part 3 forest engineering · secondary transport is the subsequent transport of the same timber...

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CONTENTS Introduction

Introduction

Forest engineering includes all the activities (management and administration) that are necessary to transfer the standing tree into a product that is suitable for further processing or woodworking.1 Historically, forest engineering activities were associated with timber harvesting, timber transport and road construction.

The importance of forest engineering is reflected by the fact that it constitutes between 60% and 80% of the operational budget. It therefore requires that operations are performed cost-effectively and efficiently.

1 Warkotch - 1987.

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CONTENTS Harvesting and transport terminology

Harvesting and transport terminology

To ensure that there is a common understanding as to the various activities within a harvesting and transport operation, the following flowchart adapted from Forest Engineering Southern Africa (FESA)1 can be used.

Figure 2.1: Harvesting and transport activities terminology.

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http://www.icfr.ukzn.ac.za/collaboration/forest-engineering-southern-africa/fesa-publications/

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The physical harvesting cycle starts at stump with the preparation phase. The preparation phase is made up of the activities of felling, debarking, debranching, cross-cutting and stacking.

Primary transport is the extraction of timber from the stump area to the compartment roadside (the red arrow in Figure 2.1). This can be executed by whatever means available, for example manual extraction, animal slipping, skidding by skidder or tractor, forwarder, agricultural tractor/trailer configuration or even chute or cable yarding.

Secondary transport is the subsequent transport of the same timber from the compartment roadside to an intermediate storing place or directly to the mill.

Any distinct and separate operations within these two transport phases are derivatives of primary and secondary transport and should be closely associated with them. See Figure 2.1 above for illustration.

Extended primary transport

If timber is moved from the stump area past the traditional compartment roadside landing directly to either an intermediate storage site (depot, rail siding or merchandising yard) or a processing plant (pulp mill, sawmill), it is classified as extended primary transport. Primary transport methods and systems are used in the entire process. In many ways this is the current ‘shorthaul’ activity.

Secondary intermediate transport

If timber has undergone primary or extended primary transport and is in temporary storage (not at the mill) and is reloaded onto another mode of transport, it is being subjected to secondary transport. However, if this timber is once again moved to temporary storage sites, a depot or rail siding and does not reach the mill, it has not been subjected to the complete cycle of secondary transport, and has thus been subjected to secondary intermediate transport. It has not reached the mill.

Secondary terminal transport.

If timber is transported directly from a compartment roadside or depot or rail siding to the mill, it has been subjected to secondary terminal transport.

1 Forest Engineering Southern Africa, Technical note 01/2003.


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CONTENTS 3.1 Harvesting planning 3.2 Operational compartment planning

3.1 Harvesting planning

Proper harvesting planning ensures that:

harvesting operations are performed to uniform and acceptable safety, environmental, production and financial standards;

harvesting operations utilize the most effective systems in terms of cost, productivity, safety and environmental impacts; and

measurable harvesting operation goals and targets are set against which performance can be checked and corrective action taken if required.1

3.2 Operational compartment planning

The operational compartment plan focuses on planning the physical operations in the compartment that is to be harvested. The objective of the compartment plan is to define the harvesting operation in terms of equipment boundaries, felling direction, direction of extraction, management of special zones, production levels, task requirements, safety precautions and time frames.

An operational compartment plan should normally include the following detail:

3.2.1 A contour map of an appropriate scale (1:5000 should be fine) showing:

compartment boundaries;

compartment roads;

streams and stream crossings;

power lines and telephone lines;

other physical attributes that could affect the harvesting operation;

special management zones including safety areas;

a functional terrain classification matching harvesting system to the terrain;

felling direction;

special felling conditions and/or precautions;

extraction routes;

cable yarding corridors;

location of landings;

location of cable yarding anchors, tail anchor trees and intermediate supports (where applicable);

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main haulage routes; and

direction of timber flow and timber haulage.

3.2.2 A harvesting and transport schedule showing:

required harvesting equipment per terrain class/harvesting system;

detailed task requirements for each harvesting activity to ensure that bottlenecks are identified and eliminated;

planned production and stock levels; and

manpower requirements based on planned productivities.

3.2.3 A harvesting time-schedule indicating planned start and end dates.

3.2.4 A detailed compartment costing exercise.

3.2.5 Quality, quantity and safety control mechanisms.

The compartment plan should ensure that all pre-harvest, harvest and post-harvesting activities are identified and catered for as per applicable ISO, FSC or other management requirements.

1 University of Stellenbosch, unpublished study notes.

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CONTENTS 4.1 Felling 4.2 Debarking 4.3 Debranching 4.4 Cross-cutting 4.5 Infield stacking 4.6 Mechanised timber preparation 4.7 Mechanised felling 4.8 Mechanical debarking

Timber preparation normally includes the activities of felling, debranching, topping, debarking, cross-cutting and stacking. These activities can be done motor-manually or mechanically. A major portion of felling in South Africa is still done motor-manually.

4.1 Felling

As with all other forestry operations, fellers must be suitably trained for the job.

Further information regarding chainsaw operations can be found in the South African Chainsaw Safety and Operating Handbook published by FESA.

4.1.1 Equipment for motor-manual felling:

chainsaw;

felling lever.

4.1.2 Personal protective equipment:

approved hard hat with visor and earmuffs;

brightly coloured T-shirt and/or high visibility vest;

appropriate gloves – if required;

approved cutter pants;

steel capped safety boots;

First Aid kit and pressure pad (bomb bandage),

rain suit when required.

4.1.3 Other:

tool pouch with required tools (round file, flat file, combination spanner, depth gauge tool);

fuel and oil container;

cloth or brush for cleaning purposes;

fire extinguisher;

first aid kit.

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4.1.4 Felling technique:

Ensure that no other person is within the felling danger zone of at least two tree lengths radius from the tree to be felled. The danger zone is 360° around the tree to be felled.

Determine an appropriate escape route. Normally 45° away from the felling direction.

Ensure the escape route is open and clear of obstacles.

The following schematic drawing shows the danger zone and the escape route around the tree to be felled (see Figure 4.1).

Check the possible felling direction by taking into account the following:

the angle at which the tree is leaning;

crown size and overhang;

neighbouring trees;

wind direction;

planned extraction direction;

slope on which the tree is growing;

environmental considerations;

silvicultural requirements.

Fell the tree using the following three cuts:

directional notch (top cut);

directional notch (undercut) - angle to be at least 45°;

felling cut.

The tree is steered in the desired direction by creating a felling hinge. Figure 4.2 below shows the three felling cuts.

Felling direction

Escape route

Two tree length radius

Figure 4.1: Schematic representation of felling danger zone and escape route.

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Hinge

Felling direction

Directional notch

Felling cut

4.1.5 Felling production

Felling operations are normally controlled by giving a pre-determined minimum production (task) level.

The following factors could influence felling productivity:

safety considerations;

tree size;

tree diameter;

espacement;

terrain;

tree species;

debarking percentage (where applicable);

stem form;

crown shape and size;

lean of the tree;

felling direction;

undergrowth;

serviceability and suitability of equipment;

operator skills;

cutter working alone or with an assistant;

subsequent operations to be completed by the operator and assistant (where applicable);

environmental considerations; and

Figure 4.2: Schematic representation of felling cuts.

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silvicultural considerations.

The production levels for Eucalyptus and Acacia felling, debarking and stacking, which are given in Annexure “B”, are based on the following task descriptions:

The cutter and an assistant are responsible for felling, cross-cutting, debranching and stacking of brushwood.

The debarkers are responsible for debarking the logs.

The stackers are required to build stacks for further extraction or transport.

Guidelines for task determination for Eucalyptus grandis can be found in Annexure “A”, and tasking guidelines for pine species can be found in Annexure “C”.

4.2 Debarking

Debarking is the process of removing the bark from Eucalyptus and Acacia species after felling. This can be done manually or mechanically.

4.2.1 Manual debarking

Manual debarking is normally performed with a sharpened hatchet. The bark is detached either as long or short strips or small plates. As far as possible, effort should be made to ensure that logs are free of cambium.

Debarking spuds (hoe type piece of equipment) and shaped spades can also be used to debark. Either tree lengths or logs can be debarked.

4.2.2 The following is seen as the minimum protective clothing that must be worn by manual debarkers:

overalls;

hard hat;

safety boots;

leg protectors;

rubber gloves;

eye protection.

Manual debarking is a strenuous job with an awkward posture and debarkers must be trained in the correct debarking techniques.

4.2.3 Debarkers must take note of the following:

Always debark on the far side of the log away from feet and legs.

Always use a properly maintained debarking tool.

Always chip away from yourself.

Do not walk or stand on wet logs.

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4.2.4 Debarking percentage

Debarking percentage is the term used to express the ease of removing the bark from freshly felled Eucalyptus and Acacia species. It is the percentage of cleanly debarked logs in a total number of debarked logs.

Debarking % = (number of cleanly debarked logs ÷ total number of logs sampled) x 100

Cleanly debarked logs are logs where no cambium or less than 30% cambium remains on the log. Chiselled or shaved logs are where more than 30% cambium remains and the bark has to be chiselled off in small pieces. See Photo 4.1 and 4.2 below:

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Debarking is expressed in classes as shown in the following table. Note that the table gives the debarking class, the corresponding debarking percentage and the debarking percentage as you will find it in the tasking sheets in the annexures.

Debarking class Debarking % Task Table

1 0 -40 40%

2 41 – 55 50%

3 56 – 75 60% - 70%

4 76 – 85 80%

5 86 - 100 90%

Rip-stripping is a term used where the debarkers rip the bark off in long strips from standing trees. This practice is only viable when trees are debarking well. Debarkers should be on the lookout for falling branches and premature breaking of the bark when rip-stripping.

Photo 4.1 (left): Cleanly stripped log.1 Photo 4.2 (right): Chiselled log.1

Table 4.1: Debarking classes.

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The stripability percentage can be influenced by the following factors:

species;

growing site;

season of stripping;

time of day;

temperature;

time after felling; and

whether the trees are stressed (drought, disease) or not.

Debarking tasking tables are presented for Eucalypts grandis, Eucalyptus macarthurii, Eucalyptus smithii as well as Acacia mearnsii.

4.2.5 Preparing wattle bark

Wattle bark is normally stacked in bundles of approximately 40cm x 40cm x 231 or 240cm. Thin strips of bark are used to tie the bundle.

Bundle size is determined by the specifications of the receiving bark mill. Bark bundles vary in mass from 25kg to 40kg per bundle. Photo 4.4 below is an example of a bark bundle being prepared.

Photo 4.3: Ripped stripped trees.1

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Bark thickness is an important factor as mills pay a premium for thicker bark.

The tables in Annexure “E”2 give an indication of bark mass and volume for different bark thicknesses.

4.3 Debranching

Debranching is the process of removing the branches from felled trees.

4.3.1 When debranching by axe the following should be noted:

Work from the butt-end of the tree towards the top.

Always debranch from the far side of the log.

Axe strokes should be with the angle of the branch and not against it.

Only debranch merchandisable timber. Do not waste effort to debranch above the minimum diameter mark.

Debranchers should be outside the danger zone of two tree lengths from felling operations.3

Debranching by chainsaw is the preferred method to remove branches. There are mainly two different methods to approach debranching, namely the six point lever method and the sweep method.4 See Figure 4.3 and 4.4.

4.3.2 Irrespective of which method is used, the following basic rules should be observed:

Work at a comfortable height and try to avoid bending over. This can be achieved by planning ahead and by correct felling. Use already felled trees, rocks or the terrain to create a comfortable working height.

Get a firm foothold and work with the chainsaw close to your body.

Flex your knees and not your back.

Do not move your feet when you are sawing on the same side of the tree as you are standing.

Photo 4.4: Preparing a bark bundle. 1

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The weight of the saw should be against the tree and not your leg.

Lead with your left leg when starting to debranch.

4.4 Cross-cutting

Cross-cutting is the process whereby felled trees are cut into marketable lengths infield or at landings. It is important to use the correct technique when cross-cutting. Using the wrong technique can cause accidents, pinching of the saw or splitting of the log.

4.4.1 Observe the following when cross-cutting:

Determine the stresses the stem is under, example upward, downward or sideways.

Observe carefully how the timber reacts to being sawn.

Be aware of where you are standing when you cross-cut.

Stand off to one side instead of right in front of the cut.

When cross-cutting stems with sideways tension one must always stand on the inside of the curve when cutting.

Figure 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7 demonstrate the cutting technique for the most common tensions a stem can be subjected to.3

Figure 4.3 (left): Six point lever method of debranching. Figure 4.4 (right): Sweep method of debranching.

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Method to use:

1. Start by making a cut downwards until the cut begins to pinch the guidebar.

2. Continue the cut from the bottom upwards. Try to make the two cuts meet.

Method to use:

1. Start by making a cut upwards until the cut begins to pinch the guidebar.

2. Continue the cut from the top side downwards. Try to make the two cuts meet.

Figure 4.5: Stem with downward tension.

Figure 4.6: Stem with upward tension.

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Method to use:

1. Cut an open directional wedge on the inside or non-stressed side of the stem.

2. Start at the top and saw in stages until the stem breaks.

3. Remember to always stand on the inside or non-stressed side of the stem.

Guidelines for cross-cutting can be found in Annexure “F”.

4.5 Infield stacking

Infield stacking is the process whereby logs are grouped infield for further loading. The size of the stack is determined by the available volume, the log size and the loading method that will be used.

Stacking can be done by hand or mechanically. As excessive infield disturbance of the soil is not good practice, mechanical stacking by 3-wheeler should be minimised where possible.

Stackers should always ensure that the stacking area is free of bark, branches or other debris. Building the stack on bearers will ensure that minimum debris is picked up at loading.

4.5.1 Stacking productivity and quality may be influenced by the following factors:


log length;

piece size and mass;

available volume per hectare;

terrain conditions;

stacking area;

stacking method; and

machinery employed.

Positioning of the stack is an important element. If the stack is positioned in between stumps or standing trees, it could negatively affect the loading of the timber. The stack must be

Figure 4.7: Stem under sideways tension.

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created in such a position that the section of the stack at the point where the grab of the loading machine secures the logs is free of all obstacles.

All stackers should be issued with logging tongs and should be trained in the proper use of them.

4.5.2 Stack types

Depending on the terrain, stacking method, piece size and loading method, there are different types of stacks that can be constructed.

4.5.3 Rough-lining of timber

In this method the timber is just turned so that it all faces the same direction. The timber is normally not stacked but lies on long roughly aligned rows. See Photo 4.6.

Photo 4.5: Logging tongs.

Photo 4.6: Roughlined timber.

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4.5.4 Classic stack

This type of stack is constructed by laying down two bearer logs approximately 2m apart. Uprights are hit into the ground to support the stacked timber. Depending on the loading and/or extraction method, stack size may vary anything from 2 to 5 tons per stack. See Photo 4.7.

4.5.5 Diamond stack

This type of stack does not require any uprights to be driven into the ground for support. The stack is built to supply its own support. This type of stack works well in flat areas. See Photo 4.8.

Photo 4.7: Classic stack.

Photo 4.8: Diamond stack.

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4.5.6 Stacking production

Stacking production is a function of the log size (length and volume), available volume, terrain and the type of stack to be built. Task tables for stacking of Eucalyptus are given in Annexure “D”. These tasks are based on building a classic stack.

4.6. Mechanised timber preparation

Mechanised timber preparation is gaining acceptance throughout our industry. Various equipment manufacturers are actively importing harvesting machines and related equipment.

The mechanised timber preparation system can be classified into semi-mechanised and fully-mechanised systems. See flowchart below.

Semi mechanised systems are defined as a combination of motor-manual felling and mechanical debarking or further processing. The debarking, for example, can be done by a debarking head or other mechanical means like flail debarkers. Photo 4.9 shows a locally developed debarking head and Photo 4.10 a small flail debarker.

Mechanised

harvesting

Semi-mechanised

Fully mechanised

Wheeled based Tracked base Cut to length Multi stem

Purpose built Hybrid Wheeled

Wheeled leveling / non-

leveling

Tracked leveling / non-

leveling

Wheeled leveling / non-

leveling

Tracked leveling / non-

leveling

Figure 4.8: Classification of mechanized harvesting systems.

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Fully mechanised systems are systems where the felling and further conversion of the tree is done by fully mechanical means. The full mechanical system can further be categorised as Cut to Length (CTL) or multi stem systems.

Photo 4.9: Locally designed debarking head.

Photo 4.10: Locally manufactured flail debarker.

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CTL systems normally use equipment that can process one tree at a time. The tree is felled, debranched, debarked (where applicable) and cross-cut into lengths and deposited ready for loading by one machine. See Photo 4.11.

CTL systems can furthermore be classified into so-called hybrid systems or purpose built systems. The hybrid systems are set up utilising an excavator or other suitable carrier together with a harvesting head.

Purpose built systems are specifically designed to perform a harvesting function.

Multi stem systems can process more than one stem at a time. See Photo 4.12. The multi stem system normally uses a felling and bunching piece of equipment, an extraction piece of equipment, a cross-cut or debarking system or even a chipping system.

