pak in world affairs

8/4/2019 Pak in World Affairs

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2010 [SHORT QUESTIONS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE]

POLITICAL SCIENCE (GENERAL)1. POLITICAL SCIENCE:It is a science of state, its genesis, its growth, itsactivities, its purpose and its structure.2. POITICAL SCIENCE AND POLITICS:Political science is concerned with the study of thestate while politics is used to describe the politicalactivities of the people and current problems ofgovernment. Secondly, the politics of one countrydiffers from the politics of other country. But Politicalscience remains the same every where.3. SUB DIVISIONS OF POL.SC:Political science is a vast subject. It can be divided intoseveral sub-divisions i.e. National Politics,Comparative Politics, Political Theory, PoliticalDynamics, Public Law, Public Administration,

International Relation and Local Govt. etc.4. SOCIETY:The complexion of organized associations andinstitutions within a community is called society. It isgroup of people with common interest and commonconsciousness.5. ASSOCIATIONS:

An association is a group of people organized for thepersist of a particular interest e.g. family, church, tradeunion.6. NATION:A nation refers to the people having common ties ofblood and these ties hold them together in politicalsociety.

7. ISLAMIC STATE:According to Islamic view of state, sovereignty belongsto Almighty Allah, who is supreme. Islam regards thestate as an ideological entity that is an association for

Gul Badshah Telenor Franchise Tank 1


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religious purposes and functions for promoting thecause of Islam and not merely for the materialhappiness and well being of the people.8. LAW:A law is a general rule of external action enforced by asovereign political authority.9. SOURCES OF LAW:Sources of law are customs, religion, judicial decisions,scientific commentaries, equity, and legislation.10. KINDS OF LAW:Private law, public law, constitutional law,administrative law, common law, national law, civillaw, criminal law, international law, statute law,ordinance.11. ISLAMIC LAW:Islamic law or Shariah is a complete and

comprehensive code of life. Islam is a religion of lawsso comprehensive that it has ruled for nearly all humanactivities.12. SOURCES OF ISLAMIC LAW:Quran, Sunnah, Ijma, Ijtehad, Qiyas.13. RIGHTS:Rights are those conditions of social life which are

essential for the development of human personality andhelp man to be the best of himself.14. DUTY:A duty is an obligation. A man is said to have a duty inany matter when he is under an obligation to do or notto do something.15. LIBERTY:

By liberty, we mean freedom to do every thingprovided it does not injure the freedom of others.16. EQUALITY:



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All men are equal. There should be no differencebetween man and man. The state must arrange eachcitizen to develop his personality to the fullest extentpossible.17. UNITARY FORM OF GOVT:A unitary govt is that in which all governmentalauthority is vested in a single central organ by theconstitution. The supreme power belongs to the centralgovernment.18. FEDERAL FORM OF GOVT:A federal govt is that in which the govt authority isdivided by the constitution between the central govtand the federating units.19. CONFEDERATION:Confederation is the union of sovereign states forcertain specific purposes.

20. PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVT:In this form of govt the real executive work under thewill of legislature. It is designated as the cabinet. Inthis form the legislature or parliament is supreme.21. PRESIDENTIAL FORM OF GOVT:In this form of govt the executive is not responsible tothe legislature. Legislature and executive are two

distinct departments.22. DEMOCRACY:It is regarded as a form of govt in which the people rulethemselves either directly or indirectly through theirrepresentatives.23. TOTALITARIAN FORM OF GOVT ORDICTATORSHIP:

It is the system of govt in which every aspect ofcitizens life is subordinated to state authority. Theindividuals enjoys no rights. It is also called asDictatorship.



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24. LEGISLATURE:It is that department of govt which is concerned withthe making of laws. It is of two kinds: UnicameralLegislature Bicameral Legislature.25. REFRENDUM:Literally referendum means refer to. It is a devicethrough which public opinions are to be ascertained ona bill ordinary or constitutional already passed by thelegislature.26. INITIATIVE:Initiative means the right of the people to make a lawon the proposal of a prescribed number of citizens aslaid down by the constitution.27. PLEBISCITE:Plebiscite is derived from a Latin word Plebiscitum.Plebes means the people and Scitum means decree. It

means decree of the people.28. RULE OF LAW:It has two implication. First, equality of every citizen,irrespective of his official or social status before law.Second, there is only one law to which all citizens areamenable.29. UNIVERSAL ADULT FRANCHISE:

By it we mean a system according to which all theadults without discrimination are given the right tovote.30 WOMEN SUFFERAGE:It means the right to vote. Grant of franchise towomanhood has not been universally accepted by allcountries.

31 POLITICAL PARTY:It is a group of citizens, more or less organized, whohold some common views on public questions andacting as political unit.



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32 PRESURE GROUP:A pressure group is a group of individuals organizedfor promoting their special interest by influencing thegovt or public officers.33 PROPAGANDA:Propaganda is a technique of influencing publicopinion.34 PUBLIC OPINION:Public Opinion is the collection of individual opinionson an issue of public interest which can exercisesinfluence over individual group and govt policy.35 DIRECT AND INDIRECT ELECTION:In direct election voters directly take part in theelection of their representatives while in indirectelection voters do not take part directly in the electionof their representatives.

36 THE WELFARE STATE:A welfare state is a social service state. It works for thebetter life of every individual.37 CAPITALISM:Capitalism is and economic system in which the meansof production are privately owned and production isguided. Income is mostly distributed through the

operation of market.38 SOCIALISM:Socialism is that contemplated system of society whichproposes to abolish private property and substitute itfor collective property.39 DIVINE ORIGIN THEORY:According to it the state is the creation of God.

40 THE THEORY OF FORCE:According to this theory the state has come intoexistence through physical force or war.41 PATRIARCHAL THEORY:



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It holds that the state is nothing but an expansion ofpatriarchal family.42 PRIVY COUNCIL:Before the development of the cabinet system, PrivyCouncil was the chief source of executive power. Itsfunctions were those as that of the cabinet.43 CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION:A constitutional convention is a usage or customwhich by long repetition and practice has acquired theforce and sanctity, though not the sanction of the lawsof the constitution.

1-INTERNATIONAL LAW:It is the body of rules and principles of actions whichare binding upon civilized states in their relations withone another.

2-PUBLIC INTL LAW AND PRIVATE INTL LAW:I. Public I. Law mainly relates to state matters and tosome extent deals with the individuals but Private I.Law deals only with individuals.II. Private I Law is a part of state laws and it is not thecase always with public I law.III. Public I law is the same for all the states whereas

private I law may be different in different states.3-CODIFICATION:Codification means a process under which the wholebody of law is reduced in to code in the shape ofenacted law.4-STATE:It is a politically organized society composed of four

compulsory elements which are population, territory,sovereignty and govt and that it has been recognized byUNO and can enter into diplomatic relations with otherstates.



