paf final project report on solar power plant
TRANSCRIPT
DETAILED PROJECT REPORT
A PROJECT ON GREENERGY POWER (I) PVT Ltd
Submitted to:
Prof. D. Shreenivasachary
Submitted by:
Nikhlesh Jindal-10BSPHH010968
Ankit Grover-10BSPHH010099
Anuj Grover-10BSPHH010134
Nitika Thakur-10BSPHH010491
Nabarun Saha-10BSPHH010428
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INDEX
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………..……………………………………………………………………2
PROJECT AT A GLANCE……………………………………………………………………………….…3
SECTION – 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT………………………….…………………………………………6
SECTION - 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION………………………………………………………………...……………….10
SECTION - 3
DEMAND ANALYSIS AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT…………………..………………12
SECTION - 4
TECHNICAL FEATURE & EQUIPMENTS OF THE PLANT…………………………………………15
SECTION-5
POWER PLANT CONFIGURATION AND SPECIFICATIONS OF MAIN PLANT
EQUIPMENT……………………………………………………………………………………………...…17
SECTION - 6
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE……………………………………………………………………..31
SECTION - 7
SWOT ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………………………………………..37
SECTION - 8
PLANT LAYOUT & PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION……………………………………...………….40
SECTION – 9
ESTIMATED PROJECT COST……………………………………………………………………………42
SECTION – 10
ESTIMATED POWER GENERATION COST…………………………………………………………...44
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(A) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Electricity Act, 2003, paves way for an innovative approach to solve our
country’s power problems. It has paved the way for a competitive environment;
open access to existing transmission and distribution network to transmit electricity
across regions; de-licensing of generation, captive power and dedicative
transmission lines; licensing of distribution and supply companies and the
restructuring of State Electricity Boards
The Ministry of Power have a mandate to promote cogeneration and renewable
sources for Power generation under Nodal agencies and hence it will play a major
role in mainstreaming renewable energy sector. The advantage or renewable
resources includes their capacity to produce energy without producing carbon-
based warming and polluting agents into the atmosphere. The financial cost of its
applications is not always cheap but if the environmental costs of using fossil are
accounted for, renewable energy wins hands-down. There are also indirect savings
on health and its costs as there are no harmful emissions.
In the above backdrop, Sahil Energy Pvt. Ltd., has decided to set up a 5MW Solar
Power Plant. This Detailed Project Report (DPR) brings out all technical details and
overall costs justifying the selection of the project. The total power generation is
envisaged to be 5MW from Solar Photovoltaic Cell. It is a very important document
that is required for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies, fixation of tariff,
finalizing Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) and also for submission to Financial
Institutions for obtaining project funding. The total project cost is expected to be
Rs85 Crores and the average cost of generation is expected to be Rs.12.86 /kWh.
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(B) PROJECT AT A GLANCE
1.0 GENERAL
1.1 The Project 5MW Solar PV Grid Connected Power Project
1.2 Owner SAHIL ENERGY
1.3 Location of Plant ANANTAPUR DIST.
1.4 Location Kadiri
1.5 Distance from District Headquarter
1.6 Access by Road Chennai Mumbai National highway
1.7 Access by Rail Kadiri Railway station
1.8 Access by Air Satya Sai Airport Anantpura
1.9 Telecommunications Telecommunication facility available
1.10 Land It is proposed to install 5MW on the land, admeasuring about ………… Acre, which is already demarcated
1.11 Land Characteristics Barren Land Non Agricultural Land
1.12 The Geographical location of the project site
13'-40' and 15'-15' Northern Latitude and 76'-50' and 78'-30' Eastern Longitude
1.13 Irradiation details considered Kadiri, Anantpur(Dist.)
1.14 Type of Module Mounting Structure Fixed Structures, Earth Mounted
1.15 Type of PV Modules Considered for the offer
Crystalline
1.16 Proposed Capacity 5 MWp
1.17 Capacity of each PV Module 200 Wp
1.18 Invertors Capacity 100 KVA x 50 Nos.
1.19 Projected Energy Production per year 8.3 MU(Assured)
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1.20 Total Project Cost Rs 80. CR
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SECTION - 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT
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INTRODUCTION World Economic growth is driven by energy, whether in the form of finite resources
such as coal, oil and gas or in renewable forms such as hydroelectric, wind, solar
and biomass or its converted form. This energy generation and consumption
strengthens the nation’s industries, vehicles, homes and offices. It also has
significant impact on the quality of the country’s air, water, land and forest
resources. For future growth to be both rapid and sustainable, it needs to be as
resource efficient and environmentally benign as possible.