4.7 Mechanised felling

Mechanised felling has the following advantages over motor manual felling:

Increased safety of the felling operation.

Increased felling production and productivity.

Improved downstream extraction activities due to improved directional felling and bunching.

Photo 4.11: Tracked single stem harvester (CTL system).

Photo 4.12: Equipment used in a multi stem harvesting system (feller buncher, grapple skidder, slasher deck).

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Multi shift felling allows for better equipment utilization.

The following factors could influence mechanised felling productivity:


tree species;

tree size;

tree diameter;

espacement;

terrain;

underfoot conditions;

debarking percentage (where applicable);

stem form;

crown shape and size;

number and size of branches;

equipment type; and

operator competence.

Mechanical felling heads use either a shear or a non-shear function to cut through a tree.

Shears cut through a tree like scissors. See Photo 4.13. Non-shear disks cut through the tree using either a rotating disk or a bar and chain. See Photo 4.14.

4.8 Mechanical debarking

There are various types of mechanical debarking heads on the market. They all work on the principle of grooved rollers rotating the stem under pressure, which causes the bark to be stripped off as the stem passes through the rollers. Cutting knives shear off the branches in front of the rollers (see Photo 4.15).

Photo 4.13 (left): Shear type felling head.5 Photo 4.14 (right): Felling head utilizing bar and chain.1

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As with manual debarking there are various factors that could influence the debarking production and quality. Such factors include:

species;

roller feed speed;

roller pressure;

tree form;

number and size of branches;

operator competence; and

terrain.

1 Photos by A. Immelman.

Photo 4.15: Felling/debarking head.1

Photo 4.16 (left): Mechanically debarked timber.1 Photo 4.17 (right): Timber presentation from mechanical felling, debarking and cross-cutting.1

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2 Tables taken from De La Borde’s Timber Harvesting Manual – 1992. 3 Zaremba - 1976. 4 Husqvarna undated. 5 Photo by G. van Huysteen.

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CONTENTS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Ground based extraction systems 5.3 Manual extraction 5.4 Chute extraction 5.5 Tractor and trailers 5.6 Self loading bundle trailers 5.7 Safety precautions 5.8 Forwarders 5.9 Skidding 5.10 Agricultural tractors 5.11 Articulated skidders 5.12 Cable yarding systems 5.13 Cable yarding configurations 5.14 Highleads 5.15 Skylines 5.16 Monocables 5.17 Wire rope 5.18 Planning a cable yarding operation

5.1 Introduction

Extraction or primary transport is moving the timber from stump to roadside landing by means of manual labour, skidding equipment, cable equipment and/or other means. The timber can be extracted in the form of full trees, tree lengths, long lengths or short lengths.

Moving the timber past roadside to a depot/siding is not part of the extraction phase but for completeness will be discussed.

5.2 Ground based extraction systems

Ground based extraction systems are the most common in South Africa and include manual systems, wheeled systems and cable systems.

5.3 Manual extraction

Manual extraction involves the carrying or rolling of timber from infield to a point where it can be taken further by other means. This method of extraction is seldom used except where the timber is situated in sensitive or steep areas and no other means for extraction is available.

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5.4 Chute extraction

The extraction of timber by chute is a relatively new concept. Chutes used in South Africa consist of round or half pipes joined end-to-end to form a continuous channel guiding the timber down a slope. These pipes are normally manufactured from high density polyethylene (HDPE). Chute extraction is recommended for slopes between 20% and 60%. See Photo 5.1.

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5.4.1 Chutes have the following advantages:

Relatively low capital cost.

Minimal maintenance required.

Low environmental impact.

Minimal damage to remaining stand if used in thinning operations.

Improved productivity over manual extraction.2

As with any harvesting operation, careful planning is required in terms of felling and identifying the chute lines.

Take the following into account when planning for chute operations:

The felling pattern must complement chute lines.

The timber must fit into the chute.

Chute operators must be able to handle the logs manually.

Log diameter to be at least 5cm smaller than that of the chute.

Maximum length of logs not to exceed 6m.

Debranching quality to be of a high standard.

For further information on the use of chutes please refer to the FESA Chute Operating Manual.

Photo 5.1: Installed chute system in a gum clearfell operation.1


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5.5 Tractor and trailers

Tractor and trailer combinations are widely used for extraction purposes in South Africa. Trailers are either mechanically or hand loaded.

5.6 Self loading bundle trailers

Self loading bundle trailers are another popular method of extracting timber. Timber is prepared in 4–5 ton stacks infield. The bundle trailer then reverses into the stack and the stack is then pulled onto the trailer via the attached chains. The bundle trailer can also be loaded by hand.

5.7 Safety precautions

The minimum requirements for using agricultural tractors in the forestry environment are the following:

Tractors should be equipped with shock-absorbent fully adjustable seats for drivers and fitted with safety belts. The operator must keep the safety belt fastened when driving the machine.

All pulleys, shafts, belts and fan blades should be securely guarded.

Machines must be equipped with an approved roll-over protection structure (ROPS). A 4-post structure should preferably be used.

ROPS are designed to absorb energy and deform permanently in the case of a roll over. Where visible damage has been sustained, the ROPS must be assessed by the original designer or a suitably qualified registered mechanical or structural engineer experienced in this class of work. Under no circumstances is a damaged structure to be straightened.

No alterations are to be made to the ROPS and nothing may be welded against it. Holes may not be drilled into the ROPS to secure anything else.

Cabins should be protected against falling objects.

Engines should be equipped with a stopping device which is not self turning, clearly marked and easily reachable from the operator’s normal working position.

The engine starter should be interlocked with the transmission or clutch so as to prevent the engine from starting if left in gear.

Parking brakes must be capable of keeping the machine and its load stationary on all slopes likely to be encountered.

Photo 5.2: Self-loading bundle trailer.1

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Exhaust pipes should be equipped with spark arresters. Engines equipped with turbo chargers, however, do not need spark arresters.

Fire extinguishers should be available on every machine, and the operators should be trained in their use.

Machines should be equipped with all-wheel drive for safe performance.

Agricultural tractors used for primary or extended primary transport must be limited to terrain classification as per Table 5.1.

The following must be adhered to when travelling loaded out of the compartment:

Since tractor brakes have limited holding power, always use low gear whenever taking heavy loads up or down a slope.

Where possible, avoid operating near ditches, embankments, and holes. Equipment needs to be kept behind the shear line of the soil and embankment. The minimum distance recommended is a 1:1 ratio to the depth of the embankment. This distance should increase with adverse soil conditions such as sandy or wet soil.

Avoid high speed and reduce speed when turning and crossing slopes, rough terrain, slippery or muddy surfaces.

When travelling across a steep slope which is unavoidable, you should travel slowly and always turn uphill rather than downhill.

When travelling at speed across a mild slope, you should always turn downhill.

Never turn sharply uphill when travelling slowly across a steep slope. It is better to edge gradually uphill.

Watch carefully for obstacles and other hazards in the tractor path.

Operate the tractor smoothly, avoiding jerky turns, starts and stops.

Eliminate sharp corners or curves, and rough or slippery surfaces.

Backing up or driving down slopes can help prevent rear overturn.

If a tractor must be operated across the slope, use the widest possible wheel adjustment, very slow speed and extra caution in watching for obstacles that the wheels might hit.

When the tractor gets stuck, always try to back out. Trying to drive forward is dangerous and can result in a rear overturn. If backing out is not possible, get towed out forward by hitching to the tractor frame. If the tractor must be towed out backward, hitch only to the drawbar.

When towing use only a chain or steel cable and tighten slowly.

Choose an appropriate gear before going up or down a slope.

Keep speed down on slopes and rough terrain.

Make wide turns on slopes, especially when turning uphill. Tight turns can result in slipping, loss of control and a roll over.

Never take shortcuts.

5.8 Forwarders

Forwarding is the extraction of timber by wheeled equipment, carrying the timber on load decks or trailers. Forwarding equipment includes tractor and trailer units as well as specialised machines.

Forwarders are specialised vehicles for transporting timber (see Photo 5.3). They can be equipped with a grapple crane for loading and unloading. These machines are expensive to purchase. The length of timber that can be transported is dictated by the length of the load deck and forwarders are less suitable for timber with a DBH > 50cm.

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5.9 Skidding

Skidding is the process of extracting trees by dragging or trailing them, partially suspended, behind specialized equipment.

Animals are still used for skidding purposes in certain areas. Their use is however limited to the more rural and small scale operations. More detailed information regarding the use of animals for extraction can be found in Zaremba’s Logging Reference manuals.

Crawler tractors can be used for extraction but are probably more suitable for road building activities.

5.10 Agricultural tractors

Agricultural tractors are less robust, less balanced and less protected than purpose-built forestry machines. As with all machines used in forestry, hazards include over-turning, falling objects, penetrating objects, fire, whole-body vibration and noise.

Only all-wheel drive tractors should be used and a minimum of 20% of the machine weight should be maintained as load on the steered axle during operation. This may require attaching additional weight to the front of the machine. The engine and transmission may also need extra mechanical protection. Minimum engine power should be 35kw for small-dimension timber. 50kw is usually adequate for normal size timber.

Agricultural tractors fitted with an A-frame or single or double drum winches can be used for extracting timber in forestry operations (see Photo 5.4). The same precautions as discussed under tractors and trailers must be adhered to when skidding timber with agricultural tractors.

Skidding trails must be planned properly to minimize random driving through a compartment. Chokers and de-chokers must be trained and supplied with the correct protective equipment and clothing. These include overalls, steel capped boots, hard hats and steel studded gloves when working with skidding cables and chokers.

Photo 5.3: Forwarder.3

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5.11 Articulated skidders

Wheeled skidders are specifically designed to winch and skid timber from stump to landing. There are three main skidder configurations, namely:

cable skidders;

grapple skidders; and

clambunk skidders.

The main variables that will influence skidder productivity are:

skidding distance;

load size;

terrain;

travel speed;

machine capacity; and

operator decisions.

For all skidding operations, planning of the felling pattern and the skid trails is very important. The drawings below are an example of three different types of skid trail layouts that can be considered with skidding operations.5 Factors like terrain, slope and availability of haulage roads will influence the type of skidding pattern. See Annexure “G” for a guideline to skidder extraction production.

Photo 5.4: Tractor with winch.4

Photo 5.5 (left): Cable skidder.5 Photo 5.6 (middle): Grapple skidder.6 Photo 5.7 (right): Clambunk skidder.6

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Parallel design Herringbone design Dendritic design

General notes for skidding operations and terrain limitations:

With proper skid trail planning, ground disturbance and compaction will be minimised.

When extracting with cable skidders, taglines should be used in smaller dimension timber to optimise load size.

Grapple skidders normally work in conjunction with feller-bunchers. The feller-buncher fells the trees and bunches them into load sizes for the grapple skidder.

Clambunk skidders are equipped with a grapple loader and transport full trees by supporting the butt-end of the stem on a log bunk. These machines are normally used with bigger size timber being skidded over longer distances.

The use of articulated skidders for extraction is a capital intensive operation and proper planning of the operations is essential.

According to the Guidelines for Forest Engineering Practices in South Africa, the following terrain limitations are imposed when using ground based extraction systems.

Criteria

Agricultural

Tractor

Winch

A-frame

Wheeled Skidders Forwarding Machines

Clambunk

Skidder

Normal tyres

High flotation

Tractor & trailer

Wheeled forwarder

Slope %

Up

Down

0-10

0-3-

0-20

0-35

0-20

0-40

0-10

0-20

0-30

0-40

0-25

0-40

Ground roughness

1-2 1-3 1-2 1-2 1-3 1-3

Ground conditions

1-2 1-3 1-2 1-2 1-4 1-3

Skidding distance

50-300m 50-500m 50-500m 50-500m 50-1000m 50-1000m

Table 5.1: Terrain limitations for ground based extraction systems.

Figure 5.1: Skidder trail layouts


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5.12 Cable yarding systems

Cable yarders are used where infield terrain conditions prevent the use of vehicles or other extraction methods. Such conditions include steep terrain (normally > 35% slope), excessive ground roughness, environmentally sensitive areas and areas with soft underfoot conditions.

5.13 Cable yarding Configurations

The configurations most appropriate for South African conditions are discussed in more detail in this section. In order to get an idea of the limitations of each configurations related to terrain, the National Terrain Classification System (TCS) for Forestry6 is used to provide this information. The TCS is a handy tool that provides an indication of the physical characteristics and accessibility of an area.

Ground Conditions

(trafficability within the stand)

Ground Roughness Slope* (in %)

1. Very Good 1. Smooth 1. Level (0%-11%)

2. Good 2. Slightly uneven 2. Gentle (12%-20%)

3. Moderate 3. Uneven 3. Moderate (21-30%)

4. Poor 4. Rough 4. Steep 1 (31%-35%)

5. Very Poor 5. Very rough 5. Steep 2 (36%-40%)

6. Steep 3 (41%-50%)

7. Very Steep (>50%)

7

Table 5.2: Ground conditions.

Figure 5.2: Types of slopes.7

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Cable yarders are classified into three categories namely:

highleads;

skylines; and

monocables.

5.14 Highleads

There are basically three types of highleads:

highleads with buttrigging;

highleads with a highlead carriage (as used in South Africa – see Figure 5.3); and

shovel yarder highleads (see Photo 5.8).

Highlead systems have two operating lines namely the mainline and the haulback line. During haul-in the logs are dragged on the ground. In some systems lift can be obtained by braking on the haul back line. Some lateral yarding is possible. See Figure 5.3.

1

8

Figure 5.3: Highlead system as used in South Africa.7

Photo 5.8: Shovel yarder.8

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The shovel yarder hi-lead is much safer than the conventional yarders, due to the fact that the yarder is operating without guy ropes and cannot be pulled over easily. It can also operate as a swing yarder, by leaving the timber next to the machine and not in front, as a conventional yarder (see Photo 5.8).

According to the Guidelines for Forest Engineering Practices in South Africa, the following terrain limitations are imposed when using cable based extraction systems.

Highlead Recommended Terrain Conditions

Highlead

Buttrigging Highlead carriage

Downhill

yarding

Uphill

yarding

Downhill

yarding

Uphill

yarding

Slope (%) 20 - 40 20 - 50

Ground conditions 1 - 3 1 - 5

Ground roughness 1 - 2 1 - 3 1 - 3 1 - 4

Yarding distance 50 - 200 50 - 200

Types of slopes conducive to high-leading are regular and concave slopes.

5.15 Skylines

Skyline systems can either be standing skylines or running skylines. Standing skyline configurations are commonly used in South Africa. Standing skylines again can either be single-span or multi-span.

A single-span system is used where there is adequate deflection to provide the required lift off the ground. Deflection refers to the amount of sag in the skyline, and is influenced by the shape of the terrain.

The South African highlead described in paragraph 5.14, is an example of a simple running skyline.

Standing skylines have the skyline cable fixed at both ends and it remains fixed throughout the operation. The carriage runs on the skyline while the haulback line, used in downhill yarding, runs through the corner and tailblock back to the carriage. The mainline runs through the carriage and the choked logs are attached to the mainline. The carriage is hauled out either by gravity (shotgun) in an uphill operation or with the haulback line in a downhill operation. See Figure 5.4.

Table 5.3: Terrain limitations for cable based extraction systems.


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A long distance gravity skyline can be used where access to the compartment is limited. This configuration is a low productive unit, but an effective method to harvest difficult terrain with timber of high value.

Photo 5.9 shows the operational area for a long distance gravity skyline over 800m, with the depot in the foreground and the harvesting area in the background.

Figure 5.4: Skyline system.7

Photo 5.9: Long distance gravity skyline system.

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20mm skyline

Anchor tree

13mm mainline Remote control

3 Cylinder Deutz lock up carriage

diesel engine Intermediate Support

Double deadman

anchor

Landing

Figure 5.5: Concept design of a gravity feed skyline configuration.

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Some advantages of a conventional skyline over a long distance:

Capital layout much cheaper than for a traditional skyline.

Can work over a longer range than conventional machines available in the country.

With a traditional skyline a haulback line of 1600m would be needed on an 800m span.

With the gravity skyline only an 800m haulback line is needed.

Range of the biggest skyline currently available in the country is only 600m.

According to the Guidelines for Forest Engineering Practices in South Africa, the following terrain limitations are imposed when using cable based extraction systems.

Skyline Recommended Terrain Conditions

Skyline

Downhill yarding Uphill yarding

Full

suspension

Partial

suspension

Slope (%) 0+ 0+

Ground conditions 1 – 5 1 - 5

Ground roughness 1 – 3 1 - 5 1 - 4

Yarding distance 100 - 600 100 - 600

5.15.1 Single-span skylines

The types of slopes conducive for single span skyline configurations are regular, undulating, terraced, and concave. Slopes that are conducive for multi-span skyline configurations include regular, undulating, terraced, convex and concave.

Advantages of a single span:

set-up time is quicker;

cycle time is faster; and

not as complex as multi-spanning.