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5-GOVERNMENT:It is the machinery or agency through which the wheelof the state is formulated and expressed. It maintainslaw and order in the state. Performs welfare functionsand establishes relations with foreign counties.6-SOVEREIGNTY:The capacity of a state to enter into diplomatic relationswith foreign states. In other words it means thesupreme, original and unlimited power exercised overall persons and associations within the boundaries ofstate independent of every outside power.7-CONFEDERATION:A confederation is constituted by a number ofindependent states bound together by an internationaltreaty or compact in to a union with organs of govtextending over the member states and setup for the

purpose of maintaining of internal and externalindependence of all e.g. German Confederation.8-PROTECTORATE STATE:It is that state which gives its affairs under theprotection of big powers through treaty or agreement. Itmay also remains a state under I law.9-VESSAL STATE:

A VESSAL state is one which is completely under thesuzerainty of another state.10-CONDOMINIUM STATE:When two or more external powers exercisesovereignty over a particular territory, then such aterritory is called condominium. A best example is thatof New-Hebrides which was a condominium till 1980

under the joint command of UK and France.11-NEUTRALITY:



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Neutrality denotes the attitude of a state which is not atwar with belligerents and does not participate in thehostilities.12-NEUTRALISED STATE:A neutralized state is one whose independence andpolitical territorial integrity are guaranteed permanentlyby a collective agreement of Great Powers subject tothe condition that the particular state concerned willnever take of arms against another state except todefend itself and will never enter into treaties ofalliance e.g. Switzer land, Austria.13-RECOGNITION:Recognition of a state is the act by which another statedetermines that the political entity recognizedpossesses the characteristics of statehood.14-DE-FACTO AND DE-JURE RECOGNITION:

When there is same doubt and the viability of state orgovt is in question then states usually recognized suchstates or govt for temporary time and they can withdraw from their proclamation of recognition at anytime. With such states and govt other states do notestablish diplomatic relations.De-Jure Recognition usually follows where

recognizing state accepts that the effective controldisplayed by the govt is permanent and firmly rootedand there is no such reason which minimizes its status.15-ASYLUM:Asylum means shelter which is more then temporaryrefuge and active protection by a state on the request ofanother state. There are mainly two kinds of asylum: i.

Territorial Asylum ii. Extraterritorial Asylum.16-EXTRADITION.It is a process where by one state surrender to anotherstate at its request an accused or convicted of a criminal



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offence committed against the laws of the requestingstate.17-NATIONALITY:The legal system of membership of the collectivity ofindividuals whose acts, decisions and policies areprovides through the legal concept of the staterepresenting it.18-DOMICILE AND NATIONALITY:The permanent home, place and resident of a person isknown as domicile. Nationality constitutes arelationship that exist between an individual and thestate to which he owes allegiance a person may bePakistani but he may not be domiciled in Pakistan.19-ACCRETION OF TERRITORY:When new territory is added mainly through naturalcauses or through the operation of nature e.g. fluvial

action wind blown sand etc. called accretion.20-PRESCRIPTION OF TERRITORY:It is the peaceful exercise of de-facto sovereignty for avery long time over a territory subject to thesovereignty of another and this may be as theconsequences of the immoral exercise of suchsovereignty.

21-MARITIME BELT:It means that part of the sea which is under thejurisdiction of littoral state.22-PIRACY:Literally Piracy means robbery upon the high sea.Russell defined piracy as the offence which in commonlaw consists in committing those acts of violence and

depredation upon the high sea which if committed uponland would have amounted to felony there.23-SERVITUDE:



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It is an exceptional restriction imposed by treaty on theterritorial sovereignty of a particular state where by theterritory of the state is put under conditions orrestrictions serving the interest of another state.24-STATE SUCCESSION:By state succession we are principally concerned withthe process where one or more states takes place of anexisting state in consequences of certain changes suchas revolt absorption or annexation.25-SUCCESSION OF GOVT:Succession of govt means that when the change ofsovereignty is purely internal whether it takes placethrough constitutional or revolutionary process and thenew government takes up the reign of office.26-OCCUPATION OF TERRITORY:It is the type of acquiring territory by establishing

sovereignty over such a territory which has been left bya state controlling it or it was not under the control ofany state.27-TREATY:It is an agreement between parties on the internationallevel; they are mostly concerned with the relationsbetween states.

28-KINDS OF TREATIES:There are mainly five kinds of treaties: 1-Unilateral andBilateral 2-Bipartite and multipartite 3-Simple andconditional 4-Executed and executory 5-Political,social and economical.28-BLOCKADE:Blockade is the blocking by men of war of the

approach to the enemy coast or part of it for thepurpose of preventing injuries or aggresses of vesselsor aircrafts of all nations.29-PACIFIC BLOCKADES:



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Pacific blockade may be regarded as a recognizedcollective procedure for facilitating the settlement ofdifferences between states and can be used in peacetime.30-CONTRABAND:It is the designation for such goods as the belligerentsconsider objectionable because they may assist theenemy in the conduct of war.31-RENDITION:When there is no extradition treaty between two statesand in such a time a state surrender a person to anotherstate is known as rendition.32-INTERNAIONAL PERSON:A state which has been recognized by internationalcommunity is known as international person.33-COMMON LAW:

A law which is based on those customs and traditionswhich have been recognized by court.34-RULE OF LAW:To decide every thing according to law and do justiceis called rule of law.35-EQUITY:If a case is arise in a court and in this case the court

does not follow the present rules and regulations butthe case is decided by the judge on his own sense ofjudgment.36-LAW AND MORALITY:LAW: It relates to the external affairs of human being.MORALITY: It relates to the internal affairs of man.37-USAGE AND CUSTOM:

The initial practice of doing something is known asusage and when usage continuously repeated then it isknown as custom and when this custom is adopted by a



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large number of states then it is called internationalcustom.38-POSSITIVISM:It is a term which is used in social science and indicatesa particular approach and particularly scientificapproach in which human behavior is considered as anobject and in which behavior is studied in value freemanner.39-EXPLAIN:1-Universal I law: Those rules which are applicable onalmost all states of the world, is called universal I law.E.g. UNO2-General I law: It means those rules which areapplicable on a large number of states. e.g. HagueConvention of 18993-Particular I law: It means those rules which are

applicable on few states.4-Necessary I law: Those laws which are impose on astate with out its consent.40-NON-STATE ENTITY:Those institutions which are not states but they areunder the control of International Law are known asnot-state entities.