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY & IMPORTANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY The growth in installed power generating capacity has not kept pace with the
projected demand. To solve this problem, it is necessary to set up more power
plants and most of these power plants will be either fossil fuel based or hydro
electric units. However, the conventional power stations cause enormous damage
to be environment due to pollution and other side effects.
Renewable energy sources energy source are wonderful options because they are
limitless. These will not be exhausted though fossil fuel will be gradually exhausted
in course of time. Also another great benefit from using renewable energy is that
most of these sources do not pollute the environment; the way burning of fossil fuels
dose.
SOURCE OF GREENHOUSE GAS The greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) come primarily from the combustion of fossil
fuels in energy use. Energy use is largely driven by economic growth with short-
term fluctuations in its growth rate created by weather patterns affecting heating and
cooling needs, as well as changes in the fuel used in electricity generation.
The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tones of Carbon Dioxide per
year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that
amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tones of atmospheric carbon
dioxide per year. Carbon dioxide is one of the GHG that enhances radioactive
forcing and contributes to global warming, causing the average surface temperature
of the earth to rise. Environment scientists predict that this will cause major adverse
effects, including reduced biodiversity.
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The electricity sector is unique among industrial sectors in its very large contribution
to emissions associated with nearly all air issues. Electricity generation produces a
large share of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide emissions, which contribute to
smog and acid rain and the formation of fine particulate matter in addition to carbon
dioxide. In addition, this sector has significant impacts on water and habitat and
species. In particular, hydro dams and transmission lines have significant effects on
water and biodiversity
WORLD ENERGY SCENARIO It was estimated that in 2005, 86% of primary energy production in the world came
from burning fossil fuels, with the remaining non-fossil sources being hydroelectric
6.3%, nuclear 6.0%, and renewable energy sources, i.e. geothermal, solar, wind,
biomass and wastes contributed only 0.9%.
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT Large multi-megawatt PV plants, approximately to 50 MW, are now in operation in
the world.
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) is known to be an important energy source for developing
countries like India. Its importance is now being reaffirmed even by developed
countries in view of its renewable and environment friendly character. In our
country also, optimum utilization of solar energy could not only lead to savings in
conventional energy but also result in many indirect benefits. In India 2MW solar
PV now are commercially operated by independent power producer. But till now
solar technology is expensive compared to other technology and significant financial
assistance from government is needed to the developers and operators of new
plants.
In view of this, the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Sources has been
promoting electricity generation from Solar PV in Mega-Watt level. These projects
are covered under the Grid Interactive Solar PV Power Generation Projects of
Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Sources, Govt. of India. The Ministry initiated
the programme to establish as a viable and environment friendly electricity
generation option.
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BARRIERS IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT
The project has been identified with some barriers as mentioned below: (a) Higher capital cost – The initial capital investment of the project is so high
compared to other conventional power Project, so per MW cost is high.
(b) Low Capacity Utilization factor – the total unit generation is low compared to
other electricity generation system, because maximum of 6 hours in a day
plant gets the solar light and generates the power.
The project being first of its kind in the state, thee could be more risks and barriers
which might surface as the project progresses and it is difficult to enumerate all at
this stage.
BENEFITS OF GRID CONNECTED SOLAR PV POWER PLANT (a) Power from the sun is clean, silent, limitless and free
(b) Photovoltaic process releases no CO2, SO2 or NO2 gases which are normally
associated with burning finite fossil fuel reserves and don’t contribute to global
warming.
(c) Photovoltaics are now a proven technology which is inherently safe as
opposed to other fossil fuel based electricity generating technologies.
(d) No fuel is required for generation, so fuel cost of power generation is zero.
(e) Solar power shall augment the needs of peak power needs
(f) Increase the grid reliability i.e., voltage and frequency
(g) Solar Powered Grid Connect Plants can act as tail end energizers, which in
turn reduces the transmission and distribution losses.
(h) Provides a potential revenue source in a diverse energy portfolio
(i) Assists in meeting renewable portfolio standards goals
(j) Generation of electricity from Solar PV is totally free of Green House Gas
emission.
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SECTION - 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
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INTRODUCTION The proposed 5MWp solar power plant project will generate electricity from
non-conventional sources. The project will use “polycrystalline” technology
for the first time in the state for producing power by solar energy. This
project envisages generation of safe, reliable electricity in an environmentally
friendly way.