Disadvantages of a single span:

the length of a rack is restricted to the distance where the required deflection occurs; and

yarding is restricted to concave and regular slopes.

Compartments often have areas with little or no deflection, such as convex, undulating and long regular slopes. In such conditions deflection can be provided by installing intermediate supports. The carriage must be able to operate over the intermediate support jack. The intermediate supports are chosen along the length of the rack to provide skyline lift where deflection is inadequate. Supports are therefore normally positioned at a change in topography.

Table 5.4: Terrain limitations for cable based extraction systems.


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5.15.2 Multi-span skylines

Advantages of a multi-span:

better deflection and clearance on unfavourable terrain;

higher payload;

higher lift;

less yarder wear and tear;

extended yarding distances;

bigger yarder;

higher road density;

aerial harvesting;

roads higher on hillside;

less excavation;

less environmental damage; and

reduced lateral deflection of skyline in thinnings.

Disadvantages of a multi-span:

slower operation;

planning is more complex;

rigging is more difficult and time-consuming; and

multi-span systems can be more expensive than a single span (eg additional rigging, longer yarding distance).

5.16 Monocables

A monocable system consists of a continuous cable that runs through a series of open side blocks that are hung in support trees. The cable is powered by a capstan winch. Logs are choked to the moving line. Monocables are used in thinnings or other small scale operations and can be up to 1,000m of continuous loop. See Figure 5.6.

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5.17 Wire rope

It is recommended that IWRC (independent wire rope core) type wire rope be used in cable yarding operations because of its strength and crush resistance. Wire ropes in a cable yarding operation experience both static and dynamic loading. Experience has shown that if tensions due to static loading are kept below one-third of the braking strength of the cable, there is adequate provision for the combined loading of static and dynamic loads. Therefore, a safety factor of three is typically applied to all wire ropes in cable yarding. Safe working load (SWL) = Breaking strength / 3.

5.18 Planning a cable yarding operation

Planning for cable yarding operations is an important part of a total harvesting operation. The following should be noted when planning for cable yarder operations:

A paper plan detailing the operation should be compiled.

The paper plan should indicate landings, felling direction, transport direction and areas that would incur special management.

Guyline anchor availability and suitability must be checked.

Landings should be as level as possible to ensure equipment stability.

Landings should be big enough to accommodate all subsequent operations.

Landings should be away from sensitive areas.

The infield cable profile needs to be checked as it will have an influence on payload.

Figure 5.6: Monocable system.7

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Intermediate support trees must be marked clearly.

Cable yarding operations are one of the most dangerous forestry operations. The yarder crew must therefore be properly trained, experienced and equipped. Only experienced crew members must be used if at all possible. Special attention must be given to the communication between the yarder operator and the choker men out in the field.

Common hazards caused by incorrect rigging:

Guyline failure caused by:

insufficient number of guy lines;

incorrect guy line angles;

insufficient guy line strength;

incorrect guy line tensions;

small sheaves;

fatigued guy lines; and

guy lines are not in the lead at the point of attachment to the anchor.

Anchor failure caused by:

using the wrong type of anchor system for the particular situation;

poor selection and notching of stumps;

incorrect guy line tension; and

overloading of the yarding system.

When yarding on convex slopes, cables will rub heavily on the ground causing wear and tear, which could lead to wire rope failure. Wire rope running over rock will also be damaged and could cause fires.

Poor selection of intermediate supports and tail trees could injure workers.

Intermediate supports, towers and tail trees can be pulled over if rigged incorrectly.

Failure of rigging accessories due to not matching all the accessories and cables within the system.

Detailed information on rigging requirements and all safety aspects pertaining to cable yarding can be obtained from the South African Cable Yarding and Operating Handbook.7

1 Photos by A. Immelman. 2 FESA - 1994. 3 www.harvesterbetrieb.de 4 www.logloader.com 5 Smidt and Blinn - 2004. 6 Erasmus - 1994. 7 FESA – South African Cable Yarding Safety and Operating Handbook July 2001 8 P Schoombe 2006

www.harvesterbetrieb.de

www.logloader.com



40

CONTENTS 6.1 Extended primary transport (shorthaul) 6.2 Infield loading 6.3 Three wheeler type loaders 6.4 Knuckle boom loaders 6.5 Flexi loaders

6.1 Extended primary transport (shorthaul)

Extended primary transport, or shorthaul as it is better known, is an integral part of many harvesting systems. Various types of equipment are used on lead distances from as close as 1km to as far as 30km+.

Equipment types that are used include tractor trailer units and specialized articulated timber haulers for example the Bell T17 or the Volvo timber truck.

Annexure “H” gives an indication of production levels with various types of timber haulers.

6.2 Infield loading

Infield loading can either be done manually or mechanically. Manual loading is a labour intensive and dangerous operation and should be minimised where possible. The type of loading equipment that is most popular is the three-wheeler type loader, the flexi loader type loader and the truck mounted or self mounted knuckle boom loaders.

6.3 Three wheeler type loaders

These machines are very popular due to their high mobility and maneuverability. They are used extensively for infield building of stacks and infield loading. Visibility of the driver can be restricted and the relatively short reach does not allow high stacks to be built or the loading of trailers from behind. They are well suited for shortwood handling.

The three wheel loader requires a reasonable flat working terrain and can cause extensive damage to the ground due to the churning up of the soil. For this reason they are not environmentally friendly machines and their infield use should be minimised and limited to depots and sidings where possible.

6.4 Knuckle boom loaders

This type of loader consists of a boom with a hydraulic operated joint at the midpoint on the boom. Knuckle-boom loaders can be mounted on a trailer or on an independent carrier. These loaders have normally good reach and loading trailers from the back is possible. See Photo 6.1.

Knuckle-boom loaders generally do not move around the compartment during the loading operation since the swinging boom moves the timber from where it is stacked. Timber presentation however does affect loading times and should therefore be carefully managed.

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A knuckle-boom loader works best when the maximum distance that timber must be moved is a 180° swing of the boom or less without the carrier moving.

1

6.5 Flexi loaders

The Flexi loader is a four wheeled, all wheel drive articulated vehicle with a mounted crane.

The Flexi loader has the ability to secure and index a grab load and position it on a trailer at a rate equal or faster than can be attained with a three wheeled loader. It can do this because of its ability as a slewing crane as opposed to a fixed type crane.

The flexi loader is a productive machine that has improved operational comfort in terms of ergonomic design, visibility and mobility. The improved reach also allows the loading of the trailer from the back.

As a rule of thumb, it takes anything from 1 minute to 2.5 minutes per ton for infield loading. This depends on the piece size, timber availability, timber presentation, grab size and type of loading equipment employed.

1 Photo by A. Immelman 2007.

Photo 6.1: Truck mounted knuckle boom loader.1

42

CONTENTS 7.1 Terrain classification 7.2 Slope considerations

7.1 Terrain classification

Knowledge of the terrain where harvesting operations are to take place will assist to manage such operations safe and productively.

The three important factors to consider in terrain classification that could have an impact on harvesting productivity are:

Ground strength (bearing capacity) - Ground strength is a measure of the bearing capacity of the soil. It affects the productivity of machines and also indicates the potential level of environmental damage that can be caused.

Surface roughness - Surface roughness is a measure of the size and distribution of infield obstacles. It directly affects machine stability, access and travel speeds.

Slope - Slope is one of the primary determinants of system selection and also affects travel speeds and machine stability.

Five slope classes are recognised by the National Terrain classification system. They are as shown in Table 7.1.

Slope class Gradient %

1 0 – 12

2 13 – 20

3 21 – 35

4 36 – 50

5 51+

Table 7.1: Slope classes as defined by the NTCS.

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chapter 7: terrain classification

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For practical purposes three slope descriptions are used to determine machine suitability for harvesting operations. These practical classes are shown in Table 7.2.

Slope class Gradient %

Flat 0 – 20

Semi steep 21 - 35

Steep 35+

7.2 Slope considerations

The gradient of a slope is measured in degrees or percentage. Table 7.3 shows the conversion from degrees to percentage and vice versa.

Degrees Percentage Degrees Percentage

1 2 24 45

2 3 25 47

3 5 26 49

4 7 27 51

5 9 28 53

6 11 29 55

7 12 30 58

8 14 31 60

9 16 32 62

10 18 33 65

11 19 34 67

12 21 35 70

13 23 36 73

14 25 37 75

15 27 38 78

16 29 39 81

17 31 40 84

18 32 41 87

19 34 42 90

20 36 43 93

21 38 44 97

22 40 45 100

23 42

Note: See the ICFR Bulletin Series No 4/93 (Musto 1993) for a complete discussion on the National Terrain Classification System for Forestry (NTCS).

Table 7.2: Practical slope descriptions.

Table 7.3: Table showing conversion from degrees to percentage slope.

http://forestry.daff.gov.za/webapp/Home.aspx

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CONTENTS 8.1 Harvesting system selection 8.2 Equipment selection 8.3 Calculating machine costs

8.1 Harvesting system selection

For practical purposes harvesting system selection is done using slope as one of the main selection criteria. However, when the environmental impact of the proposed harvesting is a major contributing factor, low impact harvesting methods across all the slope classes must be considered.

Table 8.1 lists some examples of appropriate harvesting systems based on slope.

Flat area

(0% - 20% slope)

Semi steep area

(20% - 35% slope)

Steep area

(35% + slope)

Drive in systems

Tractor and trailer

Forwarders

Bundle trailers

Manual systems

Skidders

Highlead

Skyline

Wheeled felling/processing

Tracked felling/processing

Ground cable systems

Skidder

Tractor with winch

Chutes

Manual systems

Highlead

Skyline

Wheeled felling/processing

Tracked felling/processing

Highlead

Skyline

Chutes

Manual systems

Aerial systems

Table 8.1: Harvesting systems based on slope.

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chapter 8: harvesting system selection

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The following graphical depiction adapted from the Chute Operating Manual1, shows extraction systems and their associated slope limitations.

The flowchart2 in Figure 8.2 on the following page can be used to select the appropriate harvesting system to use with any given compartment.

Figure 8.1: Extraction systems and associated slope limitations.

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Is the gradientof the slopeLess than 35%

Are steepergradient areaslimited in numberand length

Will ground basedharvestingsystems meetresource and soilmanagement objectives

Will cable systemsmeet manangentobjectives egsoil, water andvisual impact

Is soil compactiona majorconsideration

Use designatedskid trails andlow impactharvestingmachinery

Use availableharvestingsystem and groundvehicles

Are cablesystemseconomicallyfeasible

Are manualsystemseconomicallyfeasible

Are aerialsystemseconomicallyfeasible

Re-evaluatethemanagementobjectives forthe compartment

Use aerialsystems(helicopters orballoons)

Use manualextractionsystems

Use cableyarding sysems

Will theinfrastructuralrequirements ofcable systemsprovide greaternet worth thanaerial systems

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

YesYes

Yes

Yes

Yes Yes

No

No

No

No

No No

No

No

As can be seen the flowchart is primarily driven by slope and the impact of the harvesting system on the environment.

Figure 8.2: Harvesting system selection.

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8.2 Equipment selection

Each harvesting operation has a set of management objectives that normally include aspects of safety, profitability, forest health and environmental concerns. If the harvesting system and its equipment are mismatched to the site and its conditions, it may be impossible to achieve any or all of the abovementioned conditions. The ramifications of improper equipment selection may range from unsafe working conditions, to unacceptable cost charges, to excessive environmental damage with possible legal implications.

The following factors could affect equipment selection:

Terrain - The factors to consider include slope, ground profile, streams, wetlands and roughness.

Soil - Soil characteristics like soil type, soil texture and moisture content affect the bearing strength of the soil.

Timber characteristics - Tree size, species, volume per hectare and timber quality can influence equipment selection. The physical ability of the equipment to handle the trees and the harvesting economics of piece size are the primary concerns.

Business requirements - Mill specifications, availability of labour, equipment availability and operating costs must be considered.

Weather and climate - Severe weather conditions can affect the severity of soil disturbance by different equipment types.

Silvicultural system - Issues like espacement and next rotation coppice can limit machine movements and should be considered.

Legislation, regulation and certification requirements - Environmental guidelines, training of operators and limitations on access can limit the range of candidate equipment.

Under the area of selecting the appropriate equipment for harvesting operations, it becomes a matter of matching machine and site features to risk.

Risk factors applicable to all harvesting equipment (and systems) include:

Operator experience, attitude and history - Risk is decreased with an experienced operator who has worked successfully under similar conditions in the past.

Contractor experience, attitude and history - Risk is decreased with an experienced contractor who has worked successfully under similar conditions in the past.

Weather - The risk of causing soil disturbance increases with higher soil moisture content.

Sensitive zones - Working in the vicinity of riparian zones or other sensitive sites increases risk.

Tree size - Risk is minimised when tree size is matched to machine size.

Timber quality - Risk is increased with poor timber quality because of reduced values.

8.3. Calculating machine costs

The rationale behind costing a machine or a harvesting system is quite simple: if an operation is not costed, either before or after it is carried out, there is no sound way of knowing what rate to charge or whether the rate received was sufficient. A rate is sufficient when it covers all costs of carrying out the operation as well as providing an additional margin of profit.3

The calculation of a machine cost can be broken down into the following categories:

ownership costs;

operating costs;

labour costs;

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overhead costs;

profit; and

productivity analysis.

1 Engelbrecht and Warkotch – 1994. 2 Adapted from the Sappi Forests Harvesting Procedures Manual – 1993. 3 Lowe – 1989.

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CONTENTS 9.1 Sawlogs 9.2 Pulp 9.3 Poles 9.4 Mining timber

9.1 Sawlogs

Measuring and marking of sawlogs is a specialized task and markers should be well trained. Their decisions in terms of the logs that will be prepared will affect the price that is paid for the logs.

Marking stems into logs is controlled by physical stem characteristics as well as demand for specified timber dimensions.

The majority of sawlogs are classified using the classification system in use for many years by the former Department of Forestry. See Table 9.1.

Log Class Log Length Thin-end diameter

A 1.8 – 3.3m 130 – 179mm

B1 1.8 – 3.3m 180 – 259mm

B2 3.6m + 180 – 259mm

C1 1.8 – 3.3m 260 – 339mm

C2 3.6m + 260 – 339mm

D1 1.8 – 3.3m 340mm +

D2 3.6m + 340mm +

Veneer logs may only be prepared from compartments that have been pruned to a height exceeding 3m. The specifications of veneer logs are much stricter than for sawlogs.

Exact specifications must be obtained from the sawmill before any logs are prepared.

Table 9.1: Sawlog classes.

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9.2 Pulp

Every pulp mill has its own specifications for pulp timber. Pulp log suppliers must consult with the pulp mills regarding their specification.

Normally pulp timber can be delivered in lengths from 1.8m to 6.6m. Minimum diameter is anything from 5cm to 8cm and maximum diameters are specified as well. There is also a minimum and maximum period after felling that must be adhered to.

9.3 Poles

The three main uses for poles are:

building, fencing and general purpose poles;

transmission poles and cross-members for electricity;

telephone poles.

Detailed specifications can be obtained from the Standards Information Centre of the SABS in Pretoria.

When preparing poles the following must be taken into account:

workers must be trained in the use of the correct equipment;

limit the number of lengths to prepare to minimize sorting;

select the longest possible pole length from a stem;

prepare building and fencing poles in long lengths (6m) and rework into required products at a well prepared site;

drying periods for gum transmission and telephone poles are normally one month for every 25mm thin-end diameter;

ensure that all cambium is removed from the poles;

pole ends should normally be bound by means of strapping or nail beds.

9.4 Mining timber

The mining timber market has declined considerably since the 1980s, but is still a major user of timber.

The main species is Eucalyptus grandis. Eucalyptus macarthurii, Eucalyptus nitens and Eucalyptus smithii are some of the other species that are acceptable.

After felling, debranching and debarking the trees are cross-cut into lengths of 2.31m or 2.43m as required by the individual mills.

The following requirements must be adhered to:

a minimum thin-end diameter of 90mm is allowed;

a maximum thin-end diameter of 200mm is allowed;

logs must be properly debarked;

logs must be accurately cross-cut to the required length;

logs should not have excessive taper; and

specification in terms of splitting and crookedness must be adhered to.

For easy identification, mining timber is normally stacked at right angles to other timber.

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GUIDELINES FOR TASK DETERMINATION

The task descriptions are taken from studies done by Productivity Manpower Services.

This example explains in detail how to determine a felling and debarking task for Eucalyptus grandis using the tasking tables.

Steps required to determine a task for felling and debarking: 1. The felling task is determined by reading from the DAILY TASK IN TREES table the

corresponding task for the average tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH).

2. This task is then adjusted, if required, by determining the variable points for the four categories as given in the VARIABLE CHART FOR CHAINSAW OPERATOR FELLING EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS table.

3. Based on the debarking percentage calculated (see next section), the number of debarkers should be adjusted to ensure that the cutters are utilized at the required task level.

The following steps are an example of how to calculate a task for Eucalyptus grandis felling and debarking:

Step 1:

Fell 100 trees, debark and crosscut.