41-PRIVATEER:It is guilty of piracy if it continues to commit act ofviolence in spite of knowledge that hostilities havebeen ended.42-JURISPRUDENCE:The science of Law is called Jurisprudence.

PAK IN WORLD AFFAIRS1. NATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND ITS KINDS:National objectives are goals which the nation try toachieve through its leadership over a period of time.



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These are of three kinds:1. Short range objectives. 2.Middle range objectives. 3. Long range objectives.

2. PRINCIPLES OF F. POLICY:The Principles of Foreign Policy are those means andmethods which are necessary for the achievement ofobjectives.

3. IDEOLOGY:Ideology means any thing kept before us in constantview as our ideals. It means people ideals, objectives ortargets.

4. FOREIGN POLICY:According to Morgenthau:One guiding star, one standard for thought, one rule ofaction in a nations dealing with other nations thenational interest. It can also be defined as, ForeignPolicy is the pattern of behavior which is adopted by a

state towards other states.5. DETERMINANTS OF F. POLICY:

Determinants are the available resources and capabilieswhich effect states foreign policy.

6. TECHNIQUES OF F. POLICY:Techniques or instruments are those tactics by which astate wants to achieve its objectives.

7. INDUS BASIN TREATY:It was a treaty which was signed between India andPakistan in 1960 with the help of World Bank after thestoppage of water of three rivers by India.

8. LIAQAT ALI VISIT OF USA INSTEAD OF USSR:Due to grave economic and security problems PakistaniP.M. visited USA because in the mind of Liaqat Ali

Khan USA was more suitable than USSR for solvingthe problems faced by Pakistan after its creation.9. U-2 INCIDENT:



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In 1958 Ayoubs govt provided military bases to USA,from these bases spy aircrafts were flying and wereused against USSR for spy purposes. It came to lightwhen Russian shot down spy aircraft U-2 which was onthe flight from Peshawar to Norway. This incident isknown as U-2 incident.

10. SEATO AND CENTO:These were defence pacts which were established byUSA and some other European countries as a defencefrom possible aggression of communism.

11. WHY PAKISTAN LEFT THESE PACTS:Pakistan joined these pacts to get economic aid andalso to secure and defend its borders from any externalthreat but the members states did nothing for Pakistanthat is why Pakistan left these pacts.

12. BUTTO POLICY OF BILATERALISM:

When Pakistan entered to defence pacts then almost allthe Muslim countries and communist block becamestrained, after that Pakistan changed its policy andwithdrew from the defence pacts and Bhutto startedbilateral policy and desired to have friendly and goodrelation with all the states of the world.

13. OLD NAME AND STRENGTH OF ECO:

Old name of ECO was RCD (Regional Cooperation forDevelopment) and total strength of ECO is 10presently.

14. LIAQAT NEHRU PACT:In 1950 a pact was signed between Liaqat Ali Khanand Nehru in which the minorities were givenprotection.

*****

INTERNATIONAL RELATION1. APPROACH:



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It is a set of standards governing the inclusion andexclusion of questions and data for academic purpose.

2. DEFINE I.R:IR simply means relation among and betweensovereign political units(states). These relations may bepolitical, social, economic, humanitarian and cultural.According to Joseph Frankel, IR is increasinglyconcerned not only with states and their interactionsbut also with the web of international politics. Palmerand Perkins say that IR is the study of worldcommunity in transition.

3. STATE SYSTEM:The state system is the pattern of political life in whichthe people are independent and separately organized into sovereign states to conduct relations with oneanother in varying degrees and varying ways to defend

its sovereignty.4. POWER:

Power means the ability to do or act or it is governmentinfluence or authority over others or it is the capacity tocontrol others and get them to do what one does notwant to do.

5. FORCE:

Force means the explicit threat or the use of military,economic, nuclear and other instruments which areused by a state against other states in pursuit of theones objectives.

6. NATIONAL INTEREST:National Interest is a general long term and continuingpurpose which the state the nation and govt all see

themselves as serving. In simple words we can say thatnational interest is the general and continuing ends forwhich a nation acts.

7. BALANCE OF POWERS.



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In simple words we can define balance of powers as toprevent a state or group of states from becoming sostronger to enforce her will on others. Its simplemeaning is equilibrium.

8. PEACEFUL SETTLEMENTS:Peaceful settlement is that where the parties areagreeable to find an amicable solution of problems.

9. NEGOCIATIONS:This method for solving disputes in which the partiesmeet together and try to come to a solution with out theinvolvement of any third party.

10. MEDIATIONS:This is the technique when a third party is involved indialogue to settle the interstates disputes. In thismethod a neutral state or organization is appointed or isasked which have influence to conclude some

agreements between two disputed parties.11. ORBITRATION:

This is the legal procedure in which a dispute isreferred to a tribunal to decide about the dispute.These arbitrators or selected by the parties to thedispute although they are selected or appointed on thebasis of the consent of the parties. Its decision is called

award which is binding upon the parties.12. STATELESS PERSON:

It means an individual having no nationality. It may beas a result of birth or deprivation.

13. EMBARGO:By embargo we means that if a state violatesinternational law or commits some international crime

then the affected state becomes entitled to createobstruction in the transport of its ships which are within the territory of the affected state.

14. ALLIANCE:



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It is an agreement between two or more states for theprotection and promotion of common interest.

15. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COMMUNISM ANDSOCIALISM:Socialism is concerned with production and also withcommon ownership of all the sources of production. Itgives too much importance to production. In order toincrease production, it does not look towardsconsumption. On the other hand communism givesequal importance to both production and consumption.Socialism is not very hostile to religion. There is aroom for religion in a socialist state. But the questionof religion cannot arise in communism. People incommunist state have no liberty of religion.

16. SOCIALISM:

It means that policy of theory which aims at securingby the action of control and democratic authority abetter distribution and in due subordination there tobetter production of wealth prevails.

17. FASCISM:In simple words we can say that an aggressivecolonialism and imperialism are the real meanings of

fascism.18. IMPERIALISM:

The policy of ruling or exploiting or dominating weaknations is called imperialism.

19. COLONIALISM:A land which is allegedly developed by foreigners andfully or partially controlled from their original country.

Or when a country is captured or subjugated by otherand also settled their personnel to rule.20. PROPAGANDA:



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A deliberative attempt to influence the beliefs, attitudesof other people by means of words, gestures, flags andsuch other signs and means are called propaganda.

21. FACTION GROUP:A faction is a loosely united group of men who unite toachieve private or sectional interest as opposed tonational interest.

22. TREATY OF VERSALLIES:It was a treaty between the allied powers and the annexpowers during the First World War related to thejustification of the occupation by the allied powers.

23. MONROE DOCTRINE:He was the president of USA. He declared thatAmerica should remain America and west shouldremain west and they should not interfere in eachothers affairs.

