin the a*t o the leislature to in*rease the nu"-er o the "e"-erso the *onress.!rti*le 5 Se* ; () %as also o#errule as it %as the Conress itsel %hi*h rate the-ill reapportionin the leislati#e istri*t.n #ie% o the oreoin a*ts, the petition %as is"isse or la* o "erit.

=ariano v# C"=$L$C( ):) 'CRA )&& >&449?

Fa*ts Petitioners *onten that Se*. 2, ;1, an ;2 o $! 78; is un*onstitutional on

the ollo%in rouns Se*. 2 i not properl ienti the lan area or territorial@urisi*tion o &aati - "etes an -ouns, %ith te*hni*al es*riptions, as require

*


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- Se*. 10, !rt. o the Constitution, in relation to Se*. 7 an ;0 o the 6CH Se*.;1 atte"pts to alter or restart the threeI*onse*uti#e ter"G li"it or lo*al ele*ti#eoi*ialsH Se*. ;2 in*rease the leislati#e istri*t o &aati onl - spe*ial la%, %hi*his not e'presse in the title o the -ill, an sur#e is ;0,000 people onl. &oreo#er itis not pro#ie or in !rt. 5, Se*. ;() o the Constitution,

ssue >hether or not Se*. ;2, $! 78; is un*onstitutional.

$ulin /eati#e. $eapportion"ent o leislati#e istri*ts "a -e "ae throuh aspe*ial la%, su*h as a *harter o a ne% *it.

This *hallene on the *ontro#ers *annot -e entertaine as the pre"ise on the issueis on the o**urren*e o "an *ontinent e#ents. Consierin that these e#ents "aor "a not happen, petitioners "erel pose a hpotheti*al issue %hi*h has et toripen to an a*tual *ase or *ontro#ers. &oreo#er, onl &ariano a"on thepetitioners is a resient o Taui an is not the proper parties to raise this a-stra*t

issue.The petitioners in the *ase ha#e not e"onstrate that the elineation o the lanarea o the propose area o &aati (%ithout "etes an -ouns) %ill *ause*onusion as to its -ounaries. Conress has reraine ro" usin "etes an-ouns es*ription o lan areas o other lo*al o#ern"ent units.

Se"a #. C&


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e*lare 5E &usli" &inanao !utono" !*t /o. 201 *reatin the Pro#in*e oShari Za-unsuan.

Baa-uo #. C&


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The Cit o &alolos an the &uni*ipalities o aono, Calu"pit, Pulilan, Bula*an,an Pao"-on *o"prise the *urrent irst istri*t o the pro#in*e o Bula*an. n 2007the population o &alolos Cit %as 22+,09. The /S pro@e*te that, usin theesta-lishe population ro%th rate o +.78 per*ent -et%een 199; an 2000, itspopulation in 2010 %ill -e 2;,0+0.

n &a 1, 2009 Conress ena*te $epu-li* !*t ($.!.) 9;91, to a"en Se*tion ;7o $.!. 87;, the *harter o the Cit o &alolos, "ain the *it a separate istri*tro" the e'istin irst leislati#e istri*t o Bula*an.

n June 1, 2009 petitioners 5i*torino !la-a, Carlo Jolette S. Fa@aro, Julio 6.&oraa, an &iner#a !la-a &oraa, all *lai"in to -e ta'paers ro" &alolos Cit,ile the present a*tion, assailin the *onstitutionalit o $.!. 9;91. The point out a)that the la% aile to *o"pl %ith the require"ent o Se*tion ;(), !rti*le 5 o the1987 Constitution that a *it "ust ha#e a population o at least 2;0,000H (2) that the

*reation o a separate istri*t a"ounts to a *on#ersion an requires the *onu*t o aple-is*iteH an (+) that the la% #iolates Se*tion ;(+), !rti*le 5 %hi*h pro#ies thatea*h istri*t shall *o"prise as ar as pra*ti*a-le, *ontiuous, *o"pa*t an a@a*entterritor.