This is to determine stripability, poles per ton, poles per tree etc.

Step 2:

Determine species variables

Example:

Spp = E grandis

DBH = 15cm

Height = 20m

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Step 3:

From the DAILY TASK IN TREES table, read off the correct number of trees to be felled.

In this example it is 311 trees per cutter

Step 4:

Determine number of 2.4m logs per tree from the 100 trees felled.

Step5:

Read off the tree size from the table TONNES PER TREE AT 1.47m3 PER TONNE.

TONNES PER TREE AT 1.47m3 PER TONNE

Mean

D.B.H.

Mean Tree Height (m)

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

9 795 767 739 710 682 653 625 596 568

10 696 673 650 628 605 582 559 536 513

11 657 630 603 576 549 522 495 468 441

12 528 507 486 465 444 423 402 381 360

13 459 445 431 416 402 387 373 359 344 330

14 424 409 395 381 366 352 337 323 309 294

15 389 376 363 350 337 324 311 297 284 271

16 354 343 32 322 311 300 289 278 268 257

17 340 328 317 305 293 281 269 257 245 233

18 300 292 283 275 267 259 250 242 234 226

19 289 280 270 261 252 243 234 224 215 206

20 260 253 247 240 234 227 221 214 208 201

Mean

D.B.H.


9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

9 0.02 0.02 0.02 2.00 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02

10 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03

11 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05

12 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07

13 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09

14 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.11

15 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13

16 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.16

17 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.19

18 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22

19 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.26

20 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29

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In this example the estimated tree size is 0.12 tons per tree.

Step 6:

Determine slope category and categorise in a class as per the VARIABLE CHART FOR CHAINSAW OPERATOR FELLING EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS.

Step 7:

Determine rock and underfoot conditions as per the VARIABLE CHART FOR CHAINSAW OPERATOR FELLING EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS.

Step 8:

Determine the vegetation class as per the VARIABLE CHART FOR CHAINSAW OPERATOR FELLING EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS.

Step 9:

Add the number of variable points of the tree height, slope, rock and underfoot conditions and vegetation categories.

Step 10:

Adjust task by the percentage given in the VARIABLE POINT ADJUSTMENT TABLE.

Example:

Tree heights 0 points

Slope 1 point

Rock and underfoot conditions 1 point

Vegetation 0 points

Total points: 2

Adjust task to 95 % of trees per cutter as per table.

Task = 311 @ 95% = 295 trees.

Step 11:

Determine the debarking percentage by counting the number of cleanly stripped logs in a total number of logs. From the 100 felled trees count the logs that stripped well and express as a percentage.

Example:

Total number of logs stripped: 623

Number of cleanly stripped logs: 485

Debarking percentage: (485/623)*100 = 78%

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Step 12:

From the corresponding percentage stripability tasking table, read the number of trees to be debarked per debarker.

Example:

MANUAL STRIPPING – Eucalyptus Grandis SHORTWOOD

DAILY TASK IN TREES

80% STRIPABILITY Debarker to only debark logs

From the table it is 55 trees.

Step 13:

Compare the number of logs with the standard for the given DBH and Height as given in the table POLES PER TREE TO 50mm SMALL END DIAMETER

Step 14:

Determine slope category and categorise in a class as per the VARIABLE CHART FOR MANUAL DEBARKING EUCALYPTUS

Step 15:

Adjust task by the percentage given in the VARIABLE POINT ADJUSTMENT TABLE.

Example:

Number of poles 0 points

Slope 0 points

Total points: 0

Adjust task to 100% of trees per debarker as per table.

Number of trees: 100% of 55 trees = 55 ≈ 55 trees

Mean

D.B.H.


9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

9 165 155 146 136 126 117 107 97 87

10 152 143 135 126 117 108 99 91 82

11 141 131 122 112 103 93 84 75 65

12 98 92 86 80 75 69 63 57 51

13 89 85 80 76 72 68 63 59 55 51

14 84 80 76 71 67 63 59 55 51 47

15 79 75 71 67 63 59 55 51 47 43

16 69 66 63 60 57 54 51 48 45 43

17 69 65 62 58 55 51 48 44 41 37

18 58 56 53 51 49 47 44 42 40 37

19 58 55 52 50 47 44 42 39 36 34

20 50 48 46 44 43 41 39 37 36 34

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Step 16:

Calculate the required number of debarkers by dividing the trees per debarker into the number of trees per cutter.

Example:

From step 9 and 10 the number of trees per cutter is: 295

From step 12 to 15 the number of trees per debarker is: 55

Number of debarkers required per cutter: 295/55 = 5.36 ≈ 5

The daily production for the team is now estimated as follows:

Tree size = 0.12 tonnes per tree

Chainsaw task with 5 debarkers = 5 x 55 = 275 trees

Tonnes per cutter = 275 x 0.12 = 33 ton

56

TASKING GUIDELINE FOR EUCALYPTUS SPECIES

VARIABLE CHART FOR CHAINSAW OPERATOR FELLING EUCALYPTUS AND WATTLE

VARIABLE CHART FOR MANUAL STRIPPING EUCALYPTUS AND WATTLE 2.4M

Variable chart for manual stripping eucalyptus 2.3mDebarker to debark onlySripped logs to be moved out of brushwood linesDebarkers work together as a team

Condition Variable categories Variable pointsNumber

Tree heights1 Number of poles per tree as per standard 02 1 to 2 poles per tree over standard 13 3 or more poles per tree above standard 2

Slope1 0 - 25 degrees 02 26 - 30 degrees 13 30 + degrees 3

Variable point adjustment tableVariable points Recommended percentage

of standard to allocate0 100%1 97%2 94%3 91%4 88%5 85%

1. Assess debarker productivity standard (trees) in accordance with DBH. And stripability on the supplied Productivity Tasking Table.2. Asses variable conditions on above chart and accumulate total applicable variable points.3. Plot total variable point allocation onadjustment table and acertain percentage of standard to be applied in prevailing conditions.

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annexure “B” tasking guidelines for eucalypt species

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BASE ENUMERATION DATA FOR EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS TABLE 1.

POLES = 2.4m POLES PER TONNE AT 1.47M3 PER TONNE

MEAN TREE HEIGHT (metres)D.B.H. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

9 118 115 112 130 126 122 120 133 15010 96 93 110 105 102 99 111 108 10811 80 95 91 87 84 95 92 89 9812 73 83 80 77 85 82 80 86 8413 71 68 66 73 70 64 74 71 69 7414 61 59 65 63 60 66 63 61 66 6415 51 57 55 60 57 51 60 58 56 6016 50 48 52 50 49 52 51 49 52 5117 42 43 45 43 46 45 48 46 45 4818 41 40 43 41 40 43 41 40 43 4119 36 36 37 36 38 37 39 38 37 3920 35 34 36 35 33 36 34 33 35 34

TONNES PER TREE AT 1.47 m3 PER TONNE

MEAN Mean tree height (metres)D.B.H. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

9 0.02 0.02 0.02 2.00 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.0210 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.0311 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.0512 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.0713 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.0914 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.1115 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.1316 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.1617 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.1918 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.2219 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.26

201 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29

POLES PER TREE TO 50 mm SMALL END DIAMETER

MEAN MEAN TREE HEIGHT (m)D.B.H. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

9 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 310 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 311 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 512 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 613 4 4 4 5 5 4 6 6 6 714 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 715 4 5 5 6 6 5 7 7 7 816 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 817 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 918 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 919 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 1020 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10

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CHAINSAW OPERATOR - EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS SHORTWOOD

FELL CROSSCUT DEBRANCH & STACK BRUSHWOOD WITH ASSISTANT TO HELP

DAILY TASK IN TREES TABLE 2.


9 795 767 739 710 682 653 625 596 56810 696 673 650 628 605 582 559 536 51311 657 630 603 576 549 522 495 468 44112 528 507 486 465 444 423 402 381 36013 459 445 431 416 402 387 373 359 344 33014 424 409 395 381 366 352 337 323 309 29415 389 376 363 350 337 324 311 297 284 27116 354 343 332 322 311 300 289 278 268 25717 340 328 317 305 293 281 269 257 245 23318 300 292 283 275 267 259 250 242 234 22619 289 280 270 261 252 243 234 224 215 20620 260 253 247 240 234 227 221 214 208 201

TONNES PER CHAINSAW


9 13.4 13.4 13.2 16.4 16.3 16.0 15.7 18.0 11.410 14.5 14.5 17.8 17.9 17.8 17.6 20.2 19.9 14.211 16.5 19.8 19.9 19.8 19.5 22.0 21.6 21.0 22.612 21.6 24.4 24.4 24.1 26.1 25.8 25.3 26.5 25.813 25.9 26.1 26.2 28.7 28.7 24.3 30.4 30.2 29.8 31.114 27.7 27.9 30.2 30.4 30.3 32.1 31.9 31.6 32.7 32.215 30.4 33.1 33.3 35.2 35.3 31.5 36.5 36.2 35.7 36.416 35.4 35.8 38.0 38.3 38.4 40.1 40.0 39.7 40.9 40.517 40.1 38.4 42.6 42.5 44.1 43.9 44.9 44.4 43.7 44.018 43.3 43.9 46.0 46.5 46.7 48.4 48.5 48.3 49.5 49.219 48.5 47.2 50.9 51.0 52.5 52.3 53.2 52.9 52.2 52.620 52.1 52.9 54.8 55.4 55.8 57.4 57.6 57.6 58.8 58.6

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TASKING TABLES FOR MANUAL DEBARKING OF EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS SHORTWOOD

MANUAL STRIPPING - EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS SHORTWOOD

DAILY TASK IN TREES TABLE 3.40 % STRIPABILITY Debarker to only debark logsMEAN MEAN TREE HEIGHT (m)D.B.H. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

9 100 95 89 83 77 71 65 59 5310 93 87 82 77 71 66 61 55 5011 86 80 74 68 63 57 51 45 4012 60 56 53 49 45 42 38 35 3113 55 52 49 47 44 42 39 36 34 3114 52 49 47 44 41 39 36 34 31 2915 49 46 44 42 39 37 34 32 29 2716 43 41 39 37 36 34 32 30 28 2617 42 40 38 35 33 31 29 27 25 2318 35 34 33 31 30 28 27 25 24 2319 35 33 32 30 28 27 25 24 22 2020 30 29 28 27 26 24 23 22 21 20

TONNES PER MANUAL DEBARKER40 % STRIPABILITY Debarker to only debark logsMEAN MEAN TREE HEIGHT (m)D.B.H. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.010 1.9 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.311 2.1 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.012 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.213 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.1 2.6 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.914 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.115 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.5 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.616 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.117 4.9 4.6 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.218 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.919 5.8 5.5 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.220 5.9 5.9 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.8

TOTAL TONNES PER UNIT (Fell-Strip-Stack)40 % STRIPABILITY Debarker to only debark logsMEAN MEAN TREE HEIGHT (m)D.B.H. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

9 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 0.810 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.111 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.712 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.813 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.414 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.615 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.016 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.417 3.9 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.518 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.119 4.6 4.5 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.320 4.8 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.9

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9 112 105 99 92 86 79 72 66 5910 103 97 91 85 79 73 67 61 5511 95 89 82 76 70 63 57 51 4412 67 62 58 54 50 46 42 38 3413 61 58 55 52 49 46 43 40 37 3414 57 55 52 49 46 43 40 38 35 3215 54 52 49 46 43 41 38 35 32 3016 47 45 43 41 39 37 35 33 31 2917 47 44 42 39 37 35 32 30 28 2518 39 38 36 35 33 32 30 28 27 2519 39 37 35 33 32 30 28 26 25 2320 33 32 31 30 29 27 26 25 24 23

TONNES PER MANUAL DEBARKER50 % STRIPABILITY Debarker to only debark lMEAN MEAN TREE HEIGHT (m)D.B.H. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

9 1.8 1.8 1.7 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.110 2.1 2.0 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.2 1.511 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.212 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.413 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.5 2.8 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.214 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.415 4.2 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.5 3.9 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.916 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.617 5.4 5.1 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.718 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.419 6.5 6.2 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.820 6.6 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.5


9 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 0.910 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.211 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.812 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.013 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.614 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.815 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.216 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.717 4.3 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.918 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.419 5.1 4.9 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.720 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.3

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9 118 111 104 97 90 83 76 70 6310 109 103 96 90 84 77 71 65 5911 101 94 87 80 74 67 60 53 4712 70 66 62 58 53 49 45 41 3613 64 61 58 55 52 49 46 43 39 3614 60 58 55 52 49 46 43 40 37 3415 57 54 51 49 46 43 40 37 34 3116 50 48 46 44 41 39 37 35 33 3117 49 47 44 42 39 37 34 32 29 2718 42 40 38 37 35 33 32 30 28 2719 41 39 37 35 34 32 30 28 26 2420 35 34 33 31 30 29 28 27 25 24


9 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.210 2.2 2.2 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.4 1.611 2.5 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.312 2.8 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.613 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.0 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.414 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.615 4.4 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.1 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.216 4.9 4.9 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.817 5.8 5.4 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.1 5.018 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.9 5.819 6.8 6.6 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.5 6.3 6.120 7.0 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.0


9 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.010 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.311 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.912 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.113 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.814 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 2.915 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.2 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.416 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.917 4.4 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.018 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.719 5.3 5.1 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.920 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.6

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9 131 124 116 108 100 93 85 77 7010 121 114 107 100 93 86 79 72 6511 112 104 97 89 82 74 67 59 5212 78 73 69 64 59 55 50 45 4013 71 68 64 61 57 54 51 47 44 4014 67 64 60 57 54 50 47 44 41 3715 63 60 57 54 51 47 44 41 38 3516 55 53 51 48 46 44 41 39 36 3417 55 52 49 46 44 41 38 35 32 3018 46 44 43 41 39 37 35 33 32 3019 46 44 42 39 37 35 33 31 29 2720 39 38 37 35 34 32 31 30 28 27


9 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.3 1.310 2.5 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.6 1.811 2.8 3.2 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.612 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.913 4.0 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.1 3.3 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.814 4.3 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.015 4.9 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.2 4.6 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.616 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.317 6.4 6.0 6.6 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.518 6.6 6.6 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.419 7.6 7.3 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.3 7.0 6.820 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.1 8.0 8.1 8.1 7.9 8.0 7.8


9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.110 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.411 2.0 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.112 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.313 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.1 2.6 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.014 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.215 3.7 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.0 3.5 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.716 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.217 4.8 4.6 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.418 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.119 5.8 5.6 5.9 5.0 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.420 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.1

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DAILY TASK IN TREES TABLE 780 % STRIPABILITY Debarker to only debark logsMEAN MEAN TREE HEIGHT (m)D.B.H. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

9 165 155 146 136 126 117 107 97 8710 152 143 135 126 117 108 99 91 8211 141 131 122 112 103 93 84 75 6512 98 92 86 80 75 69 63 57 5113 89 85 80 76 72 68 63 59 55 5114 84 80 76 71 67 63 59 55 51 4715 79 75 71 67 63 59 55 51 47 4316 69 66 63 60 57 54 51 48 45 4317 69 65 62 58 55 51 48 44 41 3718 58 56 53 51 49 47 44 42 40 3719 58 55 52 50 47 44 42 39 36 3420 50 48 46 44 43 41 39 37 36 34


9 2.7 2.7 2.6 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.9 1.710 3.1 3.0 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.3 2.211 3.5 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.312 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.613 5.0 4.9 4.8 5.2 5.1 4.2 5.1 4.9 4.714 5.4 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.315 6.1 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.6 5.7 6.4 6.2 5.916 6.9 6.8 7.2 7.1 7.0 7.2 7.1 6.9 6.917 8.0 7.6 8.3 8.1 8.2 7.9 7.9 7.6 7.218 8.3 8.3 8.6 8.6 8.5 8.7 8.5 8.3 8.419 9.6 9.2 9.8 9.6 9.8 9.5 9.5 9.2 8.8 8.620 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.9


9 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.2 1.310 2.2 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.5 1.711 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.512 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.813 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.1 3.8 3.7 3.614 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.1 3.9 4.015 4.3 4.7 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.2 4.7 4.6 4.416 4.9 4.9 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.117 5.7 5.4 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.418 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.219 6.9 6.6 7.1 7.0 7.1 7.0 7.0 6.8 6.620 7.1 7.2 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.4

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DAILY TASK IN TREES TABLE 890 % STRIPABILITY Debarker to only debark logsMEAN MEAN TREE HEIGHT (m)D.B.H. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

9 180 170 159 149 138 127 117 106 9610 166 157 147 137 128 118 109 99 9011 154 143 133 123 112 102 92 82 7112 107 101 94 88 81 75 69 62 5613 97 92 88 83 78 74 69 64 60 5514 91 87 82 78 73 69 64 60 55 5115 86 81 77 73 69 64 60 56 51 4716 75 72 69 65 62 59 56 53 49 4617 75 71 67 64 60 56 52 48 44 4018 63 61 58 56 53 51 48 46 44 4119 63 60 57 55 52 49 46 43 40 3720 54 52 51 49 47 45 43 41 39 37


9 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.2 1.910 3.4 3.3 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.9 3.6 2.411 3.8 4.5 4.3 4.2 3.9 4.3 4.0 3.6 3.612 4.3 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.3 3.913 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.7 5.6 4.6 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.214 5.9 5.9 6.3 6.2 6.0 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.515 6.7 7.1 7.0 7.3 7.1 6.2 7.0 6.7 6.4 6.316 7.5 7.5 7.8 7.8 7.6 7.8 7.7 7.5 7.5 7.217 8.8 8.3 9.0 8.8 9.0 8.7 8.6 8.3 7.8 7.618 9.1 9.1 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.5 9.3 9.1 9.2 8.919 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.6 9.420 10.0 10.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.0


9.00 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.3 1.410 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.6 1.811 2.6 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.712 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.013 3.8 3.8 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.3 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.814 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.115 4.6 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.1 4.4 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.616 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.317 6.1 5.8 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.0 5.7 5.618 6.4 6.4 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.7 6.519 7.3 7.1 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.0 6.920 7.6 7.7 7.9 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.0 7.9 8.0 7.9

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TASKING TABLES FOR COLD TOLERANT EUCALYPTUS SHORTWOOD

BASE ENUMERATION DATA FOR COLD TOLLERANT EUCALYPTUS SPECIES

POLES = 2.31m POLES PER TONNE AT 1,25m3 PER TONNE TABLE 1.