24. GLOBAL TERRORISM:Global Terrorism means international terrorism whichis used against all the countries and threat to the peaceof the states of the world.

25. MARSHALL PLAN:It was the economic aid plan for the recovery ofEuropean economies instituted by George Marshall

when he was secretary of state in Trumanadministration in USA.

26. DTENTE:Any policy which involves self interested economic co-operation or steps towards the reduction in the level ofarmament is likely to qualify as an example of dtente.Simply it means to bring peace.

27. NATIONALISM:Nationalism is the political belief that some group ofpeople represent a natural community which shouldlive under one political system, be independent of



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others often has the right to demand an equal standingin the world orders with others.

28. COMMON WEALTH COUNTRY:Common wealth country is that one which gotindependent status and which was the colony of BritishGovt before independence.

29. APPEASEMENT POLICY:It is a policy which is adopted by a state or states toallow its rival or opponent to do what she wants to doand do not try to stop her.

30. BUSH DOCTRINE:After terrorist attack on USA American presidentGeorge W. Bush announced that if America feelsdanger against the peace and security of America thenshe will take preemptive action for the suppression ofthat threat. This announcement of Bush is known as

Bush Doctrine.*****

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION:The word Administration has been derived from twoLatin words Ad and Ministiare which means to care foror look after. So in its common use it means to managethe affairs of or look after the people.

According to Wilson, PA is the detailed and systematicexecution of Public Law.According to Marshall E. Dimock PA deals with thehow and what of the govt. The what is the subjectmatter while the how is the technique of management.PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION:When the affairs of the people are run by the govt then

it is called Public Administration. But if the affairs ofthe people are run by private people then it is calledPrivate Administration.

1. HIERARCHY:



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Hierarchy means the rule or control of the higher overthe lower. It is also known as scaler system and chainof command. In simple words we can say that hierarchrefers to the relation of the superior to his inferior.

2. SPAN OF CONTROL:It means that how much employees can be controlledor supervised by one person.

3. DELEGATION:Delegation means the assignments of some powers byone officer to his subordinates, who are subject to hissupervision.

4. CO-ORDINATION.In general term co-ordination means to bring aboutconsistent and harmonius arrangements of action ofpersons towards a common goal.

TECHNIQUES OF CO-ORDINATION:

Co-ordination has two techniques. coercive andvoluntary.When coordination is put into practice by mutualconsultation and agreement then it is called voluntarycoordination.When there is no agreement on the problem and theproblem are referred to the boss and he orders clearly

to follow such point is called coercive co-ordination.5. UINTY OF COMMAND:

It means that an employee should be subject to theorders of only one immediate superior.INTEGRATION AND DISINTEGRATION:Integration means the unification of all administrativeunits in the organizational structure directly under a

chief executive or indirectly under a department subjectto the chief executive in unitary state.



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Disintegration means that when administration is runby independent agencies establishment andcommission then it is known as disintegration.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CENTRALIZATIONAND DECENTRALIZATION:An organization is centralized if most of powers ofdecision are vested in the top level so that the lowerones have to refer most of the problems to the head ofthe organization.A decentralized organization is one in which the lowerlevels are allowed to decide most of the matters bythemselves and referring the important problem only tothe top management.

11. LINE AGENCIES:These are those agencies which are concerned with theprovisions of services for the people or regulating their

conduct in particular field. These agencies areorganized on the basis of major substantive purpose.Here authority flows from top to the bottom directlythrough various levels.

12. STAFF AGENCIES:According to Allen, staff refers to those elements oforganization which provide advice and service to line.

E.g. the cabinet secretariate.13. AUXILIARY AGENCIES:

Auxiliary agencies are those co-operating and helpingunits which perform house holding affairs institutionalactivities necessary for achieving the end of adepartment.

14. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LINE AND STAFF

AGENCIES:

The line agencies have the authority and command, but staffagencies only control and assist.



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The line agencies have the authority and responsibilities whilethe staff agencies have no authority and responsibilities.

15. LEADERSHIP:Leadership is the name for that combination of qualities by thepossession of which one is able to get something done byothers chiefly because through his influence they becomewilling to do it. In other words, leadership is the ability toawaken in others the desire to follow a common objective.

16. DEPARTMENTAL ORGANIZATION:Department means a part or a portion of a large whole. In adepartmental organization the entire organization is tied in asingle chain of command and is under the direct charge of theexecutive.

17. PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION:i. The administrative business is organized on the

nature of functions or purpose

ii. The administrative business is organized on thebases of profession.

iii. The administrative business is organized on thebasis of the class of commodities for whom theservice is meant the system of organization.

iv. The administrative business is organized on thebasis of area principle.

18. OMBUDSMAN:The ombudsman is a uniquely institution for dealing with thecitizen,s complaints about unfair administrative action.

19. BUREAUCRACY:The word bureaucracy has been derived from French andGreek words bureau which means room or office and a desk,cracy means power. Bureaucracy thus means govt by the desk

or powers of the officials to rule the people.20. PLANNING:



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We can define planning as, A systematic approach to achievethe predetermine objectives. In other words, preparation inadvance what is to be done is called planning.

21. KINDS OF PLANNING:Planning can be classified into two types.Short range: The need for immediate planning arises becauseof some condition, situation or problem that needs immediateattention.Long range: Long range planning is designed to give guidanceover a long period of time.

22. DECISION MAKING:A decision can be defined as a particular course of actionchosen by a decision maker as the most affective means at hisdisposal for achieving the goal or for solving a problem that isbothering him.23. DECISION MAKING AND POLICY MAKING:

A decision is usually made with in the guidance established bypolicy. But a policy is rather extensive. It affects manyproblems and is used again and again. Decision is notpermanent in character but temporary. Decision making islimited while policy making is unlimited and permanent.24. BUDGET:We can define budget as that document which contains

estimates of revenue and expenditure of a country for a fixedperiod of one year.25. ANNUAL AND LONGTERM BUDGET:Generally the govt prepare budget for one year. The year ofbudgeting is called fiscal year. The budget prepared for a termof one year is called annual budget. In some countries it beginsfrom 1st April to 31st March and in some countries from 1st July

to 30th

June. In some countries the policy of planned economyis adopted and thus long term budgets are prepared which arefor 2,3,5 or even more years.26. SINGLE AND PLURAL BUDGET:



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When the estimates of all the govt departments are grouped inone document, it is known as single document. But when thereare separate department wise budget passed separately by thelegislature are termed as plural budgets.27. SURPLUS, DEFICIT, AND BALANCE BUDGET:SURPLUS: If the estimated revenue is in excess of theestimated expenditure.DEFICIT: If the estimate revenue falls short of the anticipatedexpenditure.BALANCE: If the anticipated revenue are equal to theanticipated expenditure.28. CASH BUDGET:A cash budget is one where in the estimates of the variousitems of income and expenditure includes the accounts actuallyto be received or spent in one year.29. DEPARTMENTAL BUDGET:

In the departmental budget the estimated revenue andexpenditure of a department are grouped together and there isno division of revenue and expenditure in to various head ofaccount.30. GROSS AND NET INCOME:Every thing is not deducted then it is called gross and if it isdeducted then it is called net income.