BRIEF DETAILS OF PROJECT AREA Kadiri is a taluka under Anantpura District situate in Andhrapradesh
Proposed Solar Power Plant is situated in Kadari
Land area of power plant : 20Acres
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SECTION - 3
DEMAND ANALYSIS AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
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INTRODUCTION It is well know fact that electricity is the most essential input for growth and
development of any state. Andhra pradesh is planning to go rapidly in both the
industrial and agricultural sectors and consequently the demand for power is on the
rise. However, despite Andhrapradesh possessing immense potential of power
ranging from Coal to natural gas not taken place on a scale commensurate with the
possibilities. As a result there exists a big gap between conventional and Non-
conventional power generation for power in the State.
SOLAR POWER POTENTIAL IN INDIA India is endowed with rich solar energy resource. The average intensity of solar
radiation received in India is 200 MW/km square (megawatt per kilometer square),
but the amount of solar energy produced in India is merely 0.5% compared to other
energy resources till date
India just have 2.12 megawatts of grid-connect solar generation capacity. As part of
the National Solar Mission, the ministry aims to booster the annual photovoltaic
production to at least 1,000 megawatts a year by 2017. With an installed capacity of
123 GW, the country currently faces energy shortage of 8 percent and a peak
demand shortage of 11.6 percent, In order to sustain a growth rate of 8 percent, it is
estimated that the power generation capacity in India would have to increase to 306
GW in the next ten years which is 2.5 times current levels.
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SECTION - 4
TECHNICAL FEATURE & EQUIPMENTS OF THE PLANT
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BASIC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Solar Photovoltaic power generator consists of solar modules in series and
parallel connections, these convert solar radiations into DC electrical power at
the pre-determined range of Voltages whenever sufficient solar radiation is
available. The individual crystalline solar cells are connected together in a
module (in series connection), which are hermetically sealed to survive in rugged
weather conditions and ensures optimum performance during its ling life
In order to achieve a higher system voltage, modules are installed in a row
arrangement, called a string. A higher system voltage has the advantage of
lesser installation work, higher efficiency of the entire plant and usage of smaller
cross section cables. Calculated no. of strings is connected in parallel by cables
in Junction Boxes. These junction boxes not only act as a junction point but also
monitor each string output which will be fed to the central monitoring and
analysis system. Outputs from many such junction boxes are connected in
parallel in the Main Combiner Box (MCB). This Main Combiner Box output is fed
to the central inverters/Power Control Unit (PCU) to invert solar generated DC
power in to conventional 3 phase AC power.
Central inverter or PCU operate on MPPT (Maximum power point tracking) mode
to ensure maximum output from the solar generators at different ambient
conditions. Central inverters use higher system voltages to reach very high plant
efficiency. Furthermore, installations can be expanded with additions of more
modules without problems.
AC power from inverters will be fed to LV panel which in turn will be stepped up
through transformer. Power at 11kv/22Kv will be transmitted by overhead
transmission line to grid.
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SECTION-5
POWER PLANT CONFIGURATION AND SPECIFICATIONS OF MAIN
PLANT EQUIPMENT
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The capacity of the Proposed Solar Power Plant has been fixed at 1 MWp.x
5Nos. The principle factors considered for designing and selection of proposed
plant are local solar radiations, ambient conditions and electrical load
characteristics of major system namely the array and power conditioning unit.
Moreover, the proposed plant is situated at remote village location, so maximum
use of local materials available on site for construction and to retain or preserve
the original appearance of the sire and the environment are considered
SR.NO. ITEM
1.0 PV arrays 50 Nos
2.0 Modules in a string 18 Nos
3.0 String in a array 28Nos
4.0 Inverters 50 X 100 KVA
5.0 Transformer 5Nos
SPECIFICATION OF MAIN PLANT (A) SOLAR PV MODULE
SR.NO. ITEM
1.0 Output Power-Pmax (Watt) 200 Wp
2.0 Voltage at maximum power-Vmp (Volts) 28.60 V
3.0 Current at maximum power-Imp (Amps) 7.02
4.0 Open circuit voltage – Voc (Volts) 36
5.0 Short circuit current-Ise (Amps) 7.55
6.0 Type of solar PV cell Poly Crystalline
7.0 Dimensions 1619MM x 1002MM
8.0 weight 23.50Kg
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(B) SOLAR INVERTER
SR. NO.
