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3 mars 2005

Applied Animal Behaviour Science1989; 23; 263-268

lexique

Pandiculation: the comparative phenomenon of systematic

stretchingA raserSur!ical "esearch #a$ora%ories& 'emorial (niversi%) o* +e,*oundland& S% .ohn/s& anada

he phenomenon o* pandicula%ion

in %he ine%ic $ehaviour o* %he sheep *e%us

raser A

INTRODUTION

n inesis& arson 41985 concludes ap%l) ,i%h %he s%a%emen% 7inesis is an

undirec%ed response %o s%imula%ion& %he response $ein! movemen% o* all or par%s o*%he $od) as in locomo%ion or s%re%chin! he la%%er is a remara$l) ne!lec%ed

*ea%ure in %he s%ud) o* $ehaviour i%h a%%en%ion dra,n %o cer%ain aspec%s o*

inesis amon! %he elemen%al $ehavioural needs o* animals& %his ca%e!or) o*main%enance calls *or $e%%er a%%en%ion in applied e%holo!) As a componen% o* %his&

ine%ic ac%ivi%ies have $een !iven speci*ic descrip%ion in curren% %e%s $u% %he)

have $een ne!lec%ed in o%hers ne reason ma) $e %ha% s%re%chin! has $eenperceived as a miscellaneous varie%) o* sin!ular ac%s havin! li%%le relevance %o %he

applied %opics ,hich increasin!l) rela%e %o ,el*are& providin! i% ,i%h i%s ra%ionalein lar!e measure

he si%ua%ion is di**eren% ,i%h re!ard %o poul%r) in ,hich %he usual *orms o*

s%re%chin! are common no,led!e

!TR"T#IN$

ommon features
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:n poul%r) %he common *orms o* s%re%chin! include vi!orous e%ension o* one

,in! a*%er ano%her; also common is %he ac%ion in ,hich& ,i%h one ,in! $ein!s%re%ched in a $ac,ard direc%ion& %he le! on %he same side $ecomes e%ended

$ac,ards :n addi%ion& %here are periodic up,ard s%re%chin! ac%ions o* %he head

and nec :n o%her *arm lives%oc& s%re%chin! is mos% o*%en seen a*%er risin!; %heseac%s have $een descri$ed $) !ivin! %heir principal componen%s archin! o* %he

nec& s%rai!h%enin! o* %he $ac and *ull e%ension o* one or %he o%her hind le!

Such s%re%chin! ac%s are o*%en seen in series eds%re%chin! can involve %he %ail and even %he %on!ue he e)es ma) $e shu% durin!

some *orms o* s%re%chin! :n con%ras%& more ela$ora%e re!ional s%re%chin! is seen in

such ac%ions as par%ial ro%a%ion or devia%ion o* %he head and nec& e%ension o* %hecarpal or el$o, join% and s%i**enin! o* %he %run

hile %he concep% is o* muscula%ure $ein! s%re%ched& man) o* %he a$ove ac%ions

clearl) involve mared join% e%ension he a%lan%o-occipi%al join% is su$jec% %oconsidera$le ar%icula%ion in some o* %he a$ove ac%ions %her major join%s ,hich

are no%a$l) involved in *ull) e%ended ar%icula%ions are shoulder& el$o,& carpus&

s%i*le and %arsus S%re%chin! also occurs in ac%ion pa%%erns o* almos% iden%ical *ormin %he mammalian species in such a ,a) as %o e%end and s%i**en %he e%remi%ies

and& %run :n such pa%%erns o* s%re%chin! %he muscula%ure and ar%icula%ions

involved are& in !eneral& used in s%ridin! and ri!h%in! $ehaviour

Pandiculation

Amon! %he *orms o* s%re%chin! ,hich have $een !iven var)in! de!rees o*a%%en%ion is one par%icular mani*es%a%ion ,hich has $een overlooed as $ein! a

homolo!ue o* pandicula%ion as reco!ni>ed in man he s)mme%rical& coordina%ed

s%re%chin! and s%i**enin! ac%ions o* %he $od) as one uni% is %rue pandicula%ion hisac%ion %)picall) occurs in man and animals alie& as an eer%ion ,hich s,eeps

,avelie %hrou!h %he su$jec%/s/main ar%icular par%s& e%endin! %hem dis%all) :n

each pandicula%ion %here is a chain o* ac%ions& no%a$l) o* %he head& nec and lim$s,hich are coordina%ed in s%re%chin!; )a,nin! is some%imes involved amon! %hese

ar%icular e%ensions ?andicula%ion is& in *ac%& a ver) charac%eris%ic phenomenon

,i%h overall s%re%chin! as i%s core 'odern neuroe%holo!) has shed li!h% on %he

ph)siolo!ical $ac!round


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he simple *orm o* s%re%ch re*le 4m)o%a%ic re*le is %)picall) monos)nap%ic in

na%ure he overall re*le eviden%l) involves consciousness and a,areness& andpermi%s de!rees o* volun%ar) con%rol #on! la%enc) o* %his overall se@uence maes

i% analo!ous %o pol)s)nap%ic pos%m)o%a%ic re*lees "esponse %o muscle s%i**ness

- *rom m)o%a%ic re*le - is a pos%m)o%a%ic response he pos%m)o%a%ic responsecan serve %o res%ore %he lim$ 4and rela%ed muscula%ure %o an ori!inal

4homeos%a%ic s%a%e hus %he pos%m)o%a%ic response is homeos%a%ic in *orma%ion

his mani*es%a%ion o* homos%a%ic inesis %here*ore indica%es i%s s%a%us in ,ell-$ein! :%s *unc%ion is %o decrease s%i**ness and ,i%h %his %here is a circums%an%iall)

eviden% sa%is*ac%ion ')o%a%ic re*lees apparen%l) serve %o increase s%i**ness ,hile

%he pos%m)o%a%ic can serve %o diminish s%i**ness

?andicula%ion con*orms %o %he concep% o* *ied ac%ion pa%%ern in %ha% i% has a

rela%ivel) *ied pa%%ern o* coordina%ion ,hich& ,hile appearin! s%ereo%)ped& has

varia$ili%) in orien%a%ion Bein! a *ea%ure o* mammalian 4includin! human

$ehaviour %he de!ree o* plas%ici%) is !rea% and *i%s $e%%er under %he concep% o*modal ac%ion pa%%ern A,areness in*luences %hese ac%s

O%!"R&'TION!

