papaliahd 11e ppt ch06

8/6/2019 Papaliahd 11e Ppt Ch06

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1 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

Psychosocial DevelopmentDuring The First Three Years

Chapter 6


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Guideposts for Study

When and how do emotions develop, and

how do babies show them? How do infants show temperamental

differences, and how enduring are thosedifferences?

What roles do mothers and fathers play inearly personality development?

When and how do gender differences

appear?


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Guideposts for Study

How do infants gain trust in their world andform attachments, and how do infants andcaregivers read each others nonverbalsignals?

When and how does the sense of self arise,and how do toddlers develop autonomy and

standards for socially acceptable behavior? How do infants and toddlers interact with

siblings and other children?

How do parental employment and early childcare affect infants and toddlers development?


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Emotions

Subjective responses to experience

Sadness, joy, fear

Associated with

Physiological changes

Behavioral changes Expressions depend upon culture

and personality


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First Signs ofEmotion: Crying!

It is obvious when newborns are upset! Piercing cries, flailing of limbs, stiff body

Types of cries: Hunger

Pain

Frustration

More difficult to tell when

the newborn is happy


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Emotions: First Month

Baby becomes quiet at:

Sound of human voice

Being picked up

Baby smiles when gently moved

Pattycake

Smiling and cooing


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Smiling & Laughing

Involuntary smiles

Appear at birth

Result of subcortical brain activity

Waking smiles after one month

Considered more social Elicited through gentle jiggling,

tickling or kissing


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SelfEmotions

Self-Awareness

A realization that ones existence is separatefrom others

Self-Consciousness

Depends on having self-awareness

Embarrassment and empathy


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Self-Evaluative Emotions

Pride, shame and guilt

Require self-awareness and

knowledge of socially accepted

behaviors

Children compare their own

thoughts and behaviors against

what is socially OK


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Empathy

Ability to put oneself in anothers place

Requires social cognitionUnderstanding that others have thoughts and

feelings

Ideas about others feelings are used to

gauge own behavior

Egocentrism absence of empathy


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Brain Growth and

Emotional Development

Four MajorShifts:

Cerebral cortex becomes functional

Frontal lobes interact with the limbic system

Infant develops self-awareness and

consciousness Hormonal changes coincide with evaluative

emotions


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Temperament

A biological predisposition of

reactivity

Highly heritable and stable

Generally, how mellow are you from

situation to situation?


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Three Temperaments

Easy

Generally happy Responds well to change and novelty

Slow to Warm Up Generally mild reactions

Hesitant about new experiences

Difficult Irritable

Intense emotional responses


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14

,how enduring are thosedifferences?

Difficult Children: Somebabies come into the world

with an especially intenseand sensitive temperament.They cry a lot, they reactintensely to any irritation ordiscomfort, they want to becarried and nursed

constantly, they fall asleepwith difficulty and never forlong.Because they havehigher-than-average needs,these babies needmore -andmore sensitive -

parenting.


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2. How do infants showtemperamental differences,

Slow to warm up: hard todescribe but heres a story

about a baby that fits theprofile:"Brianna is reallypretty easy - until somethingnew or unexpected comesup. Then she's like Ms.Hyde. New food, new places,new people disrupt her in am

ajor way. I thoughtplaygroup was going to be acomplete no-go: a group oftoddlers she didn't know in aplace she hadn't beenbefore. But after weeks andweeks onmy knee she got

into it a bit, and now sheenjoys herself there."


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Easy Baby:Some

babies are relaxed and

easygoing. They areeager to explore new

places and things. They

respond quickly to

change. They can often

calm themselves in

times of stress. These

babies are likely to be

sound sleepers and

eager eaters.


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Making a good fit: coming together

"Fit" describes the way a baby'senvironment - that is, her parents andother caregivers - accommodates hertemperament. Parentsmake the fitgood by expecting a baby to behavein a way that feels "right" for her:they expect their shy toddler to takeawhile to get used to playgroup; they

anticipate that their active baby willtear around Grandmas house; they

understand why their slow-to-warm-up baby is upset by a new caregiver.Good fit starts with acceptance: Yourchild's behaviour reflects the way shefeels. No one chooses a

tem

peram

ent, it just is.


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Goodness ofFit

Adjustment is easiest when the childs

temperament matches the situation

Physically

Socially

Culturally


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What challenges some

parents is not thetemperament of their baby,but their own expectations

another challenge issupport- parents need

support and advice. Acceptance of your child

the way s/he is is awonderful gift


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Emotions During First 3 Years


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The Mothers Role:

Harry Harlow

Research with rhesus monkeys

Newborns placed with foster mother

Cloth mother offered no food

Wire mother provided food

Babies preferred cloth mother

The importance of contact comfort


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Harry Harlow, 1950s

Surrogate mother experiments

Critical period for attachment

Harlows experiment separatedinfant monkeys from their mothers a

few hours after birth, then arranged

for the young animals to be raised

by two kinds of surrogate monkey

mother machines, both equipped todispense milk. One mother was

made out of bare wire mesh. The

other was a wire mother covered

with soft terry cloth.

Link to

video of

harlow


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The Fathers Role

Entails emotional commitment and

direct involvement

Amount of involvement can vary greatly

In North America., father involvement

has increased dramatically since 1970s

More women work outside the home


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Gender Differences

Gender

What it means to be male or female

Gender-typing

Socialization by which children learn

gender roles Parents important in socialization


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Gender differences

Measurable differences are few

Behavioral differences between 1 and 2years

Boys play more aggressively

Word choices

Perceptions of gender


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Basic Trust v. Basic Mistrust

Newborns and infants develop a sense of

reliability of people and objects

Erikson Stage 1: Basic Trust

Sensitive, responsive and consistent care.