0ssue1 Constitutionalit o $! 9;91 as ar as the population require"ent is*on*erne.

Ruling1>e rant the petition an e*lare $! 9;91 un*onstitutional or #iolatin Se*tion

;(+), !rti*le 5 o the 1987 Constitution an Se*tion + o the rinan*e appene tothe 1987 Constitution. (Eaa)

"cam+o v# R$T( 7R 2o# &96:55( une &9( ):

F!CTS

&ario Crespo %on as the Conress"an o the Si'th Eistri*t o &anila. o%e#er, he%as e*lare inellii-le - the ouse o $epresentati#es


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%ho %as "anate - the "a@orit is isqualiie ro" holin the post he %asele*te to, the onl re"e to ill the position is to hol another ele*tion.

n this *ase, althouh *a"po pla*e se*on ater a isqualiie *aniate, Crespo,it oes not entitle hi" to -e e*lare the %innerH or to o su*h %oul ha#e

isenran*hise the "a@orit o the #oters o the si'th Eistri*t o &anila. Further"ore,the a*t %oul ha#e -een *ontrar to the prin*iples o#ernin the State e"o*ra*an repu-li*anis".

Part ist!n Baon Baani #. C&


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ro" the la-or, peasant, ur-an poor, inienous *ultural *o""unities, %o"en, outh,an su*h other se*tors as "a -e pro#ie - la%, e'*ept the reliious se*tor.G

)?

FACTS:

**


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3es-ondent -roclaimed 1) -arty?list re-resentati#es from 1( -arties which obtained atleast 'R of the total number of #otes cast for the -arty?list system as members of the %ouseof 3e-resentati#es. &-on -etition for res-ondents$ who were -arty? list organi0ations$ it

-roclaimed (> additional -arty?list re-resentati#es although they obtained less than 'R of thetotal number of #otes cast for the -arty?list system on the ground that under the +onstitution$

it is mandatory that at least 'R of the members of the %ouse of 3e-resentati#es come fromthe -arty?list re-resentati#es.

ISSUE: 4hether or not the 'R threshold re


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*on*ernepart

part/o. o #oteso the irstpart

allo*ate to irstpart

!pplin sai or"ula to the unispute iures in PartIist Can#ass $eport /o. 20,%e o not in petitioners entitle to an aitional seat. Thus

!itional seats or P& [8,0721,20+,+0;

' 2

[ 0.7

!itional seats or BT [29,2;91,20+,+0;

' 2

[ 0.71/ 5 >


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Facts,6n March '$ 177*$ herein -etitioner Aga-ito Ahether or not &rs. &ar*os "eets the resien* require"ent to run as

representati#e in ete

el

:es. &ar*os is o"i*ile in Ta*lo-an, hen*e she "eets theConstitutional

require"ent on resien*. $esien*e an o"i*ile aresnon"ous in ele*tion la%.

&ere a-sen*e o an ini#iual ro" hisDherper"anent resien*e %ithout the intention

to a-anon it oes not result in aloss or *hane o o"i*ile. !lso, %hen she "arriethe or"er Presient&ar*os in 19;, she ept her o"i*ile o oriin an "erel

*>


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aine a ne%ho"e, not adomicilium necessarium.The Supre"e Court hel that e#en

the"atter o a *o""on resien*e -et%een the hus-an an the %ie urin

the"arriae is not an ironI*la prin*iple. n *ases applin the Ci#il Coe on

thequestion o *o""on "atri"onial resien*e, our @urispruen*e has

re*oni4e*ertain situations %here the spouses *oul not -e *o"pelle to li#e%ithea*h other su*h that the %ie is either allo%e to "aintain a resien*eierent

ro" that o her hus-an or, or o-#iousl pra*ti*al reasons, re#ertto her oriinal

o"i*ile (apart ro" -ein allo%e to opt or a ne% one).

Domino v# C"=$L$C( 7R &3:&9 >uly &4( &444?