ITEM
1.0 Nominal Voltage 230/400 volts three phase, 4
Wire, grid tracking Nominal
voltage can be adjusted by ± 10%
via system stepoints.
2.0 Output Frequency 50Hz ± 0.5% inverter to follow grid
frequency up to ±3Hz of the
nominal output frequency during
normal operation
3.0 Continuous rating 100 kw at unity power factor
4.0 Max DC link Voltage Range 800 volts DC
5.0 MPPT Range 397 to 585 Volts DC
6.0 Control Type Voltage source, microprocessor
assisted output regulation
7.0 Waveform PWM for low THD, sine wave
output
8.0 THD Less than 3 %
9.0 Efficiency Up to 94%
10.0 Internal protection system (using electronic detection)
Internal continuous overload
protection inverter peak current
(short circuit) protection Heatsink
over temperature protection
over/under grid voltage AC
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voltage protection over/under grid
frequency protection Anti islanding
protection
11.0 Alarm Signals Via system fault relay (voltage free
contact)
12.0 Front panel display (LCD) LCD panel with membrane
keypad displaying the following
inverter per phase voltage,
current, kW, kVA and frequency
Grid voltage and frequency
inverter (grid ) on line status PV
panel voltage Solar charge current
and ambient temperature
individual power stage heat sink
and cabinet temperature solar
radiation (optional ) Inverter Import
& export kWh summation solar
kWh summation system stepoints
and event logs
13.0 Front Panel Controls (via keypad) Auto mode selection- Grid
connect Inverter Test Mode
selection System off Mode
selection Fault Reset
14.0 Front Panel Indicators Inverter On line control power
supply OK system Fault
15.0 Circuit Breakers ACB / MCCB
16.0 RFI Design to minimize both
conducted and radiated RFI
emissions
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17.0 Earthing Provisions AC bypassing to earth on inverter
and DC inputs
18.0 Operating Temperature Range 5-50 degrees Celsius
19.0 Humidity 0-90% non condensing
20.0 Enclosure Rate for IP30
21.0 Computer port Isolated RS232 port. Provision for
Mod bus protocol. WiFi, LAN
protocol
22.0 Computer Access The system includes a local
access port as well as a
telecommunication dialup facility
incorporating either a standard
PTSN modem or GSM modem for
remote access. SCADA package
will be windows based OPS-
Coms.
23.0 System feature Adjustable logging repetition from
1 sec to 900 seconds Storage
capacity of up to 3 year with 10
min logs Time and date stamped
log entries Time and Date
annotated fault log, holding the
fault description and operating
statistics View and change system
stapoint configurations remotely
Bulk log download for data
importation into a spreadsheet
where applicable.
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24.0 Logging Attributes A summary of the data logging
abilities supply with the control
system for instantaneous viewing
and periodic logging are listed
below:
System summations inverter
import and export kWh Solar
Parameters Inverter volts, amps,
kW, kVA, frequency Grid volts and
frequency Solar panel temp.
Ambient temperature PV panel
voltage Solar charge current Heat
sink & cabinet temperatures solar
radiation (with external
pyranometer optional).
(C)
415V PCC x 125 Nos
SR. NO. ITEM
1.0 TECHNICAL PARAMETERS
1.1 System particulars
1.1.1 Rated voltage and phases 415 V, 3 Phase, 4 wire
1.1.2 Frequency 50 Hz
1.1.3 System earthing Effectively earthed
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1.1.4 Maximum system voltage 457 V
1.1.5 One minute power frequency withstand
voltage
(a) Power circuit
(b) Control circuit
2.5 kV
1.5 kV
1.1.6 Continuous current rating of busbars
(a) PCC
2000A
1.1.7 Short circuit withstand
(a) PCC
50 kA/1 sec.
