Download - Paper Prepaid Metre
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below the threshold, the GSM module will
automatically send a reminder text message to
the user to refill the account. Once this amount
expires, the connection will be terminated
automatically, using the relays within the meter
itself.
Energy Metres:An electric meter or energy meter is a device
that measures the amount of electrical energy
consumed by a residence, business, or an
electrically-powered device. Electric meters
are typically calibrated in billing units, the most
common one being the kilowatt hour. Periodic
reading of electric meters establishes billing
cycles and energy used during a cycle. Insettings when energy savings during certain
periods are desired, meters may measure
demand, the maximum use of power in some
interval [9]. In some areas, the electric rates are
higher during certain times of day, to
encourage reduction in use. Also, in some areas
meters have relays to turn off non-essential
equipment. The most common unit of
measurement on the electricity meter is the
kilowatt hour, which is equal to the amount ofenergy used by a load of one kilowatt over a
period of one hour, or 3,600,000 joules.
Reactive power is measured in volt-amperes
reactive, (varh) in kilovar-hours. By
convention, a lagging or inductive load, such
as a motor, will have positive reactive power. A
leading or capacitive load will have negative
reactive power. Volt-amperes measures all
power passed through a distribution network,
including reactive and actual. This is equal to
the product of rootmean-square volts and
amperes. The meters fall into two basic
categories, electromechanical and electronic
[4]. The electromechanical induction meter
operates by counting the revolutions of an
aluminum disc which is made to rotate at a
speed proportional to the power. The number of
revolutions is thus proportional to the energy
usage. It consumes a small amount of power,
typically around 2 watts.
PROPOSED WORK:
In this research, Energy meters have not been
replaced which is already installed at our
houses, but a small modification on the already
installed meters can change the existing meters
into prepaid meters, so this meters are very
cheaper. The present energy meter can be
upgraded to this prepaid version.
INTERFACING ELEMENTS:
A.LCD and Keypad interface with
Microcontroller The LCD acts as an interface
between the user and the Energy meter. The
matrix keypad is interfaced with the PIC
microcontroller hence the input is given to the
PIC microcontroller using the keypad[2]. The
LCD displays the character corresponding to
the data received from the PIC microcontroller.
If the data entered is correct, then the data is
transmitted to the EB station by the GSMModem. If the data entered is incorrect, an
Invalid message is displayed on the LCD.
B.MAX 232 and DB9 interfacing,The data will
the transmitted to the EB Station through Serial
communication. Using MAX232, the data will
be received and transmitted from/to the PIC
microcontroller using GSM Modem. Once the
EB Station receives the transmitted message, it
responds by automatically recharging the
Energy meter with the specified amount [3].
C.Opto-coupler interfacing,When one unit of
Electricity is consumed, an interrupt is given to
the PIC microcontroller using Opto-coupler [4].
When one interrupt is received by the
controller, it decrements the recharged amount
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equals to one unit of electricity.
D.Interfacing of Relay and Relay driver,A
Relay is an electrically operated switch. When
the recharged amount reaches 80% by
consuming the electricity, the user will get a
warning message to recharge the Energy
Meter[7].When the recharged amount gets over,
the household power supply will be cut off
using the relay. The relay driver is used to drive
the relay at 12V and also it is used to prevent
the back current from the relay to PIC
microcontroller.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The power
supply is given to the Energy Meter. The unit
readings from the energy meter are calculated
using the sensor and the value can be stored in
the PIC microcontroller. The code can be given
using the Matrix Keypad to the PIC
microcontroller and it is displayed in the LCD.The data can be transmitted and received from
PIC to the MAX232 through UART. The serial
communication can be achieved through the
DB9 to the GSM modem. The code is sent to
the EB station and acknowledge is received by
the GSM Modem. The recharge amount can be
stored in the PIC microcontroller[8] and it can
be viewed through the LCD. When the
recharged amount reaches 80% by consuming
the electricity, the user will get a warning
message to recharge the Energy Meter. When
the recharged amount gets over, the household
power supply will be cut off using the relay [9].
Block Diagram:
Fig.1 Block Diagram og Advanced Prepaid
Metre
Proposed Algorithm:
The Pic Microcontroller is programmed usingEmbedded C Language using MikroC Pro
Software. The algorithm of the program is
given below.
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Interface the LCD and the Keypad tothe PIC Microcontroller.
Step 3: Initializing the LCD and the UART.
Step 4: Enter the card number.
Step 5: Configure the GSM and send number to
the EB station.
Step 6: If the number is valid then receive therecharged amount from the EB station.
Keypad
LCD
opt
Metre
PICControll
er
Driver
Relay
Load
MAX 232
GSMMODEM
user
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Step 7: If the number is invalid then enter the
correct number.
Step 8: When the electricity is consumed,
then the recharged amount will get
decremented.
Step 9: When 80% of the recharged is
consumed, then the user will get a warningmessage to recharge theEnergy Meter.
Step 10: When the recharged money gets
over, the relay cut-off the household powersupply.
Step 11: Stop the program.
CONCLUSION:Advancement in Energy meters enables thecustomers to see the energy consumed and to
manage the energy efficiently. To save money,
the consumed energy corresponding price isdisplayed for the consumer benefits. This paper
work exposes the purpose of energy monitoring
and controlling by implementing prepaidsystem. It is hoped that this work helps theconsumers for better energy management and
its utility in the distribution system for
economic liability of the Electrical Boards.
REFERENCES:
[1]Chandler, T. 2005. The technology
development of automatic metering and
monitoring systems. Power EngineeringConference,2005. IPEC 2005. The 7th
International , Vol., No., pp.1-147.
[2]Microcontroller Based Single Phase Digital
Prepaid Energy Meter for Improved Metering
and Billing System presented on InternationalJournal of Power Electronics and Drive System
(IJPEDS) Vol.1, December 2011, pp. 139~147.
[3]Southgate D. and L. Metters. 1996.
Evaluation of the benefits of a fully re-
programmable two way prepayment system.Metering and Tariffs for Energy Supply,
Conference Publication No. 426, IEE, 3-5.
[4]Richa Shrivastava and Nipun Kumar Mishra,
"An Embedded System for Wireless Prepaid
Billing ofDigital Energy Meter," InternationalJournal of Advances in ElectronicsEngineering,
pp. 322-324.
[5]Remote controlling of Home Appliance
using Mobile Telephony presented on
International journal of Smart home Vol.2,
No.3,July 2008, Publisher :Enamul Hoque.
[6]Prepayment Energy Meter presented on
International Journal of Engineering Researchand Applications (IJERA) Vol. 1, Issue 4,
pp.1879-1884 Publisher: Masud Karim Khan.
[7]Khan R.H., T.F. Aditi, V. Sreeram and
H.H.C. Iu. 2010. A Prepaid Metering Scheme
Based on Prepaid Accounting Model. Smart
Grid and Renewable Energy, Volume 1,Number 2, pp. 63-69.
[8]A prepaid meter using mobilecommunication presented on International
Journal of Engineering, Science and
Technology Vol. 3, No. 3, 2011, pp. 160-166Publisher: Kevin Boone.
[9]Kwan, B.H.; Moghavvemi, M. 2002. PICbased prepayment system. Research and
Development, 2002. International Conference
on , Vol., No., pp. 440- 443.