Mean MEAN TREE HEIGHT (m)DBH 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

9 118 115 112 130 126 122 120 133 15010 96 93 110 105 102 99 111 108 10811 80 95 91 87 84 95 92 89 9812 73 83 80 77 85 82 80 86 8413 71 68 66 73 70 64 74 71 69 7414 61 59 65 63 60 66 63 61 66 6415 51 57 55 60 57 51 60 58 56 6016 50 48 52 50 49 52 51 49 52 5117 42 43 45 43 46 45 48 46 45 4818 41 40 43 41 40 43 41 40 43 4119 36 36 37 36 38 37 39 38 37 3920 35 34 36 35 33 36 34 33 35 34



9 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.0210 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.0311 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.0512 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.0713 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.0914 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.1115 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.1316 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.1617 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.1918 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.2219 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.2420 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29



9 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 310 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 311 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 512 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 613 4 4 4 5 5 4 6 6 6 714 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 715 4 5 5 6 6 5 7 7 7 816 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 817 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 918 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 919 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 1020 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10

66

annexure “B”

forest engineering

CHAINSAW OPERATOR - EUCALYPTUS MACARTHURII SHORTWOOD




9 658 625 591 558 525 492 459 426 39210 592 564 535 507 478 449 421 392 36411 557 525 493 460 428 396 364 331 29912 410 388 366 344 322 301 279 257 23513 359 344 329 314 299 284 269 254 239 22414 332 317 303 288 273 258 243 228 213 19815 304 290 277 263 250 236 223 209 196 18216 270 260 249 238 228 217 206 196 185 17417 258 247 235 224 212 200 189 177 165 15418 221 213 205 197 189 181 173 165 157 15019 214 205 197 188 179 170 161 153 144 13520 187 181 175 169 163 157 151 145 138 132

TONNES PER CHAINSAW


9 11.1 10.9 10.6 12.9 12.5 12.0 11.5 12.0 7.910 12.3 12.1 14.6 14.4 14.1 13.6 15.2 14.6 10.111 14.0 16.5 16.3 15.8 15.2 16.7 15.9 14.9 15.312 16.8 18.6 18.3 17.9 18.9 18.3 17.5 17.9 16.913 20.2 20.2 20.0 21.7 21.4 17.8 22.0 21.4 20.7 21.114 21.7 21.6 23.2 23.0 22.6 23.5 23.0 23.3 22.6 21.715 23.8 25.5 25.4 26.5 26.2 23.0 26.2 25.5 24.6 24.516 27.0 27.1 28.4 28.1 29.0 28.5 27.9 28.3 27.5 27.517 30.4 28.9 31.6 31.2 31.9 31.3 31.5 30.6 29.4 29.018 32.0 32.1 33.3 33.3 33.1 33.9 33.5 33.0 33.3 32.619 36.0 34.7 37.0 36.6 37.3 36.7 36.8 36.0 34.9 34.520 37.6 37.8 38.9 39.0 38.9 39.6 39.4 38.9 39.2 38.6

67

annexure “B”

forest engineering

TASKING TABLES FOR MANUAL DEBARKING OF COLD TOLERANT EUCALYPTUS SHORTWOOD

MANUAL DEBARKING - EUCALYPTUS MACARTHURII SHORTWOOD


9 86 81 76 71 66 61 56 51 4510 79 75 70 65 61 56 52 47 4311 73 68 63 58 53 49 44 39 3412 51 48 45 42 39 36 33 30 2613 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 29 27 2514 41 39 37 35 33 31 28 26 24 2215 37 35 33 31 30 28 26 24 22 2016 32 31 30 28 27 25 24 22 21 2017 31 30 28 27 25 23 22 20 19 1718 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 1719 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 17 16 1520 22 21 21 20 19 18 17 17 16 15


9 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.5 0.910 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.111 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.712 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.813 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.314 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.415 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.716 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.017 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.218 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.619 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.820 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.3


9 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.710 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 3.0 1.4 0.911 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 3.0 1.4 1.412 1.6 1.8 1.8 3.4 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.513 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.914 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.915 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.216 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.517 2.9 2.7 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.618 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.019 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.120 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5

68

annexure “B”

forest engineering




9 96 91 85 79 74 68 62 57 5110 89 84 79 73 68 63 58 53 4811 82 77 71 66 60 55 49 44 3812 57 54 50 47 43 40 37 33 3013 49 47 45 42 40 38 35 33 31 2914 46 44 41 39 37 34 32 30 27 2515 42 40 38 35 33 31 29 27 25 2316 37 35 33 32 30 28 27 25 24 2217 35 33 32 30 28 26 25 23 21 1918 30 28 27 26 25 24 23 21 20 1919 29 28 26 25 24 22 21 20 18 1720 25 24 23 22 21 20 20 19 18 17


9 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.010 1.8 1.7 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.311 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.912 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.113 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.3 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.614 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.715 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.0 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.016 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.417 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.618 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.119 4.8 4.6 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.320 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9

TOTAL TONNES PER UNIT (Fell-Strip-Stack)50 % STRIPABILITYMEAN MEAN TREE HEIGHT (m)D.B.H. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

9 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.810 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.011 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.512 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.713 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.114 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.115 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.416 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.717 3.2 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.918 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.319 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.420 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.9

69

annexure “B”

forest engineering




9 102 96 90 84 78 72 66 60 5410 94 89 83 78 73 67 62 56 5111 87 81 75 70 64 58 52 46 4012 61 57 54 50 46 43 39 35 3213 52 50 47 45 43 40 38 35 33 3014 49 47 44 42 39 37 34 32 29 2715 44 42 40 38 36 33 31 29 27 2416 39 37 36 34 32 30 29 27 25 2317 37 35 34 32 30 29 26 24 22 2118 32 30 29 28 27 25 24 23 22 2019 31 29 28 26 25 24 22 21 20 1820 26 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18


9 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.010 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.0 1.411 2.1 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.012 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.213 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.814 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.915 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.216 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.617 4.3 4.1 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.818 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.419 5.1 4.9 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.620 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2


9 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.4 0.810 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.111 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.612 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.713 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.3 1.9 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.214 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.215 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.516 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.917 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.018 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.419 4.0 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.620 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.1

70

annexure “B”

forest engineering




9 115 108 101 95 88 81 74 68 6110 106 100 94 88 82 75 69 63 5711 98 91 85 78 72 65 59 52 4512 68 64 60 56 52 48 44 40 3513 59 56 53 51 48 45 42 40 37 3414 55 52 50 47 44 41 38 36 33 3015 50 48 45 43 40 38 35 33 30 2816 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 2617 42 40 38 36 34 32 29 27 25 2318 35 34 33 31 30 28 27 26 24 2319 34 33 31 30 28 27 25 24 22 2020 30 29 28 27 25 24 23 22 21 20


9 1.9 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.110 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.3 1.511 2.4 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.312 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.513 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.4 2.8 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.214 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.0 3.0 2.915 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.1 3.6 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.716 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.117 4.9 4.6 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.318 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 4.919 5.7 5.5 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.220 5.9 5.9 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.8


9 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 0.910 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.211 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.712 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.1 1.913 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.414 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.515 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.7 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.816 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.117 3.7 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.318 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.819 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.920 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5

71

annexure “B”

forest engineering




9 147 139 130 121 113 104 95 87 7810 136 128 120 112 105 97 89 81 7311 126 117 109 100 92 83 75 67 5812 88 82 77 72 67 61 56 51 4513 76 72 69 65 62 58 55 51 47 4414 71 67 64 60 57 53 49 46 42 3915 65 61 58 55 52 48 45 42 39 3616 57 54 52 49 47 44 42 39 37 3417 51 51 49 46 43 41 38 35 32 3018 46 44 42 40 38 37 35 33 31 2919 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 2620 38 37 36 34 33 31 30 29 27 26


9 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.6 1.510 2.8 2.7 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.0 2.011 3.1 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.912 3.5 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.213 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.4 4.3 3.6 4.4 4.2 4.114 4.6 4.5 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.415 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.4 5.7 5.3 5.1 4.816 5.6 5.6 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.517 6.3 6.0 6.5 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.0 5.718 6.6 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.5 6.519 7.4 7.1 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.3 7.3 7.1 6.8 6.720 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.5


9 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.110 1.9 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.411 2.1 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.112 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.313 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.1 2.5 3.1 3.0 2.914 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.215 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.3 3.7 3.6 3.416 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.017 4.4 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.118 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.719 5.2 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 4.920 5.4 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5

72

annexure “B”

forest engineering




9 163 154 144 134 125 115 106 96 8610 150 142 133 124 116 107 98 90 8111 139 130 120 111 102 92 83 74 6412 97 91 85 79 74 68 62 56 5013 84 80 76 72 68 64 60 56 53 4914 79 75 71 67 63 59 55 51 47 4315 72 68 65 51 57 54 50 47 43 3916 63 60 57 55 52 49 46 43 41 3817 60 57 54 51 48 45 42 39 36 3318 51 49 47 45 43 41 39 37 34 3219 49 47 45 42 40 38 36 34 31 2920 42 41 39 38 36 35 33 32 30 29


9 2.7 2.6 2.5 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.8 1.710 3.1 3.0 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.3 2.211 3.4 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.212 3.9 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.613 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.9 4.8 4.0 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.514 5.1 5.0 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.615 5.6 5.9 5.9 6.1 6.0 5.2 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.316 6.2 6.2 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.5 6.3 6.2 6.2 5.917 7.0 6.6 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.4 6.218 7.3 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.2 7.2 7.019 8.2 7.9 8.4 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.1 7.9 7.5 7.420 8.4 8.5 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.5 8.3


9 1.8 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.210 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.2 1.511 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.312 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.513 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.4 3.3 2.7 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.114 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.215 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.5 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.716 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.117 4.8 4.5 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.318 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.919 5.6 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.120 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.8

73

annexure “B”

forest engineering

CHAINSAW OPERATOR - EUCALYPTUS NITENS SHORTWOOD




9 567 541 514 487 460 434 407 380 35310 516 493 469 446 423 399 376 352 32911 488 462 435 408 381 354 327 301 27412 367 348 330 311 292 273 254 236 21713 325 312 299 285 272 259 246 233 220 20714 302 289 276 263 249 236 223 210 197 18415 277 265 254 242 230 218 206 194 182 17016 248 238 229 219 210 200 191 181 172 16217 238 227 217 207 196 186 175 165 154 14418 205 198 190 183 176 169 162 154 147 14019 199 191 183 175 167 159 151 143 135 12720 175 169 163 158 152 147 141 135 130 124

TONNES PER CHAINSAW


9 9.6 9.4 9.2 11.2 11.0 10.6 10.2 11.5 7.110 10.7 10.6 12.8 12.7 12.4 12.1 13.6 13.1 9.111 12.3 14.5 14.4 14.0 13.5 14.9 14.3 13.5 14.012 15.0 16.7 16.5 16.1 17.2 16.6 16.0 16.4 15.613 18.3 18.3 18.2 19.7 19.5 16.3 20.1 19.6 19.0 19.514 19.7 19.7 21.1 21.0 20.7 21.6 21.1 20.5 20.9 20.115 21.7 23.3 23.2 24.3 24.0 21.1 24.1 23.5 22.8 22.816 24.8 24.9 26.2 26.1 25.9 26.7 26.4 25.9 26.2 25.617 28.0 26.6 29.2 28.8 29.6 29.0 29.2 28.4 27.5 27.118 29.6 29.8 30.9 31.0 30.8 31.5 31.3 30.8 31.1 30.519 33.4 32.2 34.4 34.1 34.7 34.2 34.4 33.6 32.7 32.420 35.0 35.5 36.3 36.4 36.4 37.1 36.8 36.5 36.8 36.2

74

annexure “B”

forest engineering

TASKING TABLES FOR MANUAL DEBARKING OF COLD TELERANT EUCALYPTUS SHORTWOOD

MANUAL DEBARKING - EUCALYPTUS NITENS SHORTWOOD


9 92 86 81 75 70 65 59 54 4810 84 79 75 70 65 60 55 50 4511 78 73 67 62 57 52 47 41 3612 54 51 48 45 41 38 35 31 2813 45 43 41 39 37 34 32 30 28 2614 42 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 24 2215 37 35 33 31 29 28 26 24 22 2016 32 31 29 28 26 25 23 22 21 1917 30 29 27 26 24 23 21 20 18 1718 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 1619 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 1520 21 20 20 19 18 17 17 16 15 14


9 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 0.910 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.211 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.812 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.013 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.414 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.415 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.716 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.017 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.118 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.519 4.1 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.720 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.1


9 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.710 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 0.911 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.412 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.8 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.613 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.914 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.915 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.116 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.417 2.8 2.6 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.518 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.819 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.020 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3

75

annexure “B”

forest engineering




9 103 97 91 85 79 73 67 61 5510 95 90 84 79 73 68 62 57 5111 88 82 76 70 64 58 52 47 4112 61 58 54 50 47 43 39 35 3213 50 48 46 44 41 39 37 34 32 3014 47 45 42 40 37 35 33 30 28 2515 42 40 37 35 33 31 29 27 25 2316 37 35 33 32 30 28 27 25 23 2217 34 32 31 29 27 26 24 22 21 1918 29 28 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 1819 28 26 25 24 23 21 20 19 18 1620 24 23 22 21 20 20 19 18 17 16


9 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.010 1.9 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.411 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.012 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.213 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.814 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.715 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.016 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.417 4.0 3.7 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.518 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.019 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.120 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.6


9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.810 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.011 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.612 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.713 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.8 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.114 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.115 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.416 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.617 3.1 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.818 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.119 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.320 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7

76

annexure “B”

forest engineering




9 110 104 97 91 84 78 71 65 5810 102 96 90 84 78 72 66 61 5511 94 88 81 75 69 62 56 50 4412 66 62 58 54 50 46 42 38 3413 54 52 49 47 43 42 39 37 34 3214 50 48 45 43 40 38 35 32 30 2715 45 42 40 38 36 34 31 29 27 2516 39 37 36 34 32 30 29 27 25 2317 37 35 33 31 29 28 26 24 22 2018 31 30 28 27 26 25 23 22 21 2019 30 28 27 26 24 23 22 20 19 1820 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17


9 1.8 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.110 2.1 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.2 1.511 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.212 2.6 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.413 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.1 2.6 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.014 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.915 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.316 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.617 4.3 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.818 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.219 4.9 4.7 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.420 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0


9 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 0.810 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.111 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.612 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.813 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.3 1.9 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.314 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.215 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.516 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.817 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.918 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.319 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.520 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.9

77

annexure “B”

forest engineering




9 124 117 110 102 95 88 81 73 6610 115 108 101 95 88 82 75 68 6211 106 99 92 85 78 70 63 56 4912 74 70 65 61 56 52 47 43 3813 61 58 56 53 50 47 45 42 39 3614 57 54 51 48 46 43 40 37 34 3115 51 48 46 43 41 38 36 33 31 2816 45 43 41 39 37 35 33 31 28 2617 41 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 25 2318 35 34 32 31 29 28 27 25 24 2219 33 32 30 29 27 26 24 23 21 2020 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 20 19


9 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.2 1.310 2.3 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.5 1.711 2.6 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.512 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.713 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.5 2.9 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.414 3.7 3.6 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.315 3.9 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.2 3.7 4.1 3.0 3.1 3.716 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.117 4.8 4.6 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.318 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.819 5.6 5.3 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.1 5.020 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.6


9 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 0.910 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.211 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.812 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.013 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.514 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.515 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.7 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.816 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.117 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.218 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.619 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.820 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3

