baran5 ppt ch06
TRANSCRIPT
Baran
C H A P T E R
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
6
Film
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
Film
• History and Development of film industry and films as a medium
• Cultural value of film and the implications of blockbuster mentality
• Production-distribution and exhibition • How film industry shapes film content
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
A Short History of the Movies
• The Early Entrepreneurs– Mid-1800s: Eadweard Muybridge invented the
zoopraxiscope —machine for projecting slides onto a distant surface
• Persistence of vision—images our eyes gather are retained in the brain for about 1/24th of a second.
• Photographic frames move at 24 frames a second and people perceive them as being in motion
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 4
A Short History of the Movies
– 1816: Process of photography first developed by French inventor Joseph Nicépce
• Thomas Edison’s top scientist, William Dickson, developed the kinetograph, which took 40 photographs a second.
– 1839: Louis Dabuerre, introduced the daguerreotype—process of recording images on polished metal plates
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 5
A Short History of the Movies
• 1839: British inventor William Henry Fox Talbot introduced calotype—used translucent paper (the negative) from which several prints could be made– Thomas Edison built first motion picture studio in
New Jersey– Films run through a kinetoscope—sort of peep show
device
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 6
A Short History of the Movies
• 1895: Lumiére Brothers patented cinematographe—photographed and projected action
• April 23, 1896: American movie business born when Edison’s Vitascope premiered in New York City
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Slide 7
• The Coming of Narrative
– 1902: Frenchman Georges Méliès released A Trip to the Moon, a narrative motion picture that told a story.
– 1903: Edwin W. Porter’s The Great Train Robbery used montage—tying together two separate but related shots in such a way that they took on new, unified meaning—to create an instant hit
A Short History of the Movies
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
A Short History of the Movies
The Coming of Narrative
─ Nickelodeons opened across the US
─ Factory Studios –production companies were started
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
– 1915: Writer, actor, and cameraman D. W. Griffith released The Birth of a Nation
• NAACP unsuccessfully fought the film in court and on the picket line.
• Lincoln Motion Picture Company and Micheaux Film and Book Company, black-run companies, founded to tell black stories to black audiences, and counter the depiction of blacks in The Birth of a Nation
A Short History of the Movies
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 10
A Short History of the Movies
• The Big Studios– 1908: Edison founded Motion Picture Patents
Company (MPPC, often called The Trust)• Many independent film companies sprang up in
defiance of The Trust• Moved to California to avoid MPPC scrutiny and
reprisal• Triangle Company, Paramount, Fox, and
Universal controlled the movie industry from California
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 11
• Change Comes to Hollywood– Talkies - First sound film one of three films produced
by Warner Brothers, but historians disagree what constitutes a sound film
• Don Juan (1926) with synchronized music and sound effects
• The Jazz Singer (1927) starring Al Jolson had several sound and speaking scenes but was largely silent
• Lights of New York (1928) was all sound
A Short History of the Movies
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 12
A Short History of the Movies
• Scandal– 1922: State legislatures introduced more than
100 separate legislation bills to censor or control movies and their content
• Industry responded by creating Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) to improve image of movies
– 1934: Motion Picture Production Code (MPPC) released
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 13
• New Genres, New Problems– The industry able to weather the Depression with
new genres• Documentaries• Musicals• Comedies• Gangster movies• Horror films• Double feature with a B-movie—typically a less
expensive movie
A Short History of the Movies
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 14
A Short History of the Movies
– The industry survived the Depression because of its size and power
• Both resided in system of operation called vertical integration
– 1948: Supreme Court issued Paramount Decision ruling vertical integration and block booking illegal
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 15
A Short History of the Movies
• Red Scare– House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
feared communist, socialist, and “leftist” propaganda was secretly inserted into entertainment films
– Industry abandoned the “Hollywood 10”• Writers and directors accused committee of being in
violation of the Bill of Rights – Movies became increasingly tame for fear of being too
controversial
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 16
A Short History of the Movies
• Fighting Back– Industry worked to recapture audiences from
television by using technical and content innovations
• Paid more attention to special effects
• Developed greater dependence on, and improvements in, color
• CinemaScope introduced
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 17
Scope and Nature of the Film Industry
• Three Component Systems• Production—making of movies
• Average cost of producing and marketing a Hollywood feature is $103 million
• Technology has affected production
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Slide 18
• Distribution—supplying movies to theaters, television networks, cable and satellite networks, and makers of videocassettes and videodiscs
• Green Light Process• Platform Roll out
Scope and Nature of the Film Industry
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 19
Scope and Nature of the FilmIndustry
• Currently 36,485 movie screens exhibiting motion pictures in the US
• More than 80% of theaters have two or more screens
• Concession sales account for 25% of a theater’s total revenue
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 20
• The Studios– The majors—finance films primarily through profits
of business– Corporate Independents—combine their money with
outside financing to make movies– Independent studios—find money to make movies
from outside sources; films tend to have smaller budgets
• Majors finance many independent film companies production and control distribution of their films
Scope and Nature of the FilmIndustry
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 21
Trends and Convergence in Moviemaking
• Conglomeration and the Blockbuster Mentality– All studios except MGM is a major part of large
conglomerate– Corporization of Independent Films– The combination of conglomeration and foreign
ownership forces blockbuster mentality—filmmaking characterized by reduced risk taking and more formulaic movies
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 22
• Marketing and publicity departments love concept films—movies that can be described in one line
• Studios conduct audience research – Film’s concept, plot, and characters subjected to
market testing• Hollywood increasing use of franchise films—movies
produced with full intention of producing several sequels
Trends and Convergence in Moviemaking
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 23
Trends and Convergence in Moviemaking
• Many movies are adaptations of television shows, comic books, and videogames– Merchandise Tie-Ins accounted for $2.5 billion
dollars in payments in 2001– Product placements allows many movies to serve
as commercials
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 24
Cultural Forum Sales of movie tickets decreasedfrom 2002-2005
Possible Reasons
1. Movies are not very good
2. Fewer successful blockbusters
3. People do not consider movies as an entertainment form
4. Average ticket prices increased 48.6% (Stanley 2006)
5. New wired homes
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 25
Cultural Forum Sales of movie tickets decreasedfrom 2002-2005
• Overseas box office accounts for 55% of the US movie industry’s income
• Audience research determines movie story line• Sequels, remakes, and franchises
Franchise Films are produced with full intention of producing several sequels
• TV, comic books and videogame remakes
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 26
Trends and Convergence in Moviemaking Convergence Reshapes the Movie Business
– Growing relationship between theatrical films—those produced originally for theater exhibition—and television is result of technological changes in television
– Convergence of film with satellite, video on demand etc provides new distribution and exhibition opportunities beginning to reshape production, distribution and exhibition
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 27
Trends and Convergence in Moviemaking Convergence Reshapes the Movie Business
– 1999 hit The Blair Witch Project most visible success of microcinema movement
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 28
Digitization and Convergence
• Changing exhibition, production and distribution
Today 1% of all screens have digital projection systems (Jardin 2005a)
• Digital shooting will be the standard by 2015 (Taylor 2005)
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 29
Digitization and Convergence
• Online distribution of Feature Films taking hold• In the Future: Simultaneous release of movies to
theaters, DVD and cable video on demand
McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 30
Developing Media Literacy Skills
• Recognizing Product Placements– Movie industry product placement expanded into a
business in its own right• Product that appears in movie becomes a
commercial that lives forever– Awareness of efforts of movie industry to maximize
income from films is central to good film literacy