part five syllable structure & word stress. supra-segmental phonology: phonology above the level...
TRANSCRIPT
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Part Five
SYLLABLE STRUCTURE &WORD STRESS
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Supra-Segmental Phonology:Phonology above the level of ‘segments’ (sounds)
Units: syllable, word, phrase, etc.
Processes: stress, rhythm, tone, intonation, etc.
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Why do we need the concept ‘syllable’?Which of the following sequences of sounds are impossible in English?
If [bm], [zn] etc. are impossible sequences in English, then why are the following words (containing these sequences) possible?
THE SYLLABLE
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a) [hau] (Mandarin) [kau] (Cantonese)b) *[haup] (M) *[kauts] (C)
But why are the following possible?
Why do these names translate into more syllables in Chinese than in English?
Rob = luo bu Steve = si ti fu Clinton = ke lin dun
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Comparing syllables in English and German:
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The English syllable:
Question: What must a syllable in English consist of, at the very least?
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THE PARTS OF A SYLLABLE
1) Nucleus: the indispensable ‘core’ of a syllable2) Onset: the consonant(s) preceding the nucleus3) Coda: the consonant(s) following the nucleus
The nucleus and coda together make up the rime
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SYLLABLES IN CHINESE:a) CANTONESE
QUESTION: What differences in syllable structure can you see in these dialects?
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INVESTIGATING THE STRUCTURE OF THE SYLLABLE IN ENGLISH
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spl spr spjstr stj
skl skr skj skwsmj snj
Generalisations: C1 C2 C3In a 3-segment onset, C1 can only be ____________
C2 can only be ___________
C3 can only be ____________
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pl pr pj tr tj twkl kr kj kw mj
nj
spl spr spjstr stj
skl skr skj skwsmj
snj
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sp st sksm snsl sj sw
spl spr spjstr stj
skl skr skj skwsmj
snj
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In a 3-segment onset, C1 can only be [s]C2 can only be a [+stop]C3 can only be an approximant ([+son –stop])
spl spr spjstr stj
skl skr skj skwsmj
snj
Observation: C2 must be [+stop] only if C1 is filled.Suppose we change C2 to: ‘C2 is an open slot’Condition: If C1 is filled (i.e. by [s]), then C2 can only be a [+stop]
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ENGLISH WORD STRESS
In the following words, which syllables are stressed, and how do the stressed syllables differ phonetically from the unstressed?
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Example from Spanish:ha'blar, mu'jer, ver'dad, tempo'ral, capi'talspeak woman truth temporary capital
'hablo, 'casa, impor'tante, son'risa, presi'dentespeak house important smile president
Generalisation:In Spanish, stress falls on the _______ syllable of the word if ______________________________________,Otherwise, it falls on the __________ syllable.
Analysing stress-assignment rules
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USEFUL CONCEPTS:
'closed syllable' - one ending in a consonant'open syllable' - one ending in a vowel
E.g. the last syllables of hablar and verdad are closed,but the last syllables of hablo and casa are open
Generalisation:In Spanish, stress falls on the final syllable of the word if it is a closed syllable; otherwise, stress falls on the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable.
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STRESS IN SUFFIXED WORDS IN ENGLISH
DATA SET 1:-ic -ity'athlete -> ath'letic 'tranquil -> tran'quility'system -> sys'temic 'stupid -> stu'pidity'phoneme -> pho'nemic 'fluid -> flu'idity'microscope ->micro'scopic 'uniform -> uni'formityca'tastrophe ->catas'trophic senti'mental ->sentimen'tality
GENERALISATION: For words ending in suffixes like –ic or -ity, the stress falls on: __________________________________
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DATA SET 2:-ate -tude'generate 'multitude'delegate 'solitudecom'municate 'attitudeas'similate si'militudepro'pitiate ine'xactitude
GENERALISATION: For words ending in suffixes like -ate or -tude, the stress falls on: ____________________________________
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DATA SET 3:a) stem stem + al1. 'suicide sui'cidal2. 'detriment detri'mental3. 'sentiment senti'mental4. 'anecdote anec'dotal5. 'universe uni'versal6. 'dialect dia'lectal
b) stem stem + al1. 'magic 'magical2. 'music 'musical3. sen'sation sen'sational4. 'medicine me'dicinal5. 'origin o'riginal6. pro'fession pro'fessional
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IMPORTANT CONCEPTS:
Heavy syllable -- a syllable with a complex rime, i.e. containing either (i) a short vowel plus one or more consonants in the coda (as in bet [bet] and best [best]), or (ii) a diphthong or long vowel, with or without a coda (as in bay [bei], bait [beit], bee [bi:], beast [bi:st]).
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Focus on the penultimate syllable in terms of ‘light’ or ‘heavy’:SET I
SET II
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MONOSYLLABIC WORDS IN ENGLISHA B C D
Generalisation: Only _______ syllables can stand on their own as words.
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STRESS IN SIMPLE WORDS(i) A B C D
o'bey tor'ment 'utter 'galloppo'lite col'lapse 'happy 'promisehu'mane dis'gust 'angry 'normalre'ly e'xist 'carry 'exitad'mire at'tract 'murder 'rapid
(ii) A B C Do'bey tor'men(t) 'utter 'gallo(p)po'li(t)e col'lap(se) 'happy 'promi(se)hu'ma(n)e au'gus(t) 'angry 'norma(l)re'ly ex'is(t) 'carry 'exi(t)ad'mire at'trac(t) 'murder 'rapi(d)
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‘extrametrical’ -- i.e. ignored by (or 'invisible' to) stress-assignment rules
English Stress Rule (ESR):‘Stress the final syllable of a word if it is heavy;
otherwise, stress the penultimate syllable.’
Consonant Extrametricality (CE):‘The final consonant of a word is extrametrical
OTHER USEFUL CONCEPTS
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VERB NOUN in'crease 'increase
ex'port 'exportre'cord 'recordsur'vey 'surveysub'ject 'subjectre'ject 'rejectcon'flict 'conflictad'dict 'addictcon'test 'contesttor'ment 'tormentac'cent 'accentcom'pound 'compound
GENERALISATION: For purposes of stress assignment, the final syllable of a noun is ________________________________
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QUESTION: How do we explain the above stress assignments, using the concepts we’ve arrived at so far?
MORE NOUNS