FACT'19. Petitioner J!/ E&/ ile Certii*ate o Cania* (CC) or

Conress"an o the Pro#in*e o Saranani.10.e ini*ate that he has resie in Saranani or one ear an t%o "onths.11.C&


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. >ith this @urisi*tion, it has the *o"peten*e an the riht to eter"ine %hetheralse representation as to "aterial a*t %as "ae in the CC in*luinresien*e.

;. C&


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Su*h an o-@e*ti#e is inee %ithin the *o"peten*e o the leislature to pro#ie or./onetheless, t#e purposealone oes not resol#e the *onstitutionalit o a statute. t"ust also -e ase %hether t#e effecto sai la% is or is not to transress theuna"ental la%.

The test "ust -e the a"ount at %hi*h the -on is i'e. >here it is i'e at ana"ount that %ill i"pose no harship on an person or %ho" there shoul -e anesire to #ote as a no"inee or an oi*e, an et enouh to pre#ent the ilin o*ertii*ates o *aniates - anone, rearless o %hether or not he is a esira-le*aniate, it is a reasona-le "eans to reulate ele*tions. n the other han, i it putsa real -arrier that %oul stop "an suita-le "en an %o"en ro" presentinthe"sel#es as prospe*ti#e *aniates, it -e*o"es un@ustiia-le, or it %oul eeat its#er o-@e*ti#e o se*urin the riht o honest *aniates to run or pu-li* oi*e.

$epu-li* !*t 21, "oreo#er, relates a personKs riht to run or oi*e to the ereeo su**ess he %ill sho% at the polls. ! *aniate, ho%e#er, has no less a riht to run

%hen he a*es prospe*ts o eeat as %hen he is e'pe*te to %in. Consequentl, orthe la% to i"pose on sai *aniate W shoul he lose - the atal "arin W ainan*ial penalt not i"pose on others %oul unreasona-l en hi" equalprote*tion o the la%. t is, also, in " opinion, un*onstitutional on this a**ount. (Se*.1, !rt. , Phil. Const.) /uisan*e *aniates, as an e#il to -e re"eie, o not @ustithe aoption o "easures that %oul -ar poor *aniates ro" runnin or oi*e.$epu-li* !*t 21 in a*t ena-les ri*h *aniates, %hether nuisan*e or not, topresent the"sel#es or ele*tion. Consequentl, it *annot -e sustaine as a #alireulation o ele*tions to se*ure the e'pression o the popular %ill. (Sinon)

So*ial Justi*e So*iet #. Eanerous Erus Boar, 6$ /o. 1;7870, /o#e"-er +,2008

Fa*ts

SJS ile a petition to prohi-it the enor*in o pararaphs (*), (), () an ()o $! 91; %hi*h it ee"e as un*onstitutional. /imentel( r# also file! a +etitiontat an a!!itional re,uirement for an electe! official to ol! +ublic office isunconstitutional#

$! 91; Se* + !rt

(*) Stuents o se*onar an tertiar s*hools. N Stuents o se*onar antertiar s*hools shall, pursuant to the relate rules an reulations as *ontaine inthe s*hoolKs stuent han-oo an %ith noti*e to the parents, unero a rano"ru testin Pro#ie, That all ru testin e'penses %hether in pu-li* or pri#ates*hools uner this Se*tion %ill -e -orne - the o#ern"entH

() i*ers an e"ploees o pu-li* an pri#ate oi*es. N i*ers ane"ploees o pu-li* an pri#ate oi*es, %hether o"esti* or o#erseas, shall -esu-@e*te to unero a rano" ru test as *ontaine in the *o"panKs %or rules

an reulations, %hi*h shall -e -orne - the e"ploer, or purposes o reu*in theris in the %orpla*e. !n oi*er or e"ploee oun positi#e or use o anerous

;1


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rus shall -e ealt %ith a"inistrati#el %hi*h shall -e a roun or suspension orter"ination, su-@e*t to the pro#isions o !rti*le 282 o the a-or Coe an pertinentpro#isions o the Ci#il Ser#i*e a%H