Can I count on you to feed me when Imhungry?


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Eriksons theory of

psychosocial development list

trust vmistrust as the firstcrisis that must be developed.

This stage lasts until about 18

months and requires infants

to develop a sense of being

able to rely upon theircaregivers. They need to

believe that their physical and

emotional needs will bemet.

2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc


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Attachment

Attachment: Children develop

different styles of attachment based on

experiences and interactions with their

primary caregivers. Four different

attachment styles have been identifiedin children: secure, anxious-

ambivalent, anxious


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Attachment in Strange Situation

Attachm

ent ChildsB

ehav

ior

SecurePlays freely when mother is near

Happy when mother returns

Insecure-

Resistant

Hovers around mother

Angry when mother returns

DisorganizedInconsistent & erratic

Seems overwhelmed by stress


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Disorganized children dont

know what to expect from

their parents. Children withrelationships in the other

categories have organized

attachments. This means

that they have all learned

ways to get what they need,even if it is not the best way.

This happens because

a child learns to predict

how his parent will

react, whether it is

positive or negative.

They also learn that

doing certain things willmake their parents do

certain things.



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Influences on Attachment

Parental

Level of warmth and responsiveness

Employment and amount of separation

Own memories about their attachment

Babys temperament


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Long-TermEffects

of Attachment

More securely attached children develop

good relationships with others

Larger vocabularies

Higher levels of curiosity and self-

confidence

Preparation for adult intimacy


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Box 1: Postpartum Depression

Detrimental effects

Babies may become depressed

themselves

Unusual patterns of brain activity

Insecurely attached

Treatment strategies


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Mutual Regulation

ofEmotions

Infant and caregiver responding to each

others emotional states

Social Referencing

Babys attempt to understand an

ambiguous situation by seeking out cuesfrom caregiver

What would baby do if you said YECH! to a toy?


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Emergence of Self Concept

Self-concept: The image of ourselves

Personal agency I can make that move!

Self-efficacyIm GREATat making it move!

Self-awareness Knowledge of the self as a distinct being

Rouge test


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Box 2: Toddler Struggles

Are terrible twos universal?

Methods of handling sibling conflict

Individual needs versus group needs


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Erikson identifies this period from 18

months to 3 years where a child solvesthe crisis of autonomy vs. shame. The

virtue is Will



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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. Between

the ages of one and three, children begin toassert their independence, by walking away

from their mother, picking which toy to play

with, and making choices about what they

like to wear, to eat, etc. (negativism) Ifchildren in this stage are encouraged and

supported in their increased independence,

they become more confident and secure in

their own ability to survive in the world 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc


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If children are criticized, overly controlled, or

not given the opportunity to assertthemselves, they begin to feel inadequate in

their ability to survive, and may then become

overly dependent upon others, lack self-

esteem, and feel a sense of shame or doubtin their own abilities.



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Autonomy v. Shame

Autonomy

A shift from external control to self-control

Emerges from trust and self-awareness

The Terrible Twos

Sham

e and doubt Help toddler recognize need for limits


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Moral Development

Socialization

How children develop habits and values that

make them productive members of society

Internalization

Making the standards of society your own


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Socialization: Human infants are born without any

culture. They must be transformed by their parents,

teachers, and others into cultural and socially adept

people. The general process of acquiring culture is

referred to as socialization. During socialization,

we learn the language of the culture we are born into

as well as the roles we are to play in life. We alsolearn and usually adopt our culture's norms through

the socialization process. (internalization)



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Developing Self-Regulation

Having control over own behavior

Conforming with caregivers standards

.even if caregiver is not present

Depends on attentional processes

Ability to monitor negative emotions


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Origins of Conscience

Emotional discomfort about doing

something wrong

The ability to refrain from doing something

wrong

Refraining because they believe it is theright thing to donot just self-regulation


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Committed and

Situational Compliance

Committed Compliance

Willingly follows orders without lapses

Shows internalization of household rules

Situational Compliance

Follows orders with prompting and

reminders


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Factors in the

Success of Socialization

Security of attachment

Receptive cooperation

Mutual responsiveness of

parent and child


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Sociabililty with Siblings

Becomes a vehicle for

understanding socialrelationships outside the

home

Constructive conflict helpschildren with empathy


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Sociability with Non-Siblings

Babies who spend more time

with other babies tend to bemore sociable

Toddlers can learn by imitatingeach other Playing follow-the-leader

Paves the way for more complexgames


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Effects of

Parental Employment

NLSY found little or no effect of maternal

employment on childrens: Compliance

Behavioral problems

Self-esteem

Cognitive development

Academic achievement


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Factors in Impact of Child Care

Structural characteristics

Staff training

Ratio of children to staff

Process characteristics

Warmth and sensitivity of workers Appropriateness of activities


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Types of Child Abuse

Physical

Neglect

Sexual

Emotional Maltreatment

Causes behavioral, cognitive or mentaldisorders

May include rejection


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Traits of Abusive &

Neglectful Families

Perpetrator usually mother

Aggravated by: Marital problems

Stressful events (getting laid off)

Lack of parental education

Poverty

Alcoholism

Depression


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Community & Cultural

Factors in Child Abuse

Abuse is more likely if:

Criminal activity is rampant in community

There are few community programs

Violent crime is frequent in that country

USA v. Japan


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Abuse-Prevention Programs

Teach parenting skills

Offer respite homes and relief

parents

Investigate reports of maltreatment

Provide shelters and therapy

Facilitate foster care


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57 2009 b th M G Hill C i I

Long TermEffects

of Maltreatment

1/3 of adults abused as children victimize

own children

Sexually abused children grow up with:

Lower self-esteem

Greater risk of depression and anxiety Risk of precocious sexual behavior

papaliahd 11e ppt ch06

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