1.1.8 Reference ambient 500C max.
1.1.9 Max temp of busbars at rated current 900C
2.0 CONSTRUCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
2.1 Sheet steel thickness
2.1.1 Frames 2.5 mm cold rolled
2.1.2 Doors 2.5 mm cold rolled
2.1.3 Covers 2.0 mm cold rolled
2.2 Degree of protection IP 52
2.3 Colour finish shade as per IS: 5 Seven tank process painting with
epoxy based
2.3.1 Interior Glossy white
2.3.2 Exterior Shade 631
2.4 Busbar material All alloy of E 91 E grade. For main
bus bars
- copper for Auxiliary bus bars fully
insulated
2.4.1 Bus bra installation Fully insulated
2.5 Earthin bus.
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2.5.1 Material GS
2.5.2 Size
(a) for PCC
By bidder
2.6 Clearances in air of live parts 5-50 degrees Celsuis
2.6.1 Phase to Phase 25.4 mm
2.6.2 Phase to earth 19.4 mm
2.7 Single front design All panels
2.8 Draw out / Fixed type design Rate for IP30
2.8.1 PCC-ACB Draw out type
2.8.2 MCCB Fixed / plug in type
2.9 Incoming supply to PCCs Through cables
2.10 Vertical cable alley Minimum 250 mm
2.11 Cable entry Bottom
3.0 INCOMER CIRCUIT BREAKER FOR PCC
3.1 Circuit breaker type Fully draw out type Air circuit
breaker
3.2 No. of Phases 4 pole
3.3 Rated breaking capacity 50 kA
3.4 Short circuit withstand current 50 kA for 1 Second
3.5 Rated current Refer enclosed SLD
3.6 Type of operating mechanism Motorized spring charged
Motor voltage, 220 V Ac, 1Ph.
3.7 Shunt trip require Yes/No Yes
3.8 Relays / releases / control Overload / Earth fault / short
circuit / static with settable settings
(Microprocessor based)
3.9 Remote communication Through serial link, Port Rs. 485
with formation of bus wires and
communication modem
3.10 Breaker Test-Service selector switch Required
3.11 Local- Remote selector switch Required
3.12 Minimum no. of auxiliary contacts 4 No, 4 NC spare for purchaser’s
use
4.0 OUTGOING CIRCUIT BREAKER FOR PCC
4.1 Circuit breaker type MCCB
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(D) TRANSFORMER
SR.
NO.
ITEM
1.0 GENERAL
1.1 Application Power Transformer
1.2 Quantity 1 No.
1.3 Installation (Indoor / Outdoor ) Outdoor
1.4 Type (Auto / 2 Winding / 3 Winding) 2 Winding
1.5 Rating 1.6 MVA
1.6 Cooling ONAN
2.0 TEMRATURE RISE
2.1 Ambient temp. maximum 45 C
2.2 Temp. Rise of oil by thermometer 50 C
2.3 Temp. Rise of winding by resistance method 55 C
2.4 Impedance at rated current frequency at 75 C 6.25%
4.2 No. of phases TP with N
4.3 Rated breaking capacity 50 kA for 1 sec.
4.4 Type of operating mechanism Manual
4.5 Shunt trip required Yes
4.6 Relays / series releases Overload / short circuit
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3.0 TAPPING: Off Load Tap Changer
3.1 Tapping on winding (HV) +5 to -5%
3.2 Total tapping range +10
3.3 Step 2.5% ( 5 taps)
4.0 RATING
4.1 No load voltages (a) HV Winding 11 kV
(b) LV Winding 433 V
4.2 Frequency 50 Hz 433 V
5.0 TERMINAL CONNECTION
5.1 HV Winding Line end XLPE cable (with heat shrink
terminations)
5.2 HV Winding neutral end ----------
5.3 LV Winding Line / N end XLPE cable (with heat shrink
terminations)
5.4 LV Winding neutral bushing Separate Neutral bushing for earth connection (suitable for 1.1kV grade)
5.5 Earthing conductor for Transformer body (a) Material -- G.I. strip (b) Size -- 60 x 12 mm
6.0 SYSTEM DATA
6.1 System voltages (a) HV Nominal / Highest 11/12 kV (b) LV Nominal / Highest 0.433/0.457 kV
6.2 Fault levels (a) HV (6.6kV) system 40 kA (b) LV (415V) system 50 kA
6.3 System Neutral Earthing (a) HV (11kV) Earth through Resistor (b) LV (415V) Solidly Earth System
7.0 WINDING
7.1 Material of Winding Copper
7.2 Winding connection & vector group HV (11kV) Delta LV (433V) Star
Dyn 11
7.3 Transformer neutral
Type of Earthing (a) HV – Not applicable (b) LV – Solidly Earthed
8.0 MISCELLANEOUS
8.1 Wheels (a) Plain / Flanged : Flanged
(b) Unidirectional / Bidirectional : Bidirectional
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8.2 Winding temp. indicator required Yes
8.3 Any special final paint required (Epoxy etc.) Epoxy painting
9.0 Additional features for terminal
connection
9.1 HV cable box: With disconnecting chamber, phase segregated type, provided with space heater thermostat
9.2 LT cable box
9.3 Separate LV Neutral bushing: Required for earth connection to earth pit
9.4 Neutral CT after bifurcation 2000/1 A, class PS for 64R, 2000/1 A, CL 5P10, 15 VA for 51NS shall be provided
NOTES: (1) Transformers shall be provided with necessary accessories
(E) HT CABLES
SR. NO. ITEM
1.0 Voltage Grade 11 kV (UE) grade cables, heavy duty
2.0 Conductor Stranded Aluminium
3.0 Conductor Screen Semi – conducting compound
4.0 Insulation XLPE
5.0 Inner sheath Extruded PVC (Type ST-2)
6.0 Outer sheath Extruded PVC (Type ST-2)
7.0 Armoring Galvanized steel strips for multi-core cables and non-magnetic Aluminium wires for single core cables
8.0 Cable Operating Temperature 90 C
9.0 Short circuit withstand current
capacity
40kA for 1 sec.