() !ll persons *hare -eore the prose*utorKs oi*e %ith a *ri"inal oense

ha#in an i"posa-le penalt o i"prison"ent o not less than si' () ears an one(1) a shall ha#e to unero a "anator ru testH an

>g? All can!i!ates for +ublic office weter a++ointe! or electe! bot inte national or local government sall un!ergo a man!atory !rug test#

ssue

>hether or not the i"position o a "anator ru test uner $! 91; is*onstitutional insoar as it i"poses an aitional require"ent or *aniates orsenator

elThe Supre"e Court rants that Se* + (*) an () to -e *onstitutional an

Se* + () an () to -e un*onstitutional.Se*. +() is un*onstitutional, the Court sai that the sa"e un"istaa-l

requires a *aniate or senator to -e *ertiie illealIru *lean, o-#iousl as a preI*onition to the #aliit o a *ertii*ate o *ania* or senator or, %ith lie ee*t, a*onition sine qua non to -e #ote upon an, i proper, -e pro*lai"e senatorIele*t,Gain that the assaile pro#ision o the la% an the C&


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$/6n the 19+; Constitution it %as pro#ie that Pu-li* oi*e is a pu-li* trust.Pu-li* oi*ers an e"ploees shall ser#e %ith the hihest eree o responsi-ilit,interit, loalt an ei*ien* an shall re"ain a**ounta-le to the people. !lele*ti#e pu-li* oi*ials shoul honor the "anate the ha#e otten ro" the people.!rt. o repu-li* a*t no. 180 Se*. 27.Caniate holin oi*e. W !n ele*ti#e

pro#in*ial, "uni*ipal or *it oi*ial runnin or an oi*e, other than the one %hi*h heis a*tuall holin, shall -e *onsiere resine ro" oi*e ro" the "o"ent o theilin o his *ertii*ate o *ania*.Se*. 2.Caniate holin ele*ti#e oi*e. W !n ele*ti#e pro#in*ial, su-Ipro#in*ial,*it, "uni*ipal or "uni*ipal istri*t oi*er runnin or an oi*e other than the one%hi*h he is holin in a per"anent *apa*it shall -e *onsiere ipso a*to resinero" his oi*e ro" the "o"ent o the ilin o his *ertii*ate o *ania*.n *on*lusion, the *ourt reiterates the -asi* *on*ept that a pu-li* oi*e is a pu-li*trust. t is *reate or the interest an -eneit o the people. !s su*h, the holerthereo is su-@e*t to su*h reulations an *onitions as the la% "a i"pose an he*annot *o"plain o an restri*tions %hi*h pu-li* poli* "a i*tate on his oi*e. The

instant petition %as is"isse or la* o "erit, an Ei"aporo is no loner*onsiere as a "e"-er o *onress.

Farinas #.


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This is no loner in ee*t ha#in -een repeale - the Fair


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alleations aainst petitioner. Petitioner has not -een ser#e an su""ons.Petitioner ile his ans%er. e allee that the repair o the roas %as unertaen%ithout his authorit. !ter a hearin on the "otion to suspen the pro*la"ation opetitioner, the C&


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C&


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Se*tion 10. Salaries/ilconsa v# =atay( &6 'CRA 3 >&455?

Facts

Petitioner has ile a suit aainst the or"er !*tin !uitor 6eneral o the Philippinesan the !uitor o the Conress o the Philippines seein to per"anentl en@ointhe" ro" authori4in or passin in auit the pa"ent o the in*rease salariesauthori4e - $! 1+ to the Speaer an "e"-ers o the ouse o$epresentati#es -eore Ee*e"-er +0, 199.

