part 1: intro to socialization

Part 1: Intro Part 1: Intro to to

SocializationSocialization

•DEFINITIONDEFINITION: the : the process by which process by which individuals learn individuals learn the ways the ways of society and of society and culture (basic skills, values, culture (basic skills, values, beliefs and appropriate behavior)beliefs and appropriate behavior)

•Necessary for a successful existenceNecessary for a successful existence• Lifelong processLifelong process

What is What is Socialization?Socialization?

•How do we learn to get How do we learn to get along with along with others?others?

The Big The Big Questions of Questions of SocializationSocialization

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l3FBuP-nR14/TmFp1JuNfXI/AAAAAAAABgY/LF8I96qOg4E/s1600/DSC_0017.JPG

The Big Questions of The Big Questions of SocializationSocialization•How do we learn to view How do we learn to view

ourselves as one ourselves as one among among others?others?

•How do How do others others influence influence us? us?

Part 2: Part 2: The Social The Social ExperienceExperience

•DEFINITIONDEFINITION: the sum total : the sum total of behaviors, of behaviors, attitudes, attitudes, beliefs & values that are beliefs & values that are characteristic of an characteristic of an individual individual

•Determines how we adjust to our Determines how we adjust to our environment & how we react in environment & how we react in certain situationscertain situations

What is What is Personality?Personality?

Personality Personality Development: Nature v. Development: Nature v. NurtureNurture•Personality development, Personality development,

or a fairly or a fairly consistent consistent pattern of acting, thinking pattern of acting, thinking and feeling is shaped by and feeling is shaped by BOTH biology BOTH biology and social and social experience experience

•Charles Darwin (SOCIOBIOLOGY; Charles Darwin (SOCIOBIOLOGY; NATURE):NATURE):

•All human behavior is instinctive; All human behavior is instinctive; inherited behavioral patterns inherited behavioral patterns

• John B. Watson (BEHAVIORISM; John B. Watson (BEHAVIORISM; NURTURE):NURTURE):

•All human behavior can be taught All human behavior can be taught and learned and learned

Personality Personality Development: Nature Development: Nature v. Nurturev. Nurture

•Brown eyesBrown eyes• Enjoys bungee Enjoys bungee

jumpingjumping

• 6’ tall6’ tall•Red hairRed hair• IQ of 150IQ of 150

Nature or Nature or Nurture?Nurture?

•Weighs 500 poundsWeighs 500 pounds•DepressedDepressed•AlcoholicAlcoholic•Has cancerHas cancer

Nature or Nature or Nurture?Nurture?

Personality Personality Development: Nature Development: Nature v. Nurturev. Nurture• Twin StudiesTwin Studies::•Used to determine Used to determine

heritability; heritability; VERY important in VERY important in understanding the role of understanding the role of genes and environment in genes and environment in forming an individual forming an individual

Personality Personality Development: Nature Development: Nature v. Nurturev. Nurture•PremisePremise: : •Since identical twins have Since identical twins have

identical genes, identical genes, differences between differences between them are them are solely due to solely due to environmental factors environmental factors

Personality Personality Development: Nature Development: Nature v. Nurturev. Nurture• Elyse Schein and Elyse Schein and

Paula Paula BernsteinBernstein

•A classic twinning A classic twinning study study

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gwnzW4jOMI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gwnzW4jOMI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gwnzW4jOMI

•Research indicates that Research indicates that birth order DOES have birth order DOES have an influence on an influence on personality development personality development

•ONLY CHILDRENONLY CHILDREN: tend to endure : tend to endure pressure to achieve & excel; overactive pressure to achieve & excel; overactive and socially involved ; many are and socially involved ; many are leaders; often worrisomeleaders; often worrisome

A Case for Nature: A Case for Nature: Birth Order & its Birth Order & its InfluenceInfluence

•OLDEST CHILDRENOLDEST CHILDREN: : tend to share traits tend to share traits with only with only children; children; cautious & achievement oriented cautious & achievement oriented

•SUBSEQUENT CHILDRENSUBSEQUENT CHILDREN: better in : better in social relationships; more affectionate; social relationships; more affectionate; friendly & creative; more sensitive & friendly & creative; more sensitive & humoroushumorous

A Case for Nature: A Case for Nature: Birth Order & its Birth Order & its InfluenceInfluence

Silverman’s Class: Birth Silverman’s Class: Birth Order & Average GPAOrder & Average GPA•Oldest/Only Child: 15Oldest/Only Child: 15•Average GPA: 3.58Average GPA: 3.58•Youngest Child: 14 Youngest Child: 14 •Average GPA: 3.35Average GPA: 3.35