78

annexure “B”

forest engineering




9 160 150 141 132 122 113 103 94 8510 147 139 130 122 113 105 96 88 7911 136 127 118 109 100 90 81 72 6312 95 89 84 78 72 66 61 55 4913 79 76 72 68 65 61 58 54 50 4714 74 70 66 63 59 55 51 48 44 4015 66 63 59 56 53 50 46 43 40 3616 58 55 53 50 48 45 42 40 37 3417 54 51 48 46 43 41 38 35 33 3018 45 44 42 40 38 36 34 33 31 2919 43 41 39 37 36 34 32 30 28 2620 37 36 35 33 32 31 29 28 26 25


9 2.6 2.6 2.5 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.8 1.610 3.0 2.9 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.4 3.2 2.111 3.4 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.2 3.212 3.8 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.513 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.7 4.6 3.8 4.6 4.5 4.314 4.8 4.7 5.0 5.0 4.8 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.615 5.1 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.5 4.8 5.4 5.2 4.916 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.617 6.3 5.9 6.5 6.3 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.0 5.818 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.519 7.2 6.9 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.2 6.9 6.7 6.520 7.5 7.5 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.6 7.4 7.4 7.3


9 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.110 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.411 2.1 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.212 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.413 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.1 2.6 3.1 3.1 2.914 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.215 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.6 3.416 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.917 4.3 4.1 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.018 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.519 5.0 4.8 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.720 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3

79

annexure “B”

forest engineering




9 177 167 157 146 136 125 115 104 9410 164 154 145 135 126 116 107 98 8811 151 141 131 121 111 100 90 80 7012 106 99 93 86 80 74 67 61 5513 88 84 80 76 72 68 64 60 56 5214 83 79 74 70 66 62 57 53 49 4515 74 70 67 63 59 56 52 48 45 4116 65 62 59 56 53 50 47 45 42 3917 60 57 54 51 48 45 42 39 37 3418 51 49 47 45 43 40 38 36 34 3219 48 46 44 42 40 37 35 33 31 2920 42 40 39 37 36 34 33 31 29 28


9 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.1 1.810 3.4 3.3 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.6 2.411 3.7 4.4 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.2 3.9 3.6 3.512 4.3 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.2 3.913 4.9 4.9 4.8 5.2 5.1 4.2 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.914 5.4 5.3 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.1 4.815 5.7 6.1 6.1 6.3 6.2 5.4 6.0 5.8 5.5 5.416 6.4 6.4 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.7 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.117 7.0 6.6 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.0 7.0 6.8 6.4 6.318 7.3 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.2 7.2 7.019 8.1 7.7 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.0 8.0 7.7 7.5 7.320 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.1


9 1.8 1.7 1.7 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.210 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.3 1.511 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.312 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.613 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.4 3.3 2.8 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.214 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.215 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.5 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.716 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.117 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.318 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.819 5.4 5.2 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.020 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.6

80

annexure “B”

forest engineering

TASKING GUIDELINES FOR WATTLE SPECIES.

BASE ENUMERATION DATA FOR WATTLE TABLE 1.

POLES = 2.31m POLES PER TONNE AT 1.25m3 PER TONNE


9 118 115 112 130 126 122 120 133 15010 96 93 110 105 102 99 111 108 10811 80 95 91 87 84 95 92 89 9812 73 83 80 77 85 82 80 86 8413 71 68 66 73 70 64 74 71 69 7414 61 59 65 63 60 66 63 61 66 6415 51 57 55 60 57 51 60 58 56 6016 50 48 52 50 49 52 51 49 52 5117 42 43 45 43 46 45 48 46 45 4818 41 40 43 41 40 43 41 40 43 4119 36 36 37 36 38 37 39 38 37 3920 35 34 36 35 33 36 34 33 35 34



9 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.0210 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.0311 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.0512 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.0713 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.0914 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.1115 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.1316 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.1617 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.1918 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.2219 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.2620 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29



9 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 310 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 311 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 512 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 613 4 4 4 5 5 4 6 6 6 714 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 715 4 5 5 6 6 5 7 7 7 816 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 817 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 918 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 919 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 1020 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10

81

annexure “B”

forest engineering

CHAINSAW OPERATOR - WATTLE SHORTWOOD TABLE 2.

FELL CROSSCUT DEBRANCH & STACK BRUSHWOOD WITHMARKER AND BRUSHWOOD STACKER

DAILY TASK IN TREES


9 448 424 400 376 352 329 305 281 25710 411 390 368 347 326 304 283 262 24111 383 360 336 313 289 266 242 219 19512 278 262 247 231 216 200 184 169 15313 242 231 221 210 200 189 178 168 157 14714 227 216 206 195 184 174 163 152 142 13115 207 197 187 178 168 159 149 139 130 12016 183 176 168 161 153 146 138 131 123 11617 177 169 161 152 144 135 127 119 110 10218 151 145 140 134 129 123 118 112 107 10119 147 141 135 128 122 116 110 103 97 19120 128 124 120 115 111 107 103 98 94 90

TONNES PER CHAINSAW


9 7.6 7.4 7.1 8.7 8.4 8.0 7.6 8.5 5.110 8.5 8.4 10.1 9.9 9.6 9.2 10.2 9.7 6.711 9.6 1.3 11.1 10.8 10.3 11.2 10.6 9.8 10.012 11.4 12.6 12.4 12.0 12.7 12.2 11.6 11.7 11.013 13.6 13.6 13.4 14.5 14.3 11.9 14.6 14.1 13.6 13.814 14.8 14.7 15.7 15.6 15.3 15.8 15.4 14.9 15.0 14.315 16.1 17.3 17.2 17.9 17.6 15.4 17.5 17.0 16.3 16.216 18.3 18.3 19.2 19.1 18.9 19.4 19.1 18.7 18.8 18.217 20.9 19.8 21.6 21.2 21.7 21.2 21.2 20.5 19.6 19.218 21.8 21.9 22.7 22.7 22.5 23.0 22.8 22.4 22.5 22.019 24.7 23.8 25.4 25.1 25.4 25.0 25.0 24.4 23.0 23.220 25.7 25.8 26.6 26.6 26.6 27.0 26.8 26.5 26.7 26.2

82

annexure “B”

forest engineering

TASKING TABLES FOR MANUAL DEBARKING OF WATTLE SHORTWOOD

MANUAL DEBARKING - WATTLE SHORTWOOD TABLE 3.

DAILY TASK IN TREES40 % STRIPABILITY Debarker to only debark logsMEAN MEAN TREE HEIGHT (m)D.B.H. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

9 62 59 55 51 48 44 40 37 3310 57 54 51 47 44 41 38 34 3111 53 49 46 42 39 35 32 28 2512 37 35 33 30 28 26 24 21 1913 31 30 28 27 25 24 23 21 20 1814 29 28 26 25 23 22 20 19 17 1615 26 25 24 22 21 20 18 17 16 1416 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 1417 22 21 20 19 18 16 15 14 13 128 18 18 17 16 16 15 14 13 13 12

19 18 17 16 16 15 14 13 12 11 1120 16 15 14 14 13 13 12 12 11 11


9 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.610 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.811 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.212 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.313 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.714 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.715 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.916 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.117 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.218 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.619 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.720 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0


9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.510 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.611 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.012 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.113 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.314 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.315 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.516 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.717 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.818 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.119 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.220 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4

83

annexure “B”

forest engineering




9 71 67 63 59 54 50 46 42 3810 65 62 58 54 50 47 43 39 3511 60 56 52 48 44 40 36 32 2812 42 40 37 35 32 30 27 24 2213 36 34 32 31 29 27 26 24 23 2114 33 32 30 28 27 25 23 21 20 1815 30 28 27 25 24 22 21 20 18 1716 26 25 24 23 22 20 19 18 17 1617 25 24 23 21 20 19 18 16 15 1418 21 20 20 19 18 17 16 15 15 1419 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 1220 18 17 17 16 15 15 14 13 13 12


9 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.710 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 0.911 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.412 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.513 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.7 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.914 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.915 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.216 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.417 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.618 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.919 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.120 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5


9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.510 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.711 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.112 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.213 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.514 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.515 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.716 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.917 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.018 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.319 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.420 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7

84

annexure “B”

forest engineering




9 77 72 68 63 59 54 50 45 4110 71 67 63 59 54 50 46 42 3811 65 61 57 52 48 43 39 35 3012 46 43 40 37 35 32 29 26 2413 39 37 35 33 32 30 28 26 24 2314 36 34 32 31 29 27 25 23 21 2015 33 31 29 28 26 24 23 21 20 1816 29 27 26 25 23 22 21 20 18 1717 27 26 25 23 22 21 19 18 16 1518 23 22 21 20 19 19 18 17 16 1519 23 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 1320 19 19 18 17 17 16 15 15 14 13


9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.810 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.011 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.512 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.613 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.114 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.115 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.416 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.617 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.818 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.219 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.420 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8


9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.610 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.811 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.112 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.213 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.614 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.615 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.816 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.017 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.118 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.519 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.620 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9

85

annexure “B”

forest engineering




9 88 83 78 73 67 62 57 52 4710 81 77 72 67 62 58 53 48 4411 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 3512 52 49 46 43 40 37 33 30 2713 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 2614 42 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 25 2315 37 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 23 2116 33 31 30 28 27 26 24 23 21 2017 32 30 29 27 25 24 22 21 19 1718 27 26 25 24 22 21 20 19 18 1719 26 25 24 23 21 20 19 18 17 1520 23 22 21 20 19 19 18 17 16 15


9 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 0.910 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.211 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.712 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.913 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.414 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.415 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.1 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.716 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.117 3.7 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.218 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.719 4.3 4.1 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.920 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.4


9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.610 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 0.811 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.312 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.413 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.814 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.815 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.016 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.317 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.418 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.819 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.920 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3

86

annexure “B”

forest engineering




9 107 100 94 88 82 75 69 63 5610 98 93 87 81 76 70 64 59 5311 91 85 79 72 66 60 54 48 4212 63 60 56 52 48 44 40 37 3313 54 51 49 46 44 42 39 37 34 3214 51 48 45 43 40 38 35 33 30 2715 46 43 41 39 37 34 32 30 27 2516 40 38 37 35 33 31 29 28 26 2417 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 25 23 2118 33 31 30 29 28 26 25 24 22 2119 32 31 29 28 26 25 23 22 20 1920 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19


9 1.8 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.110 2.0 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.1 1.411 2.2 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.112 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.313 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.1 2.6 3.1 3.0 2.914 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.115 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.3 3.7 3.6 3.416 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.917 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.118 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.719 5.3 5.1 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.820 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.4


9 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 0.710 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.011 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.512 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.613 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.014 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.215 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.416 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.717 3.1 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.918 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.319 3.7 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.420 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8

87

annexure “B”

forest engineering




9 116 109 102 95 89 82 75 68 6110 107 100 94 88 82 76 70 64 5711 99 92 85 79 72 66 59 52 4612 69 65 61 56 52 48 44 40 3613 59 56 53 51 48 45 42 40 37 3414 55 52 50 47 44 41 38 36 33 3015 50 47 45 42 40 37 35 32 30 2816 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 2617 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 27 25 2318 36 34 33 32 30 29 27 26 25 2319 35 34 32 30 29 27 26 24 22 2120 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21


9 1.9 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.210 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.3 1.511 2.4 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.312 2.8 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.513 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.4 2.8 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.214 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.215 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.1 3.6 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.616 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.117 5.0 4.7 5.1 5.0 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.318 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.019 5.8 5.6 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.220 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.0


9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.810 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.011 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.512 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.713 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.3 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.214 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.215 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.516 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 8.017 3.3 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.018 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.419 3.9 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.620 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.1

88

TASKING GUIDELINES FOR PINE SPECIES

.

The following tables are guidelines for felling and debranching of Pinus species.

Determine the variable points from the four categories below and read off the number of trees per shift from the corresponding table.

Condition Variable categories Variable points

1 Tree volumeTree < 0.30 m3 0Tree 0.31 m3 - 0.60 m3 1Tree > 0.61 m3 2

2 Tree speciesP teada/elliottii 0P patula 2

3 Slope conditions0% - 20% 021% - 35% 235% - 50% 450%+ 6

4 Rock and underfoot conditionLight - no rock - general walking is easy 0Medium - moderate rock - walking pace about 70% of normal 1Heavy - Heavy rock - movement between trees is limited to 50% of normal - 2Footing at tree is uneven due to obstacles

Variable points Trees/shift

0 1451 1302 1203 1104 1005 956 907 858 809 7510 7011 6512 63

forest engineering

annexure “C” tasking guidelines for pine species

89

STACKING GUIDELINES

STACK EUCALYPTUS SHORTWOOD TABLE 2.1.

DAILY TASK IN TREES

MEAN MEAN TREE HEIGHT (m)D.B.H. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

9 621 582 543 504 465 426 387 348 30910 597 553 509 465 422 378 334 290 24611 567 528 489 450 411 372 333 294 25512 378 354 331 307 283 260 236 212 18913 289 276 262 249 236 223 210 197 184 17114 294 280 265 250 235 221 206 191 177 16215 248 236 225 213 202 190 178 167 155 14316 225 215 206 196 186 176 166 156 147 13717 206 197 187 178 169 159 150 140 131 12118 192 183 174 165 156 148 139 130 121 11219 171 164 157 151 144 137 130 123 117 11020 157 151 145 139 133 127 121 115 109 102 96

TONNES PER MANUAL STACKER

MEAN MEAN TREE HEIGHT (m)D.B.H. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 810 10 10 10 11 11 11 10 10 911 12 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 1112 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 1213 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 1414 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 16 1615 18 18 18 19 19 18 18 18 17 1716 20 20 20 21 21 21 20 20 20 1917 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 21 21 2018 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 23 23 2219 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 25 2420 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 27 26 26

forest engineering

annexure “D” stacking guidelines

90

WATTLE BARK YIELD TABLES

Bark Mass Table for Wattle- 3mm bark thickness

Tree Height (m)

Dbh

(cm) 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5

5.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3

5.5 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

6.0 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3

6.5 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8

7.0 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.4

7.5 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.9 6.0

8.0 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.6

8.5 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.3

9.0 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 7.9

9.5 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6

10.0 5.8 6.1 6.3 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.3 7.5 7.7 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.3

10.5 6.3 6.6 6.8 7.1 7.3 7.6 7.8 8.1 8.3 8.6 8.8 9.7 9.3 9.6 9.8 10.0

11.0 6.8 7.0 7.3 7.6 7.9 8.1 8.4 8.7 8.9 9.2 9.5 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.5 10.8

11.5 7.2 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.4 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.1 10.4 10.7 11.0 11.3 11.5

12.0 7.7 8.0 8.3 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.2 10.5 10.8 11.1 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.3

12.5 8.2 8.5 8.9 9.2 9.6 9.9 10.2 10.5 10.9 11.2 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.5 12.8 13.1

13.0 8.7 9.1 9.4 9.8 10.1 10.5 10.8 11.2 11.5 11.9 12.2 12.6 12.9 13.2 13.6 13.9

13.5 9.2 9.6 10.0 10.4 10.7 11.1 11.5 11.8 12.2 12.6 12.9 13.3 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.7

14.0 9.7 10.2 10.6 11.0 11.3 11.7 12.1 12.5 12.9 13.3 13.7 14.0 14.4 14.8 15.2 15.5

14.5 10.3 10.7 11.1 11.6 12.0 12.4 12.8 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.8 15.2 15.6 16.0 16.4

15.0 10.8 11.3 11.7 12.2 12.6 13.0 13.5 13.9 14.3 14.8 15.2 15.6 16.0 16.4 16.9 17.3

15.5 11.4 11.8 12.3 12.8 13.2 13.7 14.2 14.6 15.1 15.5 16.0 16.4 16.8 17.3 17.7 18.1

16.0 11.9 12.4 12.9 13.4 13.9 14.4 14.9 15.3 15.8 16.3 16.7 17.2 17.7 18.1 18.6 19.0

16.5 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.1 14.6 15.1 15.6 16.1 16.6 17.1 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0

17.0 13.1 13.6 14.2 14.7 15.2 15.8 16.3 16.8 17.3 17.8 18.4 18.9 19.4 19.9 20.4 20.9

17.5 13.7 14.2 14.8 15.4 15.9 16.5 17.0 17.6 18.1 18.7 19.2 19.7 20.2 20.8 21.3 21.8

18.0 14.3 14.9 15.5 16.0 16.6 17.2 17.8 18.3 18.9 19.5 20.0 20.6 21.1 21.7 22.2 22.8

18.5 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.7 20.3 20.9 21.5 22.0 22.6 23.2 23.7

19.0 15.5 16.1 16.8 17.4 18.0 18.7 19.3 19.9 20.5 21.1 21.7 22.3 22.9 23.5 24.1 24.7

19.5 16.1 16.8 17.5 18.1 18.8 19.4 20.1 20.7 21.4 22.0 22.6 23.2 23.9 24.5 25.1 25.7

forest engineering

annexure “E” wattle bark yield tables

91

annexure “E”

forest engineering

20.0 16.8 17.5 18.1 18.8 19.5 20.2 20.9 21.5 22.2 22.8 23.5 24.2 24.8 25.4 26.7 26.7