The 19;I19 Buet i"ple"ente the in*rease in salar o the Speaer an"e"-ers o the ouse o $epresentati#es set - $! 1+, appro#e @ust thepre*ein ear 19. Petitioner *ontens that su*h i"ple"entation is #iolati#e o!rti*le 5, Se*. 1(no% Se*. 10) o the Constitution. The reason i#en -ein that the

ter" o the 8 senators ele*te in 19+, an %ho too part in the appro#al o $!1+, %oul ha#e e'pire onl on Ee*e"-er +0, 199H %hile the ter" o the"e"-ers o the ouse %ho parti*ipate in the appro#al o sai !*t e'pire onEe*e"-er +0, 19;.

0ssueEoes Se*. 1(no% Se*. 10) o the Constitution require that not onl the ter" o allthe "e"-ers o the ouse -ut also that o all the Senators %ho appro#e thein*rease "ust ha#e ull e'pire -eore the in*rease -e*o"es ee*ti#eA

el!

n esta-lishin %hat "iht -e ter"e a %aitin perio -eore the in*rease*o"pensation or leislators -e*o"es ull ee*ti#e, the Constitutional pro#isionreers to all "e"-ers o the Senate an the ouse o $epresentati#esG in the sa"esenten*e, as a sinle unit, %ithout istin*tion or separation -et%een the". Thisunitar treat"ent is e"phasi4e - the a*t that the pro#ision speas o thee'piration o the ull ter"G o the Senators an $epresentati#es that appro#e the"easure, usin the sinular or" an not the plural, there- renerin "ore e#ientthe intent to *onsier -oth houses or the purpose as ini#isi-le *o"ponents o one

sinle eislature. The use o the %or ter"G in the sinular, %hen *o"-ine %iththe ollo%in phrase all the "e"-ers o the Senate an the ouse,G uners*oresthat in the appli*ation o !rt. 5, Se*. 1(no% Se*. 10), the una"ental*onsieration is that the ter"s o oi*e o all "e"-ers o the eislature thatena*te the "easure "ust ha#e e'pire -eore the in*rease in *o"pensation *an-e*o"e operati#e.

The Court aree %ith petitioner that the in*rease *o"pensation pro#ie - $!1+ is not operati#e until Ee*e"-er +0, 199, %hen the ull ter" o all "e"-ers othe Senate an ouse that appro#e it %ill ha#e e'pire.

Se*tion 11. Pri#ilee ro" !rrestH Parlia"entar Freeo" o Spee*h/eo+le v# alosIos( 3): 'CRA 564

;=


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FACT'1!**useIappellant $o"eo 6. Jalos@os is a ullIlee "e"-er o Conress %ho isno% *onine at the national penitentiar %hile his *on#i*tion or 2 *ounts o statutorrape an *ounts o las*i#iousness is penin appeal. e ile a "otion asin that

he -e allo%e to ull is*hare the uties o Conress"an, in*luin attenan*e atleislati#e sessions an *o""ittee "eetins espite his ha#in -een *on#i*te inthe irst instan*e o a nonI-aila-le oense. e arues that the so#erein ele*torateo the 1st Eistri*t o La"-oana el /orte *hose hi" as their representati#e inConress. a#in -een reIele*te - his *onstituents, he has the ut to peror"the un*tions o a Conress"an.

0''U$1

>hether or not the irst senten*e o se*. 11 o arti*le 5 %hi*h states that a senatoror "e"-er o the ouse o $epresentati#es shall, in all oenses punisha-le - not

"ore than ears i"prison"ent, -e pri#ilee ro" arrest %hile Conress is insession appl to hi" allo%in hi" to atten *onressional sessions espite his*asesA