10.0 Short circuit withstand temperature 250 C
(F) LT CABLES
SR. NO. ITEM UNIT
1.0 POWER CABLE
1.1 Voltage Grade V/V 1100V for 415V system
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1.2 Frequency Hz 50
1.3 Earthing system - Solidly earthed system for 415V system
1.4 Conductor -
1.4.1 Material - Annealed Cu
1.4.2 Max withstand Temp -
(a) Normal condition C 90
(b) Short circuit condition C 250
1.4.3 Conductor type - Stranded
1.4.4 Grade - H4
1.5 Insulation -
1.5.1 Material - XLPE
1.5.2 Reference standard - IS 7098, Part I and Part II
1.6 Inner Sheath -
1.6.1 Material - FRLS PVC
1.6.2 Type - ST2
1.7 Outer Sheath -
1.7.1 Material - FRLS PVC
1.7.2 Type - ST2
(G) EARTHING & LIGHITNG PROTECTION CODES & STANDARDS The earthing of all outdoor equipment and provision of associated earthing
systems, electrodes and connections shall be in accordance with the
recommendations in the latest IEEE 80/IS 3043.
DESIGN CRITERIA GROUNDING SYSTEM The grounding design calculation shall conform to ANSI / IEEE Standard 80-
2000.
Earth electrodes shall be provided throughout the plant areas along with the
main earth grid. The number of earth electrodes shall be according to achieve
the total earth grid resistance less than one (1) ohm. Earth electrodes shall be
provided in earth pits. The earth pits shall be of two types namely treated with
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test links and untreated. Earth electrodes shall be of heavy duty GI pipes, 40
mm dia and 3 meter long. The main buried grid conductors shall be connected
to all the earth electrodes to form a total earth grid.
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GROUNDING MATERIAL Galvanised steel flats of required size shall be used as per approved design. In
any case the minimum size shall be 75 x 10 mm. GS strip for earthing conductor.
Treated earth pits shall conform to relevant INDIAN Standards. The earth grid shall
be installed specified / approved depth of minimum 600mm.
EQUIPMENT EARTHING The frames of all electrical equipment and structural steel work shall be earthed by
connection to earth grid by branches of same cross sectional area of the earth
grid.
LIGHTINING PROTECTION SYSTEM Power plant needs protection against Lighting. The system will be designed as
per IS: 2309 and Indian Electricity Rules.
Vertical air termination of 40mm diameter, 3 M long shall be provided above
highest point of array to provide radius of protection full array.
(H) STRUCTURAL MOUNTING EQUIPMENT
SR. NO.
ITEM
1.0 Type Ground Mounting 2.0 Material MS Galvanized 3.0 Overall dimension As per design 4.0 Coating Hot dip (Galvanized) Minimum of 130
Micron size 5.0 Wind rating 150 km / hr 6.0 Tilt angle 30
7.0 Foundation PCC 8.0 Fixing type SS 304 Fastners
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SECTION - 6
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
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OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHY The proposed Organization structure for the operation and maintenance (O&M) of
the power plant is presented in the exhibit. In order to ensure a high level of
performance of the power plant, it is proposed to induct experienced O&M
engineers from the very beginning of the project.
BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE O&M TEAM The basic structure and the broad functional area within the O&M organization
would be as follows:
The Plant Manager would have the primary responsibility for the O&M of the power
plant. The organization will compromise of four broad functional areas viz.
