paper prepaid metre

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below the threshold, the GSM module will

automatically send a reminder text message to

the user to refill the account. Once this amount

expires, the connection will be terminated

automatically, using the relays within the meter

itself.

Energy Metres:An electric meter or energy meter is a device

that measures the amount of electrical energy

consumed by a residence, business, or an

electrically-powered device. Electric meters

are typically calibrated in billing units, the most

common one being the kilowatt hour. Periodic

reading of electric meters establishes billing

cycles and energy used during a cycle. Insettings when energy savings during certain

periods are desired, meters may measure

demand, the maximum use of power in some

interval [9]. In some areas, the electric rates are

higher during certain times of day, to

encourage reduction in use. Also, in some areas

meters have relays to turn off non-essential

equipment. The most common unit of

measurement on the electricity meter is the

kilowatt hour, which is equal to the amount ofenergy used by a load of one kilowatt over a

period of one hour, or 3,600,000 joules.

Reactive power is measured in volt-amperes

reactive, (varh) in kilovar-hours. By

convention, a lagging or inductive load, such

as a motor, will have positive reactive power. A

leading or capacitive load will have negative

reactive power. Volt-amperes measures all

power passed through a distribution network,

including reactive and actual. This is equal to

the product of rootmean-square volts and

amperes. The meters fall into two basic

categories, electromechanical and electronic

[4]. The electromechanical induction meter

operates by counting the revolutions of an

aluminum disc which is made to rotate at a

speed proportional to the power. The number of

revolutions is thus proportional to the energy

usage. It consumes a small amount of power,

typically around 2 watts.

PROPOSED WORK:

In this research, Energy meters have not been

replaced which is already installed at our

houses, but a small modification on the already

installed meters can change the existing meters

into prepaid meters, so this meters are very

cheaper. The present energy meter can be

upgraded to this prepaid version.

INTERFACING ELEMENTS:

A.LCD and Keypad interface with

Microcontroller The LCD acts as an interface

between the user and the Energy meter. The

matrix keypad is interfaced with the PIC

microcontroller hence the input is given to the

PIC microcontroller using the keypad[2]. The

LCD displays the character corresponding to

the data received from the PIC microcontroller.

If the data entered is correct, then the data is

transmitted to the EB station by the GSMModem. If the data entered is incorrect, an

Invalid message is displayed on the LCD.

B.MAX 232 and DB9 interfacing,The data will

the transmitted to the EB Station through Serial

communication. Using MAX232, the data will

be received and transmitted from/to the PIC

microcontroller using GSM Modem. Once the

EB Station receives the transmitted message, it

responds by automatically recharging the

Energy meter with the specified amount [3].

C.Opto-coupler interfacing,When one unit of

Electricity is consumed, an interrupt is given to

the PIC microcontroller using Opto-coupler [4].

When one interrupt is received by the

controller, it decrements the recharged amount


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equals to one unit of electricity.

D.Interfacing of Relay and Relay driver,A

Relay is an electrically operated switch. When

the recharged amount reaches 80% by

consuming the electricity, the user will get a

warning message to recharge the Energy

Meter[7].When the recharged amount gets over,

the household power supply will be cut off

using the relay. The relay driver is used to drive

the relay at 12V and also it is used to prevent

the back current from the relay to PIC

microcontroller.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The power

supply is given to the Energy Meter. The unit

readings from the energy meter are calculated

using the sensor and the value can be stored in

the PIC microcontroller. The code can be given

using the Matrix Keypad to the PIC

microcontroller and it is displayed in the LCD.The data can be transmitted and received from

PIC to the MAX232 through UART. The serial

communication can be achieved through the

DB9 to the GSM modem. The code is sent to

the EB station and acknowledge is received by

the GSM Modem. The recharge amount can be

stored in the PIC microcontroller[8] and it can

be viewed through the LCD. When the

recharged amount reaches 80% by consuming

the electricity, the user will get a warning

message to recharge the Energy Meter. When

the recharged amount gets over, the household

power supply will be cut off using the relay [9].

Block Diagram:

Fig.1 Block Diagram og Advanced Prepaid

Metre

Proposed Algorithm:

The Pic Microcontroller is programmed usingEmbedded C Language using MikroC Pro

Software. The algorithm of the program is

given below.

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Interface the LCD and the Keypad tothe PIC Microcontroller.

Step 3: Initializing the LCD and the UART.

Step 4: Enter the card number.

Step 5: Configure the GSM and send number to

the EB station.

Step 6: If the number is valid then receive therecharged amount from the EB station.

Keypad

LCD

opt

Metre

PICControll

er

Driver

Relay

Load

MAX 232

GSMMODEM

user


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Step 7: If the number is invalid then enter the

correct number.

Step 8: When the electricity is consumed,

then the recharged amount will get

decremented.

Step 9: When 80% of the recharged is

consumed, then the user will get a warningmessage to recharge theEnergy Meter.

Step 10: When the recharged money gets

over, the relay cut-off the household powersupply.

Step 11: Stop the program.

CONCLUSION:Advancement in Energy meters enables thecustomers to see the energy consumed and to

manage the energy efficiently. To save money,

the consumed energy corresponding price isdisplayed for the consumer benefits. This paper

work exposes the purpose of energy monitoring

and controlling by implementing prepaidsystem. It is hoped that this work helps theconsumers for better energy management and

its utility in the distribution system for

economic liability of the Electrical Boards.

REFERENCES:

[1]Chandler, T. 2005. The technology

development of automatic metering and

monitoring systems. Power EngineeringConference,2005. IPEC 2005. The 7th

International , Vol., No., pp.1-147.

[2]Microcontroller Based Single Phase Digital

Prepaid Energy Meter for Improved Metering

and Billing System presented on InternationalJournal of Power Electronics and Drive System

(IJPEDS) Vol.1, December 2011, pp. 139~147.

[3]Southgate D. and L. Metters. 1996.

Evaluation of the benefits of a fully re-

programmable two way prepayment system.Metering and Tariffs for Energy Supply,

Conference Publication No. 426, IEE, 3-5.

[4]Richa Shrivastava and Nipun Kumar Mishra,

"An Embedded System for Wireless Prepaid

Billing ofDigital Energy Meter," InternationalJournal of Advances in ElectronicsEngineering,

pp. 322-324.

[5]Remote controlling of Home Appliance

using Mobile Telephony presented on

International journal of Smart home Vol.2,

No.3,July 2008, Publisher :Enamul Hoque.

[6]Prepayment Energy Meter presented on

International Journal of Engineering Researchand Applications (IJERA) Vol. 1, Issue 4,

pp.1879-1884 Publisher: Masud Karim Khan.

[7]Khan R.H., T.F. Aditi, V. Sreeram and

H.H.C. Iu. 2010. A Prepaid Metering Scheme

Based on Prepaid Accounting Model. Smart

Grid and Renewable Energy, Volume 1,Number 2, pp. 63-69.

[8]A prepaid meter using mobilecommunication presented on International

Journal of Engineering, Science and

Technology Vol. 3, No. 3, 2011, pp. 160-166Publisher: Kevin Boone.

[9]Kwan, B.H.; Moghavvemi, M. 2002. PICbased prepayment system. Research and

Development, 2002. International Conference

on , Vol., No., pp. 440- 443.

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