20.5 17.4 18.1 18.8 19.5 20.3 21.0 21.7 22.3 23.0 23.7 24.4 25.1 25.8 26.4 27.1 27.8

21.0 18.0 18.8 19.5 20.3 21.0 21.7 22.5 23.2 23.9 24.6 25.3 26.0 26.7 27.4 28.1 28.8

21.5 18.7 19.5 20.3 21.0 21.8 22.5 23.3 24.0 24.8 25.5 26.2 27.0 27.7 28.4 29.1 29.8

22.0 19.4 20.2 21.0 21.8 22.6 23.3 24.1 24.9 25.6 26.4 27.2 27.9 28.7 29.4 30.2 30.9

22.5 20.0 20.9 21.7 22.5 23.3 24.1 24.9 25.7 26.5 27.3 28.1 28.9 29.7 30.4 31.2 32.0

23.0 20.7 21.6 22.4 23.3 24.1 25.0 25.8 26.6 27.4 28.2 29.1 29.9 30.7 31.5 32.3 33.1

23.5 21.4 22.3 23.2 24.1 24.9 25.8 26.6 27.5 28.3 29.2 30.0 30.9 31.7 32.5 33.3 34.2

24.0 22.1 23.0 23.9 24.8 25.7 26.6 27.5 28.4 29.3 30.1 31.0 31.9 32.7 33.6 34.4 35.3

24.5 22.8 23.8 24.7 25.6 26.6 27.5 28.4 29.3 30.2 31.1 32.0 32.9 33.8 34.6 35.5 36.4

25.0 23.5 24.5 25.5 26.4 27.4 28.3 29.3 30.2 31.1 32.1 33.0 33.9 34.8 35.7 36.6 37.5

Bark mass table for Wattle, for bark thickness = 3mm, for tree heights 10,0m to 17,5m

Bark Mass Table for Wattle – 5mm bark thickness

Tree Height (m)

Dbh

(cm) 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5

5.0 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.6

5.5 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.3

6.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1

6.5 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8

7.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.2 8.4 8.6

7.5 5.7 5.9 6.2 6.4 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.4 7.7 7.9 8.2 8.4 8.7 8.9 9.2 9.4

8.0 6.1 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.2 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.3 8.6 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.7 10.0 10.2

8.5 6.6 6.9 7.2 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.4 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.2 10.5 10.8 11.0

9.0 7.1 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.4 8.8 9.1 9.4 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.6 11.0 11.3 11.6 11.9

9.5 7.7 8.0 8.4 8.7 9.0 9.4 9.7 10.1 10.4 10.7 11.1 11.4 11.7 12.1 12.4 12.7

10.0 8.2 8.6 8.9 9.3 9.7 10.0 10.4 10.7 11.1 11.5 11.8 12.2 12.5 12.9 13.3 13.6

10.5 8.7 8.1 9.5 9.9 10.3 10.7 11.1 11.4 11.8 12.2 12.6 13.0 13.4 13.7 14.1 14.5

11.0 9.2 9.7 10.1 10.5 10.9 11.3 11.7 12.1 12.6 13.0 13.4 13.8 14.2 14.6 15.0 15.4

11.5 9.8 10.2 10.7 11.1 11.6 12.0 12.4 12.9 13.3 13.7 14.2 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.9 16.3

12.0 10.3 10.8 11.3 11.7 12.2 12.7 13.1 13.6 14.0 14.5 14.9 15.4 15.9 16.3 16.8 17.2

12.5 10.9 11.4 11.9 12.4 12.9 13.3 13.8 14.3 14.8 5.3 15.8 16.2 16.7 17.2 17.7 18.1

13.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.1 15.6 16.1 16.6 17.1 17.6 18.1 18.6 19.1

13.5 12.0 12.6 13.1 13.7 14.2 14.7 15.3 15.8 16.3 16.9 17.4 17.9 18.4 19.0 19.5 20.0

14.0 12.6 13.2 13.7 14.3 14.9 15.4 16.0 16.6 17.1 17.7 18.2 18.8 19.3 19.9 20.4 21.0

14.5 13.2 13.8 14.4 15.0 15.6 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.6 20.2 20.8 21.4 21.9

15.0 13.8 14.4 15.0 15.6 16.3 16.9 17.5 18.1 18.1 19.3 19.9 20.2 21.1 21.7 22.3 22.9

15.5 14.4 15.0 15.7 16.3 17.0 17.6 18.2 18.9 19.5 20.1 20.8 21.4 22.0 22.6 23.3 23.9

16.0 15.0 15.6 16.3 17.0 17.7 18.3 19.0 19.7 20.3 21.0 21.6 22.3 22.9 23.6 24.2 24.9

92

annexure “E”

forest engineering

16.5 15.6 16.3 17.0 17.7 18.4 19.1 19.8 20.4 21.1 21.8 22.5 23.2 23.9 24.5 25.2 25.9

17.0 16.2 16.9 17.6 18.4 19.1 19.8 20.5 21.2 22.0 22.7 23.4 24.1 24.8 25.5 26.2 26.9

17.5 16.8 17.5 18.3 19.1 19.8 20.6 21.3 22.1 22.8 23.5 24.3 25.0 25.7 26.5 27.2 27.9

18.0 17.4 18.2 19.0 19.8 20.5 21.3 22.1 22.9 23.6 24.4 25.2 25.9 26.7 27.4 28.2 29.0

18.5 18.1 18.8 19.7 20.5 21.3 22.1 22.9 23.7 24.5 25.3 26.1 26.9 27.6 28.4 29.2 30.0

19.0 18.7 19.5 20.3 21.2 22.0 22.8 23.7 24.5 25.3 26.2 27.0 27.8 28.6 29.4 30.2 31.0

19.5 19.3 20.2 21.2 21.9 22.8 23.6 24.5 25.3 26.2 27.0 27.9 28.7 29.6 30.4 31.3 32.1

20.0 19.9 20.8 21.7 22.6 23.5 24.4 25.3 26.2 27.1 27.9 28.8 29.7 30.6 31.4 32.3 33.1

20.5 20.3 21.5 22.4 23.4 24.3 25.2 26.1 27.0 27.9 28.8 29.7 30.6 31.5 32.4 33.3 34.2

21.0 21.2 22.2 23.1 24.1 25.0 26.0 26.9 27.9 28.8 29.7 30.7 31.6 32.5 33.4 34.4 35.3

21.5 21.9 22.9 23.8 24.8 25.8 26.8 27.8 28.1 29.7 30.7 31.3 32.6 33.5 34.5 35.4 36.4

22.0 22.5 23.5 24.6 25.6 26.6 27.6 28.6 29.6 30.6 31.6 32.6 33.5 34.5 35.5 36.5 37.5

22.5 23.2 24.2 25.3 26.3 27.4 28.4 29.4 30.4 31.5 32.5 33.5 34.5 35.5 36.5 37.6 38.6

23.0 23.8 24.9 26.0 27.1 28.1 29.2 30.3 31.3 32.4 33.4 34.5 35.5 36.6 37.6 38.6 39.7

23.5 24.5 25.6 26.7 27.8 28.9 30.0 31.1 32.2 33.3 34.4 25.4 36.5 37.6 38.6 39.7 40.8

24.0 25.2 26.3 27.5 28.6 29.7 30.8 32.0 33.1 34.2 35.3 26.4 37.5 38.6 39.7 40.8 41.9

24.5 25.9 27.0 28.2 29.4 30.5 31.7 32.8 34.0 35.1 36.2 37.4 38.5 39.6 40.8 41.9 43.0

25.0 26.5 27.7 28.9 30.1 31.3 32.5 33.7 34.9 36.0 37.2 38.4 39.5 40.7 41.8 43.0 44.1


Bark Mass Table for Wattle – 7mm bark thickness

Tree Height (m)

Dbh

(cm) 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5

5.0 5.5 5.8 6.1 6.3 6.6 6.9 7.2 7.4 7.7 8.0 8.2 8.5 8.8 9.1 9.3 9.6

5.5 6.1 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.3 7.6 7.9 8.2 8.5 8.8 9.1 9.4 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.6

6.0 6.7 7.0 7.4 7.7 8.0 8.3 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.6 11.0 11.3 11.6

6.5 7.3 7.6 8.0 8.4 8.7 9.1 9.4 9.8 10.1 10.5 10.9 11.2 11.6 11.9 12.3 12.6

7.0 7.9 8.3 8.6 9.0 9.4 9.8 10.2 10.6 11.0 11.4 11.7 12.1 12.5 12.9 13.3 13.7

7.5 8.5 8.9 9.3 9.7 10.1 10.5 11.0 11.4 11.8 12.2 12.6 13.0 13.5 13.9 14.3 14.7

8.0 9.1 9.5 10.0 10.4 10.8 11.3 11.7 12.2 12.6 13.1 13.5 13.9 14.4 14.8 15.3 15.7

8.5 9.7 10.1 10.6 11.1 11.6 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.4 13.9 14.4 14.9 15.3 15.8 16.3 16.8

9.0 10.2 10.8 11.3 11.8 12.3 12.8 13.3 13.8 14.3 14.8 15.3 15.8 16.3 16.8 17.3 17.8

9.5 10.8 11.4 11.9 12.4 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.6 15.1 15.6 16.2 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.3 18.8

10.0 11.4 12.0 12.6 13.1 13.7 14.3 14.8 15.4 15.9 16.5 17.1 17.6 18.2 18.7 19.3 19.9

10.5 12.0 12.6 13.2 13.8 14.4 15.0 15.6 16.2 16.8 17.4 18.0 18.6 19.1 19.7 20.3 20.9

11.0 12.7 13.3 13.9 14.5 15.1 15.8 16.4 17.0 17.6 18.2 18.9 19.5 20.1 20.7 21.3 22.0

11.5 13.3 13.9 14.6 15.2 15.9 16.5 17.2 17.8 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4 21.1 21.7 22.4 23.0

12.0 13.9 14.5 15.2 15.9 16.6 17.3 17.9 18.6 19.3 20.0 20.7 21.3 22.0 22.7 23.4 24.1

12.5 14.5 15.2 15.9 16.6 17.3 8.0 18.7 19.4 20.2 20.9 21.6 22.3 23.0 23.7 24.4 25.1

93

annexure “E”

forest engineering

13.0 15.1 15.8 16.6 17.3 18.0 18.8 19.5 20.3 21.0 21.7 22.5 23.2 24.0 24.7 25.4 26.2

13.5 15.7 16.5 17.2 18.0 18.8 19.5 20.3 21.1 21.8 22.6 23.4 24.1 24.9 25.7 26.5 27.2

14.0 16.3 17.1 17.9 18.7 19.5 20.3 21.1 21.9 22.7 23.5 24.3 25.1 25.9 26.7 27.5 28.3

14.5 16.9 17.7 18.6 19.4 20.2 21.1 21.9 22.7 23.5 24.4 25.2 26.0 26.9 27.7 28.5 29.3

15.0 17.5 18.4 19.2 20.1 21.0 21.8 22.7 23.5 24.4 25.3 26.1 27.0 27.8 28.7 29.5 30.4

15.5 18.1 19.0 19.9 20.8 21.7 22.6 23.5 24.4 25.3 26.1 27.0 27.9 28.8 29.7 30.6 31.5

16.0 18.7 19.7 20.6 21.5 22.4 23.3 24.3 25.2 26.1 27.0 27.9 28.9 29.8 30.7 31.6 32.5

16.5 19.4 20.3 21.3 22.2 23.2 24.1 25.1 26.0 27.0 27.9 28.9 29.8 30.8 31.7 32.6 33.6

17.0 20.0 21.0 21.9 22.9 23.9 24.9 25.9 26.8 27.8 28.8 29.8 30.8 31.7 32.7 33.7 34.7

17.5 20.6 21.6 22.6 23.6 24.6 25.6 26.7 27.7 28.7 29.7 30.7 31.7 32.7 33.7 34.7 35.7

18.0 21.2 22.2 23.3 24.3 25.4 26.4 27.5 28.5 29.5 30.6 31.6 32.7 33.7 34.7 35.8 36.8

18.5 21.8 22.9 24.0 25.0 26.1 27.2 28.3 29.3 30.4 31.5 32.5 33.6 34.7 35.7 36.8 37.9

19.0 22.4 23.5 24.7 25.8 26.9 28.0 29.1 30.2 31.3 32.4 33.5 34.6 35.7 36.8 37.9 39.0

19.5 23.1 24.2 25.3 26.5 27.6 28.7 29.9 31.0 32.1 33.3 34.4 35.5 36.6 37.8 38.9 40.0

20.0 23.7 24.8 26.0 27.2 28.3 29.5 30.7 31.8 33.0 34.2 35.3 36.5 37.6 38.8 39.9 41.1

20.5 24.3 25.5 26.7 27.9 29.1 30.3 31.5 32.7 33.9 35.0 36.2 37.4 38.6 39.8 41.0 42.2

21.0 24.9 26.2 27.4 28.6 29.8 31.1 32.3 33.5 34.7 35.9 37.2 38.4 39.6 40.8 42.0 43.3

21.5 25.5 26.8 28.1 29.3 30.6 31.8 33.1 34.3 35.6 36.8 38.1 39.3 40.6 41.8 43.1 44.3

22.0 26.2 27.5 28.7 30.0 31.3 32.6 33.9 35.2 36.5 37.7 39.0 40.3 41.6 42.9 44.1 45.4

22.5 26.8 28.1 29.4 30.8 32.1 33.4 34.7 36.0 37.3 38.6 40.0 41.3 42.6 43.9 45.2 46.5

23.0 27.4 28.8 30.1 31.5 32.8 34.2 35.5 36.9 38.2 39.5 40.9 42.2 43.6 44.9 46.3 47.6

23.5 28.0 29.4 30.8 32.2 33.6 34.9 36.3 37.7 39.1 40.4 41.8 43.2 44.6 45.9 47.3 48.7

24.0 28.7 30.1 31.5 32.9 34.3 35.7 37.1 38.5 39.9 41.3 42.8 44.2 45.6 47.0 48.4 49.8

24.5 29.3 30.7 32.2 33.6 35.1 36.5 37.9 39.4 40.8 42.3 43.7 45.1 46.6 48.0 49.4 50.9

25.0 29.9 31.4 32.9 34.3 35.8 37.3 38.8 40.2 41.7 43.2 44.6 46.1 47.6 49.0 50.5 51.9


Bark Volume Table for Wattle- 3mm bark thickness

Tree Height (m)

Dbh

(cm) 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5

5.0 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.012

5.5 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015

6.0 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.018

6.5 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.020 0.021 0.022

7.0 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026

7.5 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029 0.030

8.0 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.031 0.032 0.033 0.034

8.5 0.020 0.021 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.031 0.033 0.034 0.035 0.037 0.038 0.039

9.0 0.023 0.024 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.030 0.031 0.033 0.034 0.035 0.037 0.038 0.040 0.041 0.043 0.044

94

annexure “E”

forest engineering

9.5 0.026 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.037 0.038 0.040 0.042 0.043 0.045 0.046 0.048 0.050

10.0 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.037 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.045 0.046 0.048 0.050 0.052 0.054 0.056

10.5 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.038 0.040 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.050 0.052 0.054 0.056 0.058 0.060 0.062

11.0 0.035 0.037 0.039 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.050 0.053 0.055 0.057 0.059 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.069

11.5 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.046 0.048 0.051 0.053 0.055 0.058 0.060 0.063 0.065 0.068 0.070 0.073 0.076

12.0 0.043 0.045 0.048 0.050 0.053 0.056 0.058 0.061 0.064 0.066 0.069 0.072 0.074 0.077 0.080 0.083

12.5 0.047 0.049 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.061 0.064 0.066 0.069 0.072 0.075 0.078 0.081 0.084 0.087 0.091

13.0 0.051 0.054 0.057 0.060 0.063 0.066 0.069 0.072 0.076 0.079 0.082 0.085 0.089 0.092 0.095 0.099

13.5 0.055 0.058 0.062 0.065 0.068 0.072 0.075 0.079 0.082 0.086 0.089 0.093 0.096 0.100 0.103 0.107

14.0 0.060 0.063 0.067 0.070 0.074 0.078 0.081 0.085 0.089 0.093 0.096 0.100 0.104 0.108 0.112 0.116

14.5 0.064 0.068 0.072 0.076 0.080 0.084 0.088 0.092 0.096 0.100 0.104 0.108 0.112 0.117 0.121 0.125

15.0 0.069 0.073 0.077 0.082 0.086 0.090 0.094 0.099 0.103 0.108 0.112 0.116 0.121 0.125 0.130 0.135

15.5 0.074 0.079 0.083 0.088 0.092 0.097 0.101 0.106 0.111 0.116 0.120 0.125 0.130 0.135 0.140 0.145

16.0 0.080 0.084 0.089 0.094 0.099 0.104 0.109 0.114 0.119 0.124 0.129 0.134 0.139 0.144 0.150 0.155