31. ROLE OF LAPSE:It means that money unspent during the year which it wassanctioned must lapse to the public treasury and the govtcannot spend it unless it is sanctioned in the budget of nextyear.32. ADMINISTRATIVE PLANNING:Administrative planning which may also called govt planning

refers to all the activities which the national govt performs tosecure the national objectives.33. CORRUPTION:



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Literally the term corruption means Moral deteriorationdepravity in thought and action deviation from the path ofrightness and rules and regulations or to do something forpersonal consideration at the cost of truth and justice.34. FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION:Financial Administration consists of all those operations whichnot only make the funds available for governmental activitiesbut also ensures the lawful and efficient utilization of suchfunds.35. PUBLIC CORPORATION:In simple words it is sort of compromise between Laissez Fairand strict bureaucratic control in public administration and isusually employed in the revenue producing enterprises whichhave assumed more or less public importance.Simmon says, A public corporation is a combination of publicownership, public accountability and business management for

public ends.36. MECHANISM:

Mechanism means not a proper machinery of rules andregulation which applicable upon all states.

37. CORPORATION AND DEPARTMENT:A department is money expanding body while corporation isboth money earning and money expanding body.

A department gives too much services to people while a publiccorporation does not give too much services to the people.There is not too much responsibility of a corporation tolegislature where as in department the head is responsible tolegislature.

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY1. PHILOSOPHY:

To find a real truth about something that is called philosophy.If this truth is about politics than it is called politicalphilosophy.

2. IDEALISM:



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What should be the future that is idealism.3. SIMILAR POINTS OF PLATONIC AND MODERN

COMMUNISM:i. The aim of both is unity and harmony of the state.ii. Both neglect the importance of private property.iii. Both crush individual liberty. Fundamental rights

have been crushed.iv. Both are based on totalitarianism. When the govt

exercise full control over the whole of individuallife.

4. DIFFERENCES OF PLATONINC AND MODERNCOMMUNISM:

i. Modern communism believe in classless society. Itbelieves in only one class, Labor Class while Platobelieves in class system as he divides the societyinto three classes, Philosopher rulers, labor class

and soldiers.ii. Plato communism involved abolition of private

property as well as private family while moderncommunism affects private property only.

iii. Modern communism believe in construction. Inmodern communist state election are held on thebasis of one party system but in platonic

communism there is no concept of election.iv. In Platonic communism none is allowed to adopt a

profession of his own choice. But in moderncommunism every one is allowed to adopt any kindof profession.

5. SURPLUS VALUE:

The difference between the price of a commodity and thewages paid to the worker is called surplus value.6. ARISTOTLE CLASSIFICATION OF STATE AND

GOVT:



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Aristotle Classification of state and govt is based on twoprinciples. 1). The number of rulers. 2). The aims of the rulers.On the basis of these two principles he classified state and govtin six forms, 3 good and 3 bad.Number of Rulers ------- Good Form ------ Bad formOne----- Monarchy----Tyranny.Few----- Aristocracy---- OligarchyMany ---- Polity ----- Democracy

7. MONARCHY:According to Aristotle if the governmental power is exercisedby a single ruler for the benefit and welfare of the public thegovt will be monarchy or good govt.

8. ARISTOCRACY:In Aristocracy, governmental power is exercise by feweducated and intelligent persons for the general wishes andpublic benefit.

9. OLIGARCHY:If the governmental power is exercised by the aristocrats fortheir selfish ends then aristocracy becomes perverted in to badgovt called oligarchy.

10. ARISTOTLE THEORY OF REVOLUTION:According to Aristotle any change in constitution or in rulingauthority means revolution.

11. PLATO THEORY OF EDUCATION:According to Plato, there are two parts of education.

A. Elementary education. B. Higher education.A. Elementary Education: Children of 18 years-----

military and religious education for 2 years-----After 20first test---who fail this test go to labour class--- whopass, continue higher education.

B. Higher Education: This stage continue to 35 years---Second test at 30 years---who pass, go to philosopherclass who fail, go to military class---After 35,



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philosopher class get 15 years practical experience. At50, they will be complete philosopher.

12. PLATO JUSTICE:According to Plato, to give every one the work according tohis abilities and aptitude is called justice.

13. ARISTOTLE THEORY OF PROPERTY:Aristotle defines property as a stock of inanimate instrumentsessential for a house hold.

14. MILL THEORY OF LIBERTY:John Stuart Mill presented the theory of liberty, which is basedupon three important elements. Liberty is necessary to followown impulses which are not harmful for others. Liberty isnecessary for individuality to frame the plan of his own life tosuit his character. Liberty is necessary against tyranny ofcustoms and traditions which might hinder the expression anddevelopment of individuality.

15. KINDS OF LIBERTY:Mill pleaded certain liberties for individual without which hecannot properly develop his personality. These are thefollowing:

i. Liberty of thought.ii. Liberty of profession.iii. Liberty of religion.

iv. Liberty of consciencev. Liberty of desire

16. BENTHAM THEORY OF UTILATARIANISM:In simple words, utilitarianism means greatest good orpleasure to the greatest number of people.According to Bentham everything or action of man is good if it

provides pleasures to citizens. Every good action will provideaction while every bad action will provide troubles. He saysthat there are two masters of life which govern the life of everyindividual first one is pleasure, every one wants to get



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pleasure. The second one is called pain; every one wants toavoid pain, grief and trouble.

17. GENERAL WILL:According to Rousseau, all individuals surrendered all theirrights to the whole community in such a way that they remainas free as they were before by obeying general will he isobeying none but himself.

18. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLATO ANDARISTOTLE:

Plato says that morality is comprehensive and completesubject. But Aristotle subjected morality to politics.Both divide society. But Plato divides the society into threegroups while Aristotle divides society into citizens and slaves.Plato gives all sorts of powers to philosopher rulers. It meansthat he was against theory of separation of powers. ButAristotle distributes the governmental powers among the three

organs of government.Aristotle believes in constitution. He studied about 150constitutions and then suggest a best practicable constitution.But Plato is totally against constitution.

19. INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE METHOD:Inductive is that method in which the idea comes from generalto concrete. While Deductive is that method in which the ideas

come from concrete to general.20. CHRISTIANISED ARISTOTLE:

Thomas Aquinas is called Christianized Aristotle.21. MACHIAVELLI A SATIN:

Machiavelli presented moral indifference theory. He separatedreligion and morality form the politics, so due to this reason heis called Satin.

22. MAIN DRIVE FORCES OF HUMAN LIFE. HOBBS:The two main drive forces of human life according to Hobbsare; 1-want of pleasure and 2- avoidance of pain.

23. DEDUCTIVE PHILOSOPHER:



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Plato came from idealism to realism that is why he is calleddeductive philosopher.

1. POLITICAL SYSTEM:A political system means a network of individual, groups andorganization whose interactions and relationships help todetermine, enforce and interpret the rules and policiesgoverning the behavior of the society.

2. FEDERAL CONSOLIDATED FUND:All revenues received by the federal govt, all loans raised bythat govt and all money received by it in the payment of anyloan shall form a part of consolidated fund to be known asfederal consolidated fund.

3. RUBBER STAMP MINISTER:Rubber stamp minister means as toys in the hand of presidentwhich he uses for his own interest.

4. APPROPRIATE BILL:All demands voted by the assembly together with consolidatedfunds, charges are incorporated into a bill which is calledappropriate bill.

5. ACT AND BILL:Bill means which only represent in one house and act is thatbill which is passed by the parliament and which is binding

and strictly obeyed.6. ORDINANCE:

When parliament is not in session and at that time temporarylegal orders issued by the head of the state is called ordinancesor decrees.

7. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT:To break away the traditional monopoly of powers and its

redistribution among new ones is called political development.8. POLITICAL CULTURE:Attitude of the people towards politics is called politicalculture.



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9. SCHEDULE:Schedule is that one in which some details about an article isgiven.

10. DECENTRALIZATION OF POWERS.When powers are distributed and it cannot be taken back, thiskind of distribution of powers is called decentralization ofpowers.

11. EXECUTIVE POWERS:The powers which are exercised by political administrator andwhich are basically the overall supervision of administration iscalled executive powers.

12. QUORUM:Minimum strength of the house which is required to run thebusiness of govt.

13. CONSTITUENCY:A constituency is such an electoral area whose voters cast their

votes at one place and elect one or more candidates as theirrepresentatives.

14. PRIVATE MEMBER:Private member is not a minister but is the member of thehouse.

15. SINGLE TRANSFERABLE VOTE:The vote of an elector is not wasted if his candidate is unable

to get a majority of plurality of votes; his vote is transferred tonext candidate from whom he was shown his 2nd preferenceand so on.

16. COMPLEMENTARY VOTE:A vote which is cast in order to fulfill the necessities.

17. SECRETE SESSION:Those sessions whose business is kept under secrecy is called

secrete session.18. MAGNA CARTA:



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It is the basic stone of British constitution which means toimpose laws about rights, duties and functions of parliament,monarch and citizens.

19. QUEEN CAN DO NO WRONG:The queen does everything on the advice of cabinet, primeminister as they are represented by the people.

20. ELECTION OF US PRRESIDENT:The US president is elected indirectly by the people. Thepeople will first elect the Electoral College which will elect apresident from amongst the candidates.

21. ELECTION OF US SENATE:Originally the senators are elected indirectly by the statelegislatures, but after 17th amendment 1913, they are todayelected directly by the people of each state.

22. ARTICLES AND AMENDMENTS IN USCONSTITUTION:

There are 7 articles and 27 amendments in the constitution ofUSA.

23. JUDICIAL REVIEW:Actually Judicial Review means the ultimate power of anycourt to declare unconstitutional and hence unenforceable. i.any law. ii. Any official action based upon law. iii. Any otheraction by public officer that it deems to be in conflict with

constitution.24. USA INDEPENDENCE:

The independence of USA was signed in 1776.25. ELECTION OF PAKISTAN PRESIDENT:

The president of Pakistan is indirectly elected by the ElectoralCollege consists of members of parliament and members of allfour provincial assemblies.

26. ELECTION OF PAK SENATORS:The provincial assemblies elect the senators to fill the seatsreserved for the respective provinces on the basis of singletransferable vote of proportional representation.



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27. ATICLES OF PAK CONSTITUTIONS:Articles in Pak constitutions are as following:1956---234 A---13 Parts---6 Scdl1962---250 A---12 Parts---3 Scdl1973---280 A---12 Parts---7 Scdl28. REMOVAL OF US PRESIDENT:For the removal of US president the charges are made by theHouse of Representatives by the 2/3 majority votes and Senatepresided over by the chief justice of Supreme Court.

28. AMENDMENT IN US CONSTITUTION:There are two ways of proposing amendments and two ways ofratifying amendments in the US Constitution:An amendment can be proposed by 2/3 majority in both thehouses of congress upon the application of the legislatures of2/3 of the states.The proposals for amendments are to be ratified either by the

legislatures of of the states or by special convention calledin at least of the states.

29. VETO POWERS OF US PRESIDENT:If a bill is becoming a law at that time the president candisapprove it, he may formerly veto it sending it back tocongress with a message explaining his rejection. This iscalled suspensive veto.

If a bill is sent to president for signing he can refuse to sign thebill with in 10 days, during this time the last session ofcongress adjourn. This act of withholding the presidentialsignature is called pocket veto.

30. PORK BARREL LEGISLATION:In USA Pork Barrel legislation means to give benefit to itsown constituency.

31. SUPERIORITY OF BRITISH HOUSE OFCOMMONS:House of Common is the superior body of British parliamentbecause the whole machinery of the state formulated with the



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help of House of Common. British parliamentary sovereigntyis very familiar and for all practical purpose. This sovereigntyis exercised by the House of common.

32. CHECKS AND BALANCE:The formers of the constitution modified the separation ofpowers of departments by a system of checks and balance witha view to making powers limited, controlled and diffused. Ashare of powers enables the president and congress to checkthe balance of each other. Both branches participate in makingthe laws and thus can interfere with the exercise of powers bythe other. In short, we can say that the constitution has giventhe powers to all the three parts to check each other, for thepurpose that they should not go to the extreme position.

*****1. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION:

It is a forum of co-operation of sovereign state based on

multilateral international agreement and comprising arelatively stable range of participants, the fundamental featureof which is existence of permanent organs with a definitecompetence and powers acting for carrying out of commonaim.

2. LEAGUE OF NATION:League of Nations came into being after the end of world war

first in April 1919 and it started its work on 10th January 1920.3. FAMOUS 14 POINTS:

President Wilson of America is famous for 14 points, when hegave the idea of points in the form of draft for leaguesestablishment.