Operation, Maintenance, Technical and Administration. The basic duties covered
under each of these functional areas would be as follows:
Operation (a) Operation of main generating equipment, switch yard and other auxiliary
plant.
(b) Except for the Power Station Superintendent all other operating personnel
would work one shift basis.
(c) The day to day operation of the power plant will be controlled by the
Manager who will be assisted by the Control room operators and engineers.
Maintenance (a) Maintenance of mechanical and electrical plant, control systems, buildings,
roads, drainages and sewage systems etc.
(b) Operation of the plant, planning and scheduling maintenance works and
deciding the requirement of spare parts
(c) The Plant Manager will be assisted by departmental engineers, who take
care of the maintenance aspects of all mechanical, electrical and I&C
requirement
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(d) Trained technicians will be employed to assist the maintenance group in day
to day maintenance of the plant.
Administration The main responsibilities of this department will be as follows:
(a) Purchase
(b) Plant Security
(c) Liaison with local labour officers
(d) Stores management
(e) Medical Services
(f) Transport services
FACILITIES TO BE EXTENDED TO THE EMPLOYEES The number of employees required for operation of the proposed power plant will be
around 10 numbers. The personnel required for administration and finance &
accounts also will be provided. The following facilities will be provided in the power
plant.
(a) Administration Building and Technical Office (b) Stores (c) Time and security offices (d) First Aid and Fire Fighting Station (e) Toilets and Changes rooms
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Ordinary Maintenance Ordinary Maintenance, which covers routine checking and minor refurbishment
activities to be performed according to operation manuals of components /
equipments in operating conditions.
Emergency Maintenance Emergency Maintenance, which is corrective maintenance to be performed when a
significant failure occurs. To minimize forced outages duration, an effective
Emergency Maintenance must be supported by:
(a) A proper stock of spare parts
(b) Permanent monitoring and diagnostic systems for main components.
Maintenance Plan and Scheduled Maintenance Scheduled maintenance is carried our according to maintenance plan, which should
be discussed and optimized according to the needs of the customer / client.
The maintenance plan is based on scheduled outages for the following components:
(a) Cleaning of Solar Module
(b) Power Processing System
(c) Switchyard equipment
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The maintenance of this plant will be carried out as per the above philosophy. This
system aims at maximizing the availability of the plant, while ensuring minimum
maintenance cost and safety of the plant and personnel.
SPARE PARTS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
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The primary objective of spare part management system will be to ensure timely
availability of proper spare parts for efficient maintenance of the plant without
excessive build-up of non-moving and slow moving inventory.
The spare parts management system for this project will cover the following areas:
(a) Proper codification of all spares and consumables
(b) Spare parts indenting and procurement policy
(c) Ordering of critical mandatory and recommended spares
(d) Judicious fixation of inventory levels and ordering levels for spare parts
based on experience.
(e) Development of more than one source of manufacturer / supplier whenever
practicable.
AVAILABILITY OF O & M MANUALS All contracts include provision of at least 6 sets of details O&M manuals, which will
be distributed to all departments concerned well in advance from the commissioning
date of the power plant to avoid problems in preparation of commissioning
documents as well as proper installation and commissioning procedures of various
equipments.
SPECIAL TOOLS AND TACKLES All contracts will include the provision for supply of one set of all types of special
tools and tackles, which are required for installation, commissioning and proper
maintenance of plant and equipment.
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CHECKLISTS AND PROTOCOL A detailed checklist for the various equipments, supplemented with the checklist
submitted by the supplier shall be drawn and logged for future reference. This will
also form part of the plant’s base history / datum.
Whenever an equipment in commissioned, the important parameters of that
particular equipment should be observed for a period of eight hours and the
readings shall be logged as per the log sheets. These activities shall be performed
in the presence of the customer / consultant and a protocol shall be signed.
SAFETY AND PROTECTION The importance of safety and the protection of personnel and equipment cannot be
overemphasized. The system must be designed to minimize hazards to operation
and maintenance personnel, the public, and equipment. The control subsystem
must be equipped with various fuses, built-in fault detection and protection
algorithms to protect the users, the loads, and the PV system equipment. The
safety of an operator or technician is of the utmost importance. Personnel must be
protected from electric shock by following all available safety practices. Such as
displaying high voltage warning signs wherever necessary. In general, the system
must adhere to the IS Codes and standards dealing with safety issues.