16.5 0.085 0.090 0.095 0.100 0.106 0.111 0.116 0.122 0.127 0.132 0.138 0.143 0.149 0.154 0.160 0.166

17.0 0.091 0.096 0.102 0.107 0.113 0.118 0.124 0.130 0.135 0.141 0.147 0.153 0.159 0.165 0.171 0.177

17.5 0.097 0.102 0.108 0.114 0.120 0.126 0.132 0.138 0.144 0.150 0.157 0.163 0.169 0.175 0.182 0.188

18.0 0.103 0.109 0.115 0.121 0.128 0.134 0.140 0.147 0.153 0.160 0.166 0.173 0.180 0.186 0.193 0.200

18.5 0.109 0.116 0.122 0.129 0.136 0.142 0.149 0.156 0.163 0.170 0.177 0.184 0.191 0.198 0.205 0.212

19.0 0.116 0.122 0.129 0.137 0.144 0.151 0.158 0.165 0.172 0.180 0.187 0.195 0.202 0.210 0.217 0.225

19.5 0.122 0.130 0.137 0.144 0.152 0.159 0.167 0.175 0.183 0.190 0.198 0.206 0.214 0.222 0.230 0.238

20.0 0.129 0.137 0.145 0.153 0.161 0.469 0.177 0.185 0.193 0.201 0.209 0.218 0.226 0.234 0.243 0.251

20.5 0.136 0.144 0.153 0.161 0.169 0.178 0.186 0.195 0.203 0.212 0.221 0.230 0.239 0.247 0.256 0.265

21.0 0.144 0.152 0.161 0.170 0.178 0.187 0.196 0.205 0.214 0.224 0.233 0.242 0.251 0.261 0.270 0.280

21.5 0.151 0.160 0.169 0.179 0.188 0.197 0.207 0.216 0.226 0.235 0.245 0.255 0.265 0.274 0.284 0.294

22.0 0.159 0.168 0.178 0.188 0.197 0.207 0.217 0.227 0.237 0.247 0.258 0.268 0.278 0.288 0.299 0.309

22.5 0.167 0.177 0.187 0.197 0.207 0.218 0.228 0.239 0.249 0.260 0.270 0.281 0.292 0.303 0.314 0.325

23.0 0.175 0.186 0.196 0.207 0.218 0.228 0.239 0.250 0.261 0.272 0.284 0.295 0.306 0.318 0.329 0.341

23.5 0.183 0.194 0.206 0.217 0.228 0.239 0.251 0.262 0.274 0.285 0.297 0.309 0.321 0.333 0.345 0.357

24.0 0.192 0.204 0.215 0.227 0239 0.250 0.262 0.274 0.287 0.299 0.311 0.324 0.336 0.349 0.361 0.374

24.5 0.201 0.213 0.225 0.237 0.250 0.262 0.274 0.287 0.300 0.313 0.325 0.338 0.351 0.364 0.378 0.391

25.0 0.210 0.222 0.235 0.248 0.261 0.274 0.287 0.300 0.313 0.327 0.340 0.354 0.367 0.381 0.395 0.408

Bark volume table for Wattle, for bark thickness = 3mm, for tree heights 10,0m to 17,5m


Tree Height (m)

Dbh

(cm) 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5

5.0 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012

5.5 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015

95

annexure “E”

forest engineering

6.0 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.018

6.5 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.020 0.021

7.0 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025

7.5 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.028

8.0 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.030 0.031 0.032 0.033

8.5 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.027 0.028 0.029 0.030 0.031 0.032 0.034 0.035 0.036 0.037

9.0 0.022 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.028 0.029 0.030 0.031 0.033 0.034 0.035 0.037 0.038 0.039 0.041 0.042

9.5 0.025 0.027 0.028 0.029 0.031 0.032 0.034 0.035 0.037 0.038 0.040 0.041 0.043 0.044 0.046 0.047

10.0 0.028 0.030 0.031 0.033 0.034 0.036 0.038 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.049 0.051 0.053

10.5 0.031 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.038 0.040 0.042 0.044 0.045 0.047 0.049 0.051 0.053 0.055 0.056 0.058

11.0 0.034 0.036 0.038 0.040 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.050 0.052 0.054 0.056 0.058 0.060 0.062 0.064

11.5 0.038 0.040 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.049 0.051 0.053 0.055 0.057 0.060 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.069 0.071

12.0 0.041 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.051 0.053 0.056 0.058 0.060 0.063 0.065 0.068 0.070 0.073 0.075 0.078

12.5 0.045 0.048 0.050 0.053 0.055 0.058 0.061 0.063 0.066 0.069 0.071 0.074 0.077 0.079 0.082 0.085

13.0 0.049 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.060 0.063 0.066 0.069 0.072 0.075 0.077 0.080 0.083 0.086 0.089 0.092

13.5 0.053 0.056 0.059 0.062 0.065 0.068 0.072 0.075 0.078 0.081 0.084 0.087 0.090 0.093 0.097 0.100

14.0 0.058 0.061 0.064 0.067 0.071 0.074 0.077 0.081 0.084 0.087 0.091 0.094 0.097 0.101 0.104 0.108

14.5 0.062 0.066 0.069 0.073 0.076 0.080 0.083 0.087 0.090 0.094 0.098 0.101 0.105 0.109 0.112 0.116

15.0 0.067 0.071 0.074 0.078 0.082 0.086 0.090 0.093 0.097 0.101 0.105 0.109 0.113 0.117 0.121 0.125

15.5 0.072 0.076 0.080 0.084 0.088 0.092 0.096 0.100 0.104 0.109 0.113 0.117 0.121 0.125 0.130 0.134

16.0 0.077 0.081 0.085 0.090 0.094 0.098 0.103 0.107 0.112 0.116 0.121 0.125 0.130 0.134 0.139 0.143

16.5 0.082 0.086 0.091 0.096 0.100 0.105 0.110 0.114 0.119 0.124 0.129 0.134 0.138 0.143 0.148 0.153

17.0 0.087 0.092 0.097 0.102 0.107 0.112 0.117 0.122 0.127 0.132 0.137 0.142 0.148 0.153 0.158 0.163

17.5 0.093 0.098 0.103 0.108 0.114 0.119 0.124 0.130 0.135 0.141 0.146 0.151 0.157 0.162 0.168 0.173

18.0 0.099 0.104 0.110 0.115 0.121 0.126 0.132 0.138 0.144 0.149 0.155 0.161 0.167 0.173 0.178 0.184

18.5 0.104 0.110 0.116 0.122 0.128 0.134 0.140 0.146 0.152 0.158 0.164 0.171 0.177 0.183 0.189 0.195

19.0 0.111 0.117 0.123 0.129 0.136 0.142 0.148 0.155 0.161 0.168 0.174 0.181 0.187 0.194 0.200 0.207

19.5 0.117 0.123 0.130 0.137 0.143 0.150 0.157 0.163 0.170 0.177 0.184 0.191 0.198 0.205 0.212 0.219

20.0 0.123 0.130 0.137 0.144 0.151 0.158 0.165 0.173 0.180 0.187 0.194 0.201 0.209 0.216 0.223 0.231

20.5 0.130 0.137 0.145 0.152 0.159 0.167 0.174 0.182 0.189 0.197 0.205 0.212 0.220 0.228 0.235 0.243

21.0 0.137 0.145 0.152 0.160 0.168 0.176 0.184 0.192 0.199 0.207 0.215 0.224 0.232 0.240 0.248 0.256

21.5 0.144 0.152 0.160 0.168 0.177 0.185 0.193 0.201 0.210 0.218 0.227 0.235 0.244 0.252 0.261 0.269

22.0 0.151 0.160 0.168 0.177 0.185 0.194 0.203 0.212 0.220 0.229 0.238 0.247 0.256 0.265 0.274 0.283

22.5 0.159 0.168 0.176 0.185 0.195 0.204 0.213 0.222 0.231 0.240 0.250 0.259 0.268 0.278 0.287 0.297

23.0 0.166 0.176 0.185 0.194 0.204 0.213 0.223 0.233 0.242 0.252 0.262 0.271 0.281 0.291 0.301 0.311

23.5 0.174 0.184 0.194 0.204 0.213 0.223 0.233 0.243 0.254 0.264 0.274 0.284 0.294 0.305 0.315 0.325

24.0 0.182 0.192 0.203 0.213 0.223 0.234 0.244 0.255 0.265 0.276 0.287 0.297 0.308 0.319 0.330 0.340

24.5 0.190 0.201 0.212 0.222 0.233 0.244 0.255 0.266 0.277 0.288 0.299 0.311 0.322 0.333 0.344 0.356

25.0 0.199 0.210 0.221 0.232 0.244 0.255 0.266 0.278 0.289 0.301 0.313 0.324 0.336 0.348 0.360 0.371


96

annexure “E”

forest engineering


Tree Height (m)

Dbh

(cm) 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5

5.0 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.099 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.012

5.5 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014

6.0 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.017

6.5 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.018 0.019 0.019 0.020

7.0 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.023

7.5 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.027

8.0 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.00 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029 0.030 0.031

8.5 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029 0.030 0.031 0.032 0.033 0.034 0.035

9.0 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029 0.030 0.031 0.033 0.034 0.035 0.036 0.037 0.039 0.040

9.5 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.031 0.033 0.034 0.035 0.037 0.038 0.039 0.041 0.042 0.043 0.044

10.0 0.028 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.038 0.039 0.041 0.042 0.044 0.045 0.047 0.048 0.050

10.5 0.031 0.032 0.034 0.035 0.037 0.039 0.040 0.042 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.048 0.050 0.052 0.053 0.055

11.0 0.034 0.035 0.037 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.050 0.051 0.053 0.055 0.057 0.059 0.060

11.5 0.037 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.049 0.051 0.053 0.055 0.056 0.058 0.060 0.062 0.064 0.066

12.0 0.040 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.049 0.051 0.053 0.055 0.057 0.060 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.068 0.070 0.073

12.5 0.044 0.046 0.049 0.051 0.053 0.056 0.058 0.060 0.063 0.065 0.067 0.070 0.072 0.074 0.077 0.079

13.0 0.048 0.050 0.053 0.055 0.058 0.060 0.063 0.065 0.068 0.070 0.073 0.076 0.078 0.081 0.083 0.086

13.5 0.052 0.054 0.057 0.060 0.063 0.065 0.068 0.071 0.074 0.076 0.079 0.082 0.085 0.087 0.090 0.093

14.0 0.056 0.059 0.062 0.065 0.068 0.070 0.073 0.076 0.079 0.082 0.085 0.088 0.091 0.094 0.097 0.100

14.5 0.060 0.063 0.066 0.070 0.073 0.076 0.079 0.082 0.085 0.089 0.092 0.095 0.098 0.101 0.105 0.108

15.0 0.064 0.068 0.071 0.075 0.078 0.081 0.085 0.088 0.092 0.095 0.099 0.102 0.105 0.109 0.112 0.116

15.5 0.069 0.073 0.076 0.080 0.084 0.087 0.091 0.095 0.098 0.102 0.106 0.109 0.113 0.117 0.120 0.124

16.0 0.074 0.078 0.082 0.085 0.089 0.093 0.097 0.101 0.105 0.109 0.113 0.117 0.121 0.125 0.129 0.133

16.5 0.079 0.083 0.087 0.091 0.095 0.099 0.104 0.108 0.112 0.116 0.120 0.125 0.129 0.133 0.137 0.141

17.0 0.084 0.088 0.093 0.097 0.101 0.106 0.110 0.115 0.119 0.124 0.128 0.133 0.137 0.142 0.146 0.151

17.5 0.089 0.094 0.098 0.103 0.108 0.112 0.117 0.122 0.127 0.131 0.136 0.141 0.146 0.150 0.155 0.160

18.0 0.094 0.099 0.104 0.109 0.114 0.119 0.124 0.129 0.134 0.139 0.144 0.149 0.155 0.160 0.165 0.170

18.5 0.100 0.105 0.111 0.116 0.121 0.126 0.132 0.137 0.142 0.148 0.153 0.158 0.164 0.169 0.174 0.180

19.0 0.106 0.111 0.117 0.122 0.128 0.134 0.139 0.145 0.150 0.156 0.162 0.167 0.173 0.179 0.184 0.190

19.5 0.112 0.118 0.123 0.129 0.135 0.141 0.147 0.153 0.159 0.165 0.171 0.177 0.183 0.189 0.195 0.201

20.0 0.118 0.124 0.130 0.136 0.143 0.149 0.155 0.161 0.168 0.174 0.180 0.186 0.193 0.199 0.205 0.212

20.5 0.124 0.131 0.137 0.144 0.150 0.157 0.163 0.170 0.176 0.183 0.190 0.196 0.203 0.210 0.216 0.223

21.0 0.130 0.137 0.144 0.151 0.158 0.165 0.172 0.179 0.186 0.193 0.199 0.206 0.213 0.220 0.227 0.234

21.5 0.137 0.144 0.151 0.159 0.166 0.173 0.180 0.188 0.195 0.202 0.210 0.217 0.224 0.232 0.239 0.246

22.0 0.144 0.151 0.159 0.166 0.174 0.182 0.189 0.197 0.205 0.212 0.220 0.228 0.235 0.243 0.251 0.258

22.5 0.151 0.159 0.167 0.174 0.182 0.190 0.198 0.206 0.214 0.222 0.230 0.239 0.247 0.255 0.263 0.271

23.0 0.158 0.166 0.174 0.183 0.191 0.199 0.208 0.216 0.225 0.233 0.241 0.250 0.258 0.267 0.275 0.284

97

annexure “E”

forest engineering

23.5 0.165 0.174 0.182 0.191 0.200 0.209 0.217 0.226 0.235 0.244 0.252 0.261 0.270 0.279 0.288 0.297

24.0 0.173 0.182 0.191 0.200 0.209 0.218 0.227 0.236 0.245 0.255 0.264 0.273 0.282 0.292 0.301 0.310

24.5 0.180 0.190 0.199 0.209 0.218 0.228 0.237 0.247 0.256 0.266 0.275 0.285 0.295 0.304 0.314 0.324

25.0 0.188 0.198 0.208 0.218 0.227 0.237 0.247 0.257 0.267 0.277 0.287 0.297 0.307 0.318 0.328 0.338


98

GUIDELINE TO CROSS-CUTTING ON LANDING

The following table is a rough guideline for the cross-cutting of debranched tree lengths into 2.4m logs on a landing.

Tonnes/tree Trees/shift Tonnes/shift

0.20 488 98

0.22 460 101

0.24 435 104

0.26 413 107

0.28 329 92

0.30 374 112

0.32 357 114

0.34 342 116

0.36 328 118

0.38 315 120

0.40 303 121

0.42 292 123

0.44 282 124

0.46 272 125

0.48 263 126

0.50 255 128

0.52 247 128

0.54 239 129

0.56 233 130

0.58 226 131

0.60 220 132

forest engineering

annexure “F” guideline to cross-cutting on landing

99

PRODUCTION GUIDELINES FOR SKIDDER EXTRACTION

Depending on variables such as average tree size, average lead distance, slope condition, underfoot conditions and distance of road skidding, the following table gives an indication of possible production scenarios.

Type of skidder Type of operation Machine size

(kW)

Lower limit

m3/7hr shift

Upper limit

m3/7hr shift

Cable skidder Pine extraction 90

112

130

84

100

126

231

277

347

Gum extraction 90

112

130

74

88

103

210

252

294

Grapple skidder Pine extraction 90

112

130

112

133

168

378

448

560

Gum extraction 90

112

130

95

112

123

441

350

325

Clambunk skidder Pine extraction 18 000kg 40 350

Gum extraction 18 000kg 40 325

forest engineering

annexure “G” production guidelines for skidder extraction

100

PRODUCTION GUIDELINES FOR EXTENDED PRIMARY TRANSPORT (SHORTHAUL)

The following table gives an indication of the number of loads per shift that is possible with extended primary transport (shorthaul) equipment. Note that infield loading is done mechanically and that offloading at depot/siding is assumed to be by tipping.

Also note that the production levels are based on machine availability of 100% per shift.

Engine power 200 kW + 150-200 kW 50-100 kW 50-100 kWLoad size 20 ton 17 ton 12 ton 5 tonLead km Loads/shift Loads/shift Loads/shift Loads/shift

1 13 13 14 182 12 12 12 143 10 10 10 114 10 9 9 95 9 8 8 86 8 8 7 77 8 7 6 68 7 7 6 69 7 6 6 510 6 6 5 511 6 6 5 412 6 5 4 413 5 5 4 414 5 5 4 415 5 4 4 316 5 4 4 317 5 4 3 318 4 4 3 319 4 4 3 320 4 4 3 321 4 3 3 322 4 3 3 223 4 3 3 224 4 3 3 225 3 3 3 226 3 3 2 227 3 3 2 228 3 3 2 229 3 3 2 230 3 3 2 2

forest engineering

annexure “H” production guidelines for shorthaul

part 3 forest engineering · secondary transport is the subsequent transport of the same timber...

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