A Case for Nurture: A Case for Nurture: Environmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors•ParentsParents::•A child’s FIRST attachment is A child’s FIRST attachment is

to his or her motherto his or her mother• Later, both parents serve as Later, both parents serve as

role models & shape role models & shape perception of sex roles & perception of sex roles & family membersfamily members

A Case for Nurture: A Case for Nurture: Environmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors•CultureCulture::•A society’s cultural environment A society’s cultural environment

may determine which personality may determine which personality traits are emphasizedtraits are emphasized

• For example, American culture For example, American culture emphasizes competition and emphasizes competition and successsuccess

•Effects on Effects on Nonhuman Nonhuman PrimatesPrimates::

•The Harry Harlow The Harry Harlow Experiment Experiment

•Effects on ChildrenEffects on Children::•The Wild ChildThe Wild Child

Social Social IsolationIsolation

Part 3: The Part 3: The Process of Process of SocializationSocializationMuch research Much research forms the forms the basis for our basis for our understanding understanding of human of human developmentdevelopment……

Sociological Sociological TheoriesTheories

•Charles Horton Cooley Charles Horton Cooley (Looking Glass Self)(Looking Glass Self)

•George Herbert Meade George Herbert Meade (Social (Social Self)Self)

Charles Horton Cooley: Charles Horton Cooley: The Looking Glass SelfThe Looking Glass Self• The Looking Glass SelfThe Looking Glass Self::•Developing an image of Developing an image of

oneself oneself based on how we based on how we think others see us think others see us

• ““How do THEY react to my How do THEY react to my behavior?”behavior?”

•Role TakingRole Taking::• Take roles of others in society Take roles of others in society

to better to better understand what understand what YOUR expectations are YOUR expectations are

•Usually starts with your closest Usually starts with your closest relationshipsrelationships

• EXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?

George Herbert George Herbert Meade: The Social SelfMeade: The Social Self

Part 4: Part 4: Agents of Agents of SocializationSocialization

• FamilyFamily•Peer GroupPeer Group•SchoolSchool•Mass MediaMass Media

Agents of Agents of SocializationSocialization

• The FAMILYThe FAMILY: Structured: Structured•Principal agent of ALL Principal agent of ALL

children (0- children (0-adolescense) adolescense)

•Can be deliberate or unconsciousCan be deliberate or unconscious• EXAMPLESEXAMPLES: : •Deliberate socialization?Deliberate socialization?•Unconscious socialization?Unconscious socialization?


• The PEER GROUPThe PEER GROUP: Loose: Loose•Primary group; Primary group;

composed of those composed of those similar in age & similar in age & backgroundbackground

• Increasing importance during Increasing importance during adolescence; focuses on the skills adolescence; focuses on the skills necessary to “fit in” to subculture necessary to “fit in” to subculture

•Group goals are often at odds with Group goals are often at odds with societal goalssocietal goals



• The SCHOOL: The SCHOOL: Highly StructuredHighly Structured•Deliberate socializationDeliberate socialization• EXAMPLESEXAMPLES::•Class activities/academic Class activities/academic

subjects subjects•Values educationValues education• ***Peer groups present; family ***Peer groups present; family

involvement involvement

• The MASS MEDIAThe MASS MEDIA: Loose: Loose• TV, radio, magazines, internet, TV, radio, magazines, internet,

newspaper, newspaper, etc.etc.

•Unconscious socialization Unconscious socialization (debatable) (debatable)

•Most influential form of mass media?Most influential form of mass media?• Television (98% of homes; 7 Television (98% of homes; 7

hours/day)hours/day)



•Positive Impact of Mass MediaPositive Impact of Mass Media::• Exposure to certain elements of Exposure to certain elements of

society that one might not society that one might not otherwise be exposed tootherwise be exposed to

•Negative Impact of Mass MediaNegative Impact of Mass Media::• Exposure to violenceExposure to violence• Impact of “popular” cultureImpact of “popular” culture

•Secondary Agents of Secondary Agents of Socialization Socialization::

•Clubs & Organizations Clubs & Organizations (Boys (Boys Scouts, etc.)Scouts, etc.)