4. ARTICLES IN LEAGUE CHARTER:There were 26 articles in the charter of league.

5. MANDATE SYSTEM:The mechanism setup by the league for the administration ofcolonial areas taken from Germany and Turkey by the alliedand associated powers is known as mandate system.



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6. COLLECTIVE SECURITY:The machinery for joint action in order to prevent or counterany attack against an establishing world order is known ascollective security.

7. PCIJ AND ICJ:Permanent Court of International Justice and InternationalCourt of Justice.There are many differences between PCIJ and ICJ. Some ofwhich are following.PCIJ has compulsory jurisdiction in limited matters while ICJhas compulsory jurisdiction over numerous matters.The PCIJ would give advisory opinion on any legal questionon the request of only leagues council or assembly but ICJ cangive advisory opinion not only on the request of generalassembly and security and security council but also on therequest of other organs and specialized agencies of UN.

There are some other differences but the main difference isthat the PCIJ was only affiliated agency of League of Nations,but the ICJ is the permanent institution of UNO.

8. FAULT LINES IN SAARC:The main fault lines in SAARC are the following.

i. There is lack of common goal in SAARC countries.ii. The relations between member states are not good.

iii. There is wide spread imbalance between themember states.

iv. The political disputes of fundamental naturecontinue to exist between member states.

v. The role of India is always negative.vi. There are constitutional constraints in the charter of

SAARC.

vii. There are no adequate transport and communicationfacilities among the SAARC states.viii. There are also strict visa rules among the member

states.



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9. WEAKNESS OF OIC:OIC is a weak organization because:

i. The Muslims have never acted as on nation. Theyhave never been united enough to form a potentforce.

ii. Most of the Muslim countries belong to third worldcountries.

iii. The lack of unity is due to the reason that we arenot good practicing Muslims, we have forgotten theteachings and principles of Islam.

iv. There is growing influence of the west over Islamiccountries.

v. Shia-Sunni divided the Muslim world.vi. If a resolution is passed in a summit conference

then there is no act upon this resolution. In shortthere is lack of enforcement action in OIC.

10. GLOBALIZATION:Free market economy is called globalization. Or when there isno restriction over trade and markets and there are freemovements of goods and services.

11. REGIONALISM:In IR a region is an area embracing the territories of three ormore states.

12. WITHDRAWAL OF USA FROM LEAGUE:Due to Monroe Doctrine the US senate rejected the treaty ofVersailles and the idea of league that is why USA did not joinleague.

13. SUMMIT CONFERENCES:Summit Conferences are those in which the heads of states orgovernments take parts.

14. SAARC AND ECO:The basic difference between SAARC and ECO is that all themembers of ECO are Muslims whereas SAARC members areof different religions. Secondly ECO is constituted for



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12. Ameer Ali was the first Indian Muslim who became thejudge of High Court.

13. Lord Dufferin was the viceroy when congress wasformed.

14. Lord Minto was the viceroy of India during thepartition of Bengal.

15. Lord Kurzen came to India in 1899 as a viceroy.16. Raja Gopal Acharia formula is that formula after the

publication of which talks were started between Gandhiand Jinnah in 1944.

17. Dr. Major Sayed Hassan was the secretary of MuslimsLeague who was permanently elected.

18. Sir Sayed was born in 1817.19. The right of separate electorate was given to Muslims

for the first time in 1909.20. Bengal was partitioned in July 1905 but its official date

was 16th October 1905.21. Mr. Morley was the secretary of state affairs for India.22. Quaid-e-Azam joined Muslim League in 1913.23. Choura Chouri is the name of that place where 22

police men burnt alive.24. Pakistan became republic after 1956 constitution on

23rd March 1956.

25. Liaqat Ali Khan was the first Prime Minister ofPakistan.

26. Major General Iskandar Mirza was the last GovernorGeneral and first President of Pakistan.

27. Basic Democracy was introduced by Ayoub Khan andwas designed to initiate the broad masses of Pakistaninto the working democratic process. It was suggested

that it could best be done by first exposing them to aform of limited democracy before they could learn tooperate the more sophisticated form.



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28. The main causes which were responsible for theconstitution delay were, the Islamic concept of state,the issue of quantum representatives, regionalautonomy, language controversy, form of govt, systemof electorate and lack of interest.

29. Sir Zafrullah was the first foreign minister of Pakistan.GENERAL QUESTIONS

1. Change in the behavior of people in a society iscalled social change. It may be positive ornegative.

2. Committee is not authorized to do something orit has no authority. It can give onlyrecommendation and is usually constituted forsimple matters.

3. Commission has the authority ofrecommendation as well as implementation. It

is fully authorized and it is usually constitutedfor important constitutional legal and politicalmatters for change.

4. How to solve the problem is called method or toutilize all those facts which can help in thesolution of that problem.

5. When some tools are used for the solution of a

problem then it is known as technique.6. The way of life is called as culture.7. Such way of life which brings positive results is

called civilization.8. Repriew: to suspend a punishment.9. Respite: decrease the time of punishment.10. To draw general principles on the basis of

experiments, observations and analysis and stillapplicable in future is called theory.11. Legal power is called authority.



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12. A discipline implies to a set of skills andtechniques, a body of theory and issue andsubject matter.

13. Preemptive: to face the short term threat.14. Preventive: to face long term threats.15. Concert of Europe: It is a system of conferences

which were held in the beginning of 19th

century for the purpose to give protection toEurope.

16. When powers are given to some body and itcannot be taken back this is called delegation ofpowers.

17. That court which is especially for war mattersto recognize whether there have been violationor not.

18. Those states which sign a treaty are called

signatories.19. WMD: Weapons for mass destruction.20. SALT: Strategic arms limitation treaty.21. START: Strategic arms reduction treaty.22. Pragmatism: To do some things keeping in

view the consequences of that action.23. Empiricism: Knowledge which is based on

experiments and observations.24. Command And Control: To supervise some

thing it is called control. Command not only tosupervise but also show orders it is calledcommand.

25. The number of events which happened in aparticular time is called chronology.

26. Cold War: After the end of World War 2nd

suspicions arose between USA and USSR.They started the war of media propaganda,economic and political policies etc. and each of



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them tried to dominate the other. So thisstruggle of USA and USSR is known as coldwar.

27. Good Offices: Technically good offices areinvolved where a third party attends toinfluence the opposing sides to enter into anegotiation table and due to the efforts of 3rd

party the two opposing sides settle theirdisputes.

28. Buffer State: It is a kind of state which issituated between two powerful states and thetwo joining powers agree to follow a policy ofnone interference within the affairs of that state.The best example is that of Afghanistan whichwas a buffer state between USSR and BritishIndia in 19th and early 20th Century. Buffer State

may be neutral of or neutralized or dependentstate.