$LD

True, ele*tion is the e'pression o the so#erein po%er o the people. n the e'er*iseo surae, a ree people e'pe*ts to a*hie#e the *ontinuit o o#ern"ent an theperpetuation o its -eneitsH ho%e#er, in spite o its i"portan*e, the pri#ilees anrihts arisin ro" ha#in -een ele*te "a -e enlare or restri*te - la%. urirst tas is to as*ertain the appli*a-le la%.The i""unit ro" arrest or etention o Senators an "e"-ers o the ouse o$epresentati#es, the later *usto"aril aresse as Conress"en, arises ro" apro#ision o the Constitution parti*ularl se*. 11 o arti*le 5. The histor o thepro#ision sho%s that the pri#ilee has al%as -een rante in a restri*ti#e sense.The pro#ision rantin an e'e"ption as a spe*ial pri#ilee *annot -e e'tene-eon the orinar "eanin o its ter"s. t "a not -e e'tene - inten"ent,i"pli*ation or equita-le *onsierations.! Conress"an lie the a**useIappellant, *on#i*te uner Title


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>hether or not the state"ents "ae - the plainti (senator) that %as *o#ere inne%spapers as %ell as his state"ents in ront o the Blue $i--on Co""ittee %ereuner the s*ope o se*.11 arti*le parti*ularl the pri#ilee *o""uni*ationA

>hether or not the 2Ipress release "ae - the eenant %as also uner pri#ilee*o""uni*ation

Ruling

The Supre"e Court air"e in toto the e*ision o the lo%er *ourt - e*larin thatthe eenantKs i"putations aainst plainti %ere not "ae pri#atel nor oi*iall asto -e qualiiel pri#ilee uner !rti*le +; o the $e#ise Penal Coe. t %as alsopro#e that eenant inee %as the *ulprit in *ausin the release o the 2Ipaepress release an thereore is lia-le or the li-elous *ontents o the press release.

n the other han, the state"ents "ae - the plainti in Conress %ere uner thes*ope o se*. 11 arti*le in as "u*h as it %as one as part o his un*tions assenator %hile *onress %as in session./ote The plainti ie in a plane *rash so he %as su-stitute - his a"inistratri'pro-a-l his %ie or auhter (&anolia !ntonino)]t %as raise ire*tl to the SC -eore at that ti"e, the "one *lai"e %as 200,000%hi*h %arrant a ire*t appeal to the SC or so"ethin lie that.

/obre v# Defensor 'antiago( AC 2o# ;344( August )9( )4

Fa*tsThis *ase starte %hen Senator Santiao a#e a pri#ilee spee*h that *o"prise"ainl o eroator re"ars to%ars the Supre"e Court. This pro"pte thepetitioner to ile a *o"plaint aainst the senator.The oriin or su*h re"ars %ere -ase on the o**asion that the Supre"e Courtsent out pu-li* in#itations or no"inations or the position o Chie Justi*e %hi*h atthat ti"e %ill soon -e #a*ate - then Chie Justi*e Panani-an. The Supre"eCourt later inor"e the pu-li* that onl in*u"-ent @usti*es o the Supre"e Court %ill*onsiere as no"ineesH hen*e, the senator?s appli*ation %as not *onsiere.

ssue

>hether or not the se*on senten*e o se*. 11 arti*le 5 (reeo" o spee*h *lause)appl to the pri#ilee spee*h o Senator SantiaoA

elThe Supre"e Court e*lare the Senator has #iolate se#eral other la%s in*luin*anon la%s an rules o Senate -e*ause o her "is*onu*t. n spite o this, thereeo" o spee*h *lause uner se*. 11 arti*le 5 still applies to her pri#ileespee*hH hen*e, *ase is"isse.

Se*tion 12. Eis*losure o Finan*ial an Business nterests

Se*tion 1+. Prohi-itions on &e"-ers o ConressLiban v# 7or!on( 7R 2o# &;939)( uly &9( )4

=


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FACTS

Dante . /iban$ together with other -etitioners$ -etitioned in +ourt to declare 3ichard J."ordon as 8ha#ing forfeited his seat in the !enate.9 The -etitioners were officers of the Boardof Directors of the ue0on +ity 3ed +ross +ha-ter$ while res-ondent is +hairman of the

