Pages 168-171

More than 1,000 years ago fields of corn, beans, & squash bloomed in the desert southwest

The Hohokams◦ Means vanished ones planted these fields◦ Built a complex irrigation system to farm desert◦ Lived near Gila River in present-day Arizona◦ Built temple mounds & ball courts like the Mayans◦ Survived until 1500

Anasazi◦ Best-known society of the southwest◦ Lived in Four Corners region of Arizona, New Mexico,

Colorado, & Utah◦ Built pueblos between 900-1300 AD◦ Pueblo Bonito

Pueblo village consisted of a huge complex with 800 rooms that housed about 6,000 people

At the center was a plaza where they dug their kiva which is a large underground chamber for religious ceremonies

◦ Cliff Dwellings Late 1100’s Anasazi built housing in the shadow of canyon

walls Mesa Verde largest of these is located in Colorado & had over 200

rooms Late 1200’s long drought forced the Anasazi to abandon these

◦ Their traditions survived among the Hopi & Pueblo tribes

Mississippi & Ohio valleys other farming cultures emerged in 700 BC

The Adena & Hopewells left behind giant earthen mounds

Some cone shaped others animal shaped Great Serpent Mound in Ohio wiggles & twist

for ¼ mile Objects in these show that traders extended

their influence over a wide area. They brought back shells & shark teeth from the Gulf of Mexico & copper from the Great Lakes region.

Cahokia◦ 800 AD early cultures disappeared & Mississippians

gained influence ◦ Cahokia was their greatest center in present-day

Illinois & housed over 40,000 people around 1200 AD◦ It had at least 60 mounds◦ Largest mound had a temple on its summit where

priests held ceremonies.◦ Archaeologists think that this temple mound shows

influence of Middle American civilizations Heirs of the Mound Builders

◦ Mississippians left no written records & cities disappeared by European arrival

◦ Natchez people carried on their traditions

10 culture areas based on environments lived in prior to 1500 each one had to adapt ways of life to the environment◦ Arctic◦ Subarctic◦ Northwest Coast◦ California◦ Great Basin◦ Plateau◦ Southwest◦ Great Plains◦ Eastern Woodlands◦ Southeast

Late immigrants from Siberia called Eskimos (eaters of raw flesh) by Native Americans they called themselves Inuits (the People)

Lived in small bands surviving by hunting & fishing

Seals & other sea mammals gave them food, clothing, tools, & oils for cooking

Built kayaks, igloos, dog sleds,& partially underground sod dwellings

Had a far richer environment that the Inuits Rivers contained plenty of salmon Hunters tracked deer, wolves, & bears in

the forest People built large permanent villages with

wooden homes Shared surplus goods in a potlatch

ceremony◦ Held in Canada today person of wealth distributes

lavish gifts to large numbers of guests.

Eastern Woodlands stretched from the Atlantic Coast to the Great Lakes & was home to the Iroquios

They cleared land & built villages in the forest Late 1500’s Dekanawidah urged rival Iroquois to stop

their fighting He became one of the founders of the political system

known as the Iroquois League◦ 5 Nation alliance shared traditions & spoke same language◦ Only men sat on the council, but each clan had a clan

mother to name or depose council members◦ League emerged right when Europeans arrived

Encounters with the Europeans took a toll on North American peoples & toppled the Aztecs & Incans