•Religious AffiliationReligious Affiliation•GovernmentGovernment• Ethnic GroupEthnic Group•WorkWork



• Total InstitutionsTotal Institutions::• Isolates members from the rest of Isolates members from the rest of

societysociety• EXAMPLESEXAMPLES::•Prisons, psychiatric hospitals, Prisons, psychiatric hospitals,

monasteries monasteries •Generally, the primary goal of total Generally, the primary goal of total

institutions is to RESOCIALIZE, or the institutions is to RESOCIALIZE, or the break with past experiences & learn break with past experiences & learn new valuesnew values

Part 5: Part 5: Socialization & Socialization & the Life Coursethe Life Course

Stage 1: Stage 1: ChildhoodChildhood

•ChildhoodChildhood::•First 12 years of lifeFirst 12 years of life•Characterized by a certain Characterized by a certain

level level of freedom from of freedom from responsibilities responsibilities

•Must acquire key life lessonsMust acquire key life lessons

•ADOLESCENT THOUGHTADOLESCENT THOUGHT::•ArgumentativenessArgumentativeness •Motivated by the desire for Motivated by the desire for

independence and the ability to independence and the ability to use reasoninguse reasoning

• Indecisiveness Indecisiveness •Caused by an increase in Caused by an increase in

opportunities during adolescenceopportunities during adolescence

Stage 2: Stage 2: AdolescenceAdolescence

Stage 2: AdolescenceStage 2: Adolescence

•Fault in AuthorityFault in Authority•Adolescents begin to find fault in Adolescents begin to find fault in

authority; realize that adults authority; realize that adults aren’t perfectaren’t perfect

•Apparent HypocrisyApparent Hypocrisy•Develop ideals during childhood; Develop ideals during childhood;

want to follow them; may not want to follow them; may not always work outalways work out

•SSelf-Consciousnesself-Consciousness•A belief in the uniqueness of A belief in the uniqueness of

thoughts & problems; thoughts & problems; leads to leads to self-consciousness self-consciousness

•Assumption of InvulnerabilityAssumption of Invulnerability•A belief that one is incapable of A belief that one is incapable of

being hurt and/or harmed (live being hurt and/or harmed (live forever, etc.)forever, etc.)



• IdentityIdentity::•Teenagers seek to develop Teenagers seek to develop

sense sense of self, including the of self, including the role he or she role he or she will play in will play in society society


•Achievement of Identity:Achievement of Identity:•Choice of occupationChoice of occupation•Adoption of values to live byAdoption of values to live by•Development of a satisfactory Development of a satisfactory

sexual identitysexual identity

• Inability of IdentityInability of Identity::•Role confusion Role confusion •Difficulty with Difficulty with

intimacy/relationships intimacy/relationships •Lack of personal satisfaction Lack of personal satisfaction



•We Are Young (Fun)We Are Young (Fun)•Glad You Came (The Wanted)Glad You Came (The Wanted)•Somebody That I Used to Somebody That I Used to

Know (Gotye)Know (Gotye)•Wild Ones (Flo Rida)Wild Ones (Flo Rida)•What Makes You Beautiful What Makes You Beautiful

(One Direction)(One Direction)


•Starships (Nicki Minaj)Starships (Nicki Minaj)•Stronger (Kelly Clarkson)Stronger (Kelly Clarkson)•Drive By (Train)Drive By (Train)•Call Me Maybe (Carly Rae Call Me Maybe (Carly Rae

Jepsen)Jepsen)•Part of Me (Katy Perry)Part of Me (Katy Perry)

• Jobs, finance, Jobs, finance, marriage, marriage, pregnancy, health, pregnancy, health, fitness, stress, fitness, stress, divorce, divorce, physical physical changes, death, etc. changes, death, etc.

Stage 3: Stage 3: AdulthoodAdulthood

• IssuesIssues::•Tough TrapTough Trap•AccidentsAccidents•ViolenceViolence•SuicideSuicide

Stage 3: Adulthood Stage 3: Adulthood (Men)(Men)

Stage 3: Adulthood Stage 3: Adulthood (Women)(Women)

• IssuesIssues::•Beauty TrapBeauty Trap•Eating DisordersEating Disorders•DepressionDepression•Double StandardsDouble Standards

Stage 3: Stage 3: Adulthood Later Adulthood Later

YearsYears• IssuesIssues::•Young-Old (ages 65-74) – Young-Old (ages 65-74) –

adjustment to retirementadjustment to retirement•Middle-Old (ages75-84) & Old-Middle-Old (ages75-84) & Old-

Old (ages 85+) – adjustment to Old (ages 85+) – adjustment to physical and mental functioning, physical and mental functioning, adjustment to dependency and adjustment to dependency and impending deathimpending death

part 1: intro to socialization

Documents