29. Durand line agreement was signed betweenthe foreign secretary of India Sir More marDurand and Amir-e- Abdul Rehman the ruler ofAfghanistan on 12th November 1893. Thisagreement is known as Durand line agreement.

30. Senatorial Courtesy means that allappointments made or treaties concluded by thepresident are subject to the confirmation ofsenate.

31. Subjugation means conquest followed byannexation of enemy territory in time of war.

32. Neutralization: It means to make an alien a

citizen through some formal acts on theapplication of the concerned individual or aprocess by which a citizen of one countrybecome the citizen of another.



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33. Neutralism: It refers to political attitude of stateby which a state can keep itself aloof from thepower struggle and ideological war betweencapitalist and communist blocks.

34. Red Tapism means to follow precedents. Thusthe cases are decided not on the basis of meritbut on the basis of outdated precedents.

35. Adjournment Motion means delay in the normalbusiness and considers a matter of urgentimportance.

36. The total strength of National Assembly is 272plus 60 women. In addition to this 10 seats arereserved for minorities who shall be elected bypolitical parties according to their numericalstrength province wise. Thus Total Seats = 342

37. Senate Strength = 100

14 each provincial assembly4 women by each provincial assembly4 Technocrats by each provincial assembly8 from FATA4 from Federal Capital.

38. Strength of Provincial Assemblies:NWFP= 99 G. 22 W. 3 Min. Total = 124

Balochistan = 51 G. 22 W. 3 Min. Total = 65Punjab = 297 G. 66 W. 8 Min. Total = 371Sindh= 130 G. 29 W. 9 Min. Total = 168

39. National Socialism:National Socialism is the second name of Nazism. NationalSocialism believes in a system of govt where there is no libertyof individualism. It support totalitarian state. It lays too much

emphasis on racism and expansionism. It is anti capitalist andanti communist system.



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40. Difference between Fascism and Nazism: 1) Infascism there is stress on nationalism while inNazism more stress given by racism.

2) Fascism supports expansion on the idea of reestablishmentof the Roman Empire but the base of Nazi expansionism is themaster race (Aryan).3) Nazism considers the Jews as the evil of the world andtherefore should be eradicated while fascism is not againstJews or any other race.4) In Nazism, economic system is in the control of individualwhereas in Fascism economic system is in the control of state.

41. China became the permanent member of UNSecurity Council on 26th of October 1971.

42. Economy plays main role in Foreign Policy.43. There are four kinds of Diplomatic Agents. 1)

Ambassadors. 2) Ministers Plenipotentiary. 3)

Minister resident. 4) Charges affairs.44. Piracy is an international crime because it has

been prohibited by International Law.45. Jean Jacque Rousseau and John Stuart Mill are

the two most famous philosophers of theliberty.

46. Those regions which unite Asia with Europe are

called Balkan Regions.47. ACCOUNTABILITY: Various systems in

which public officials(elected and non Elected)are require to give an accounting of theirperformance in fiscal and other matters.

48. CIVIL DISOBEDIENC: The belief ofdisobedience to the law is an appropriate means

of forcing a political system to change the law.49. APARTHIED: An Africans word now part ofmost languages that refers to the extreme form



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of racial separation practiced in Republic ofSouth Africa.

50. Ballots are votes cast in an election contestedby two or more individuals or parties. Byextension the ballot box is the box into whichthe votes are put in and to ballot denote theprocess of voting.

51. FILIBUSTERING: To obstruct the passage ofbill by making prolong speech in the Americansenate.

52. Closure: To close the debate in the house byvarious steps is known as closure.

53. Gullitoin: It also means closure bycompartment. If simply means to allocate timefor discussion on various sections of a bill.When the fix time is over, debate on that

section or part is stopped.54. Kangroo: It means that when various motions

are put for discussion and then the selection ofone of them for discussion by the speaker iscalled Kangroo.

55. Strength of American Congress: Americancongress consists of two houses. The lower

house is called House of Representatives. Totalmembers strength of the House ofRepresentatives is 435. And the upper House iscalled Senate its total strength is 100. So TotalStrength is 535.

56. PUNCHSHEELA: It is the aggregate of fiveelements which are Equality, Peaceful Co-

existence, Non-Aggression, Non-interference,and Non-alignment. It is the term of ForeignPolicy. This principle of foreign policy is used



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by most of the states while formulating theirforeign policy.

57. Retorsion: It is that mean of coercive settlementof dispute which is according to InternationalLaw and in which act of War is not involved.

58. Reprisal: It is that mean of coercive settlementof dispute which is contrary to InternationalLaw and in which act of war is involved.

59. Agenda: Collection of proposals is calledagenda.

60. Law of Nature: A law which is based onreasons is called law of nature.

61. Charter: The constitution of UNO is Charter. Ithas 111 articles.

62. Covenant: The constitution of League ofNations was called covenant.

63. Diplomacy: The management of Internationalrelation is called diplomacy.

64. Communism is revolutionary while socialism isevolutionary.

65. To study any thing with its parts is calledanalytical method.

66. To identify similarities and dissimilarities

between two is called comparative method.67. Absolutism: The theory of practice of absolute

govt typically based on a claim to unlimitedright to rule is called absolutism.

68. Bipolarity: The tendency of the internationalsystem to revolve round to poles or blocks isknown as bipolarity.

69. Cabinet: A group of senior ministers whichmeets formally and regularly and it is presidedby the chief executive is known as cabinet.



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70. Constitutional: A set of rules that establish anddistribute powers, duties and functions of theinstitutions of govt and defines the relationshipbetween the state and the individual is calledconstitution.

71. Constitutional Law: Constitutional law is thatwhich regulates the relationship betweenbranches of govt and between the state and theindividual.

72. Fiscal Policy: That govts policy of tax andexpanding the aim of which is to influence theaggregate demand of the people is called fiscalpolicy.

73. Devolution: The transfer of power from centralgovt to subordinate regional bodies withoutshared sovereignty is called devolution.

74. Zionism: The movement for the establishmentof a Jewish homeland now had linked to thedefense of the interests and territorial integrityof Israel.

75. Minimal State: It is the state whose functionsare restricted to the maintenance of domesticorder and the protection of property. It is also

night watchman state.76. Lobby: An interest group that influences the

policy process is known as lobby.77. Laissez Faire: It means to leave to do or the

principle of the non-interference of govt ineconomic life.

78. Judiciary: The branch of govt which is

empowered to decide and give judgment on themeaning of law.79. Caucus: It is a meeting of party members held

to nominate election candidates or to discuss



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legislative proposals in advance of formalproceedings.

80. Mr. Jinnah returned to India after second roundtable conference in 1934.

pak in world affairs

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