Phili--ines @ational 3ed +ross IP@3+ Board of "o#ernors.During "ordon:s incumbency as a member of the !enate of the Phili--ines$ he was elected+hairman of the P@3+ during February '($ '; meeting of the P@3+ Board of "o#ernors$in which the -etitioners alleged that by acce-ting the res-onsibility$ "ordon deemed ceasedto be a member of the !enate as -ro#ided in !ec. 1($ Article of the 17>= +onstitution,!ec 1(. @o !enator or Member of the %ouse of 3e-resentati#es may hold any other office orem-loyment in the "o#ernment$ or any subdi#ision$ agency$ or instrumentality thereof$including go#ernment?owned or controlled cor-orations or their subsidiaries$ during his termwithout forfeiting his seatS.3es-ondent contested that the -etitioners: citation of a constitutional -ro#ision had no basis$since the P@3+ is not a go#ernment?owned or controlled cor-oration. Thus$ -rohibition

under !ec. 1($ Art. of the +onstitution did not a--ly to his case. Furthermore$ ser#icerendered in P@3+ is a #olunteer ser#ice to which is neither an office nor an em-loyment.

ISSUE

By acce-ting the P@3+ +hair$ did "ordon forfeit his !enate seatC

HELD

@o. The Phili--ine @ational 3ed +ross IP@3+ is a -ri#ate organi0ation -erforming -ublicfunctions. t does not ha#e go#ernment assets and does not recei#e any a--ro-riation fromthe Phili--ine +ongress. The P@3+ is financed -rimarily by contributions from -ri#ateindi#iduals and -ri#ate entities obtained through solicitation cam-aigns organi0ed by itsBoard of "o#ernors. A-art from that$ P@3+ must not only be$ but must also be seen to be$autonomous$ neutral and inde-endent to be able to conducts its acti#ities in accord to theirfundamental -rinci-les of humanity$ im-artiality$ neutrality$ inde-endence$ #oluntary ser#ice$unity and uni#ersality. %ence$ Article $ !ection 1( could not a--ly to "ordon:s case$ inacce-ting the -osition in the P@3+. The -etition was deemed to ha#e no merit.

Se*tion 1. Prohi-itions $elate to the Pra*ti*e o Proession

/uyat v# De 7u8man( &&3 'CRA 3&

Fa*tsThis suit or *ertiorari an Prohi-ition %ith Preli"inar n@un*tion is poiseaainst the rer o responent !sso*iate Co""issioner o the Se*urities an


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responent !*ero to %hi*h the Puat 6roup o-@e*te on Constitutional rouns.Justi*e Fernane4,-e*a"e a sto*holer a a prior to the hearin o the *ase.

SS+ar# &? Defensor-'antiago v# 7uingona( 7R &3:9;; 2ovember &6( &446

FACTS:

During the first regular session of the ele#enth +ongress$ !enator Fernan was declaredthe duly elected President of the !enate by a #ote of ' to '. !enator Tatad manifested that$with the agreement of !enator !antiago$ allegedly the only other member of the minority$ hewas assuming the -osition of minority leader. %e eH-lained that those who had #oted for!enator Fernan com-rised the maority$ while only those who had #oted for him$ the losingnominee$ belonged to the minority. !enator Fla#ier manifested that the senators belonging tothe /a2as?@&+D?&MDP Party numbering = and$ thus$ also a minority had chosen !enator"uingona as the minority leader. Thereafter$ the maority leader informed the body that hewas in recei-t of a letter signed by the = /a2as?@&+D?&MDP senators$ stating that they hadelected !enator "uingona as the minority leader. By #irtue thereof$ the !enate Presidentformally recogni0ed !enator "uingona as the minority leader of the !enate. !enators!antiago and Tatad filed a -etition for


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4hile the +onstitution is eH-licit in the manner of electing a !enate President and a %ouse!-ea2er$ it is$ howe#er$ dead silent on the manner of selecting the other officers in bothchambers of +ongress. All that the +harter says under Art. $ !ec. 1;I1 is that 8each %ouseshall choose such other officers as it may deem necessary.9 The method of choosing who will

be such other officers is merely a deri#a

part i - reviewer for consti law

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