SKELETAL & MUSCULAR SYSTEMSPages 384-398

What is cartilage and give an example of where it can be found in the body? TOUGH SUPPORTIVE TISSUENOSE, EAR, RIBS, PELVIS, IN BETWEEN JOINTS

The hardening of cartilage to bone is called OSSIFICATION.

As you get older, your bones get thinner and weaker. This is known as

OSTEOPOROSIS.

A point at which two bones come together is know as a

JOINT.

TYPES OF JOINTSHINGE – permit movement forward & backward (KNEE, ELBOW, FINGERS, TOES)

BALL & SOCKET – allows movement in all directions (SHOULDER & HIP) PIVOT – allow some bones to move side to side and up &

down found in the neck (ATLAS & AXIS) GLIDING/ELLIPSOIDAL – bones slide over one another

(WRIST has 8 bones & ANKLE has 7 bones)

SUTURE – two or more bones that form together to create an immovable joint.

(SKULL, STERNUM, SACRUM & COCCYX)

639 total muscles of the human body see page 396

VOLUNTARY VERSUS INVOLUNTARY MUSCLEVOLUNTARY

YOU CONTROL - requires thought

INVOLUNTARY YOU DO NOT CONTROL – AUTOMATIC–

may be overridden by thought such as breathing or blinking

MUSCLE TISSUES

SKELETAL – striated muscle tissue causing body movementVOLUNTARY CONNECTED TO BONE BY TENDON

SMOOTH – INVOLUNTARY CONTROLS MOVEMENTS INSIDE THE BODY SUCH AS BREATHING, DIGESTION, & BLOOD VESSELS

CARDIAC – striated muscle tissue forming wall of heartINVOLUNTARY STRONGEST MUSCLE IN THE BODY

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

What are tendons? What 2 structures do tendons connect?TISSUES THAT CONNECT MUSCLE TO BONE SO THAT THE MUSCLE CAN MOVE THE BONE

What are ligaments? What structures do ligaments connect?TISSUES THAT CONNECT BONE TO BONE TO HOLD A JOINT IN PLACE

How do muscles control movement of the body parts?CONTRACTION & RELAXATION OF MUSCLE GROUPS CAUSING AN EXTENSION (opens joint) OR FLEXION (closes joint)

What are the 2 main methods to keeping your skeletal and muscular systems healthy?EAT WELL & EXERCISE

OTHER NOTES206 bones in the skeletal system (normal)

Main functions of the skeletal system are:shape/structure/supportprotection of internal organs

 Structure of bones

1. starts out as cartilage – tough supportive tissue 

2. calcium & phosphorous added to cartilage so it hardens into bone between ages 20-25 (this is called ossification)

3. osteoporosis – bones become thinner & weaker

MAIN SECTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

Axial skeleton (center/torso)

skullvertebraeribs (true, false, floating)sternum

Appendicular skeleton (appendages/extension from torso)

shoulders (clavicle, scapula, head of humerus)

arms & handships (pelvis)

legs and feet

DISORDERS OF SKELETAL & MUSCULAR SYSTEMS

Fracture – crack or break in bone hairline – no separation in bone transverse – bone is completely broken

through comminuted – shattered into more than 2

pieces closed – bone does not pierce skin open – bone pierces skin

Dislocation – ligaments around a joint are severely stretched or torn and bone pops out of joint

DISORDERS OF SKELETAL & MUSCULAR SYSTEMS (CONTINUED)

Scoliosis – spine develops a curvature to one side usually during childhood

 Strain – tear through all of the muscle

and/or tendon Sprain – over stretched or torn ligament Shin splints – tears in the tissue covering

the tibia that connect to the muscle

DISORDERS OF SKELETAL & MUSCULAR SYSTEMS (CONTINUED)

Bursitis – inflammation of fluid-filled sac called a bursa - A bursa reduces friction between movable parts.

Bunion – painful swelling of a bursa in first joint of the big toe

Arthritis – inflammation of a jointosteoarthritis – wear & tear of joints

DISORDERS OF SKELETAL & MUSCULAR SYSTEMS (CONTINUED)

Bruise – discolored skin after injury due to ruptured blood vessels

Tendonitis – inflammation of a tendon

Hernia – organ tissue protrudes through area of a weak muscle

Muscular Dystrophy – inherited (genetic) disorder in which skeletal muscle fibers are progressively destroyed

BONE SHAPESlong –

humerus, femur, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula

short – metacarpals, metatarsals

flat – ribs, skull 

irregular – scapula, carpals, tarsals, vertebrae, pelvis