'( !pecial features

?andicula%ion as a compara%ive phenomenon has a core o* common charac%eris%ics*rom %ime %o %ime& *rom su$jec% %o su$jec% and amon! man) species hese

charac%eris%ics can $e lis%ed as *ollo,s

1& e%endin! %he arms*orelim$s; 2& e%endin! %he le!shindlim$s; 3& e%endin! %he

head and nec up,ard or *or,ard; & *lein! %he ver%e$ral column $) depressin! i%

or archin! i% re!ionall); 5& s%i**enin! %he %run; 6& )a,nin!


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he a$ove *ea%ures in animal pandicula%ion have a hi!h de!ree o* cons%anc)

Amon! %hem can $e varia%ions such as a$sence o* )a,nin! or eer%ion a% onl) one

pole o* %he $od)& ie an%erior or pos%erior A!ain animal pandicula%ion can haves)mme%r) in simul%aneous or al%erna%in! e%ension o* lim$ pairs $viousl)& all

*our lim$s canno% $e easil) *ull) e%ended simul%aneousl) in %he s%andin! su$jec%&

A#hou!h %he) are %)picall) involved in simul%aneous e%ension in pandicula%ion,hen %he animal is l)in! in la%eral recum$enc) :n %his la%%er si%ua%ion %he %e%anoid

*orm o* %he phenomenon is mos% eviden%

%her no%a$le charac%eris%ics o* pandicula%ion in animals include %hose !iven

$elo,

4a ?olari%) Al%hou!h %he ac%ion pa%%ern is no% direc%ed in rela%ion %o %he

environmen%& i% has direc%ion in rela%ion %o i%s $od)-$ase :% can %here*ore $e

reco!ni>ed as $ein! variousl) ou%s%re%ched& upraised& an%erior or pos%erior

4$ ?osi%ion ?andicula%ion can occur in %he %,o $asic posi%ions o* upri!h% s%ance

or la%eral recum$enc)

4c o%ali%) he ,hole pa%%ern o* pandicula%ion ma) occur in a !iven

mani*es%a%ion& or reco!ni>a$le por%ions o* i% ma) $e produced :% can %here*ore $ecomple%e or par%ial

4d ?eriodici%) 'an) occurrences o* pandicula%ion are in pensomnolen%

circums%ances& e! ,hen %he animal is arousin! *rom sleep or as sleep is $ein!ini%ia%ed :% o*%en also occurs a% %he end o* a period o* *leed s%ernal recum$enc)

ccurrences are also common& no%a$l) in do!s& ,hen %here is a chan!e *rom

inac%ivi%) %o eercise ur%hermore& pandicula%ions ma) recur as a series o* even%sin close succession

%( linical features

4i :llness ?andicula%ion is remara$l) a$sen% in all *orms o* !eneral illness


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4iii A!e he comple%e *orms o* pandicula%ion appear %o $e sho,n ,i%h !rea%er

*re@uenc) in )oun! animals %han in older ones :n %he la%%er& incomple%emani*es%a%ions are ,ore common

4iv on*inemen% hereas i% appears %ha% release *rom con*inemen% or chan!e o*locus o*%en induces pandicula%ion& i% is no%ed %ha% %he *ull pa%%ern canno% $e

reproduced $) %he animal un%il i% has su**icien% space *or %he vi!orous $odil)

e%ensions ,hich are %he main *ea%ure

4v om*or% linical su$jec%ivi%) a**irms %ha% %he phenomenon is associa%ed ,i%h

eviden% sa%is*ac%ion :n %he animal/s $odil) and $ehavioural condi%ions an elemen%

o* com*or% a%%ainmen% can $e assumedhe s%imulus %o pandicula%ion can $e assumed %o $e *eed$ac *rom s%i**ness he

role o* such *eed$ac in $ehavioural ac%ion has $een comprehensivel) considered

$) 'iles and e %he animal Slo, movemen% also overcomes an) in*luence *rom

op%omo%or *eed$ac aimed a% correc%in! %he $od)/s posi%ion ,hen %he cen%re o*

!ravi%) chan!es or $od) an!les are chan!ed

ha% %he phenomenon is homolo!ous in i%s *orm and circums%ances across so

man) species is a %es%imon) %o i%s deep evolu%ionar) roo% ur%her s%ud) on i%scompara%ive na%ure could $e re,ardin! he value in reco!ni>in! %his $ehaviour

as meanin!*ul ma) no, lie in %he *ac% %ha% i% appears %o $e a si!n o* ,ell-$ein!

he la%%er is an acno,led!ed s%a%e ,hich applied e%holo!) is a%%emp%in! %oiden%i*) +o%ice o* %his phenomenon ma) !ive pro!ress in %ha% direc%ion

he $od)-$ased charac%er o* pandicula%ion emphasi>es %he need *or primar) space

*or $asic ine%ic ou%pu% and *or !eneral com*or% his is a poin% ,hich has $eenmade $e*ore $u% %his ma%%er !ives *ur%her ,ei!h% %o %his case ,hich is *undamen%al

%o ,el*are


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