Some of the important safety criteria are as follows: (a) Electrical components should be insulated and grounded
(b) All high voltage terminations (> 50 Vdc) should be properly covered and
insulated
(c) All component with elevated temperatures should be insulated against
contact with or exposure to personnel
(d) Structures should be grounded and ground fault relays installed to give
warning of ground faults in the array or other electrical components.
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SECTION - 7
SWOT ANALYSIS
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SWOT ANALYSIS. Non – Conventional Sources, which are renewable in nature, are termed as the
alternate sources of energy. The Challenges of the present – energy scenario
offer us a window of the opportunity in the form of renewable energy sources.
The Power from the sun is clean , silent , limitless and free. Photovoltaic (PV)
process releases no CO2 , SO2 or NO2 gases which are normally associated
with burning finite fossil fuel reserve and don’t contribute to global warming .
Solar power shall augment the need of peak power needs & increases the grid
reliability I.e , Voltage and frequency. Solar Powered grid connect plants can act
as tail end energizes , which in turn reduces the transmission and distribution
losses.
(a) Geographically India is situated at northern hemisphere near the
Equator. So India gets maximum solar irradiation and there is ample of
scope to produce the power from solar PV. But till now this area is totally
virgin area for producing power.
(b) This is true that solar PV efficiency is very low compared to other power
generation systems , Lots of R&D is going on the improve the efficiency.
Solar PV generates electricity only at day time , So the proposed solar
PV Power plant generates power on an average only about six hours in
day time.
(C) India is potentially one of the largest markets for solar energy in the
world. The estimate4d potential of power generation through solar
photovoltaic system is about 20 MW/Sq.km in India. It is useful for
providing grid quality, reliable power in rural area where the line voltage
is low and insufficient cater to connected load. Recent Government
incentives and policies have been providing the momentum for PV in
India . The Government of India already declared national Action plan on
climate change released in mid 2008, identifies eight critical mission –
one of which is the National Solar Mission.
(d) In comparison to other sources of power generation, the PV solar power
is totally dependent in nature . The capacity utilization factor of such type
of plant is only 19%. Because averagely in the year we get 6 hr sunlight
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in a day . Only this particular interval solar plant generates electricity.
In comparison to other conventional power generating units, solar power
generating unit has many advantages like.
(a) No fuel is required for power generation.
(b) Operation & Maintenance Manpower required is less.
( c) Plant will be running smoothly for a long period as compared to other
conventional power generation units.
(d) In environmental perspective , solar power plant generates clean energy
and gets maximum clean development mechanism (CDM) benefit as
compared to other conventional power generation units.
Considering all the above points, solar power generating potential is always
ahead of all other conventional power generating units in economical &
Environment point of view.
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SECTION - 8
PLANT LAYOUT &
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
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INTRODUCTION.
This layout of the plant and facilities for the proposed solar power plant is largely
dictated by its location, shape and road etc. Involving minimum eviction, the wind
rose pattern, land use pattern of adjoining area and the direction of power
evacuation.
IMPLEMENT CONCEPT
The project is planned to be implemented at the earliest . The most essential
aspect regarding the implementation of this project is to ensure that the project is
completed with in the schedule , spanning 6 months from the placement of
purchase order.
A good planning , scheduling , and monitoring program is imperative to complete
the project on time and without cost overruns.
The project zero date start once the kick- off meeting has taken place and the
advance payment has been received.
PROJECT IMPLEMETATION STRATEGY.
It is envisaged that the project will have the below mentioned phase of activities .
These phases are not mutually exclusive ; to implement the project on fast track
basis some degree of overlapping is envisaged.
Phase I Project Development
Phase II Finalization of the Equipment and contracts
Phase III Procurement and Construction.
Phase IV Plant Commissioning
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SECTION – 9
ESTIMATED PROJECT COST
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BASIS FOR COST ESTIMATION The capital cost of the plant has been estimated taking into account the cost of civil & structure works, transportation, installation, testing, commissioning charges and contingencies. Land cost is not considered as land is already available. The cost of material and electrical equipment has been estimated based on budgetary quotation received previous quotations for other projects and in house cost data suitable altered. Excise duty is exempted as per MNRE consideration. Packing, forwarding , inland transportation and insurance at the rate of 2.5% for all equipment and systems including spares have been considered. Erection, testing and commissioning charges are considered as 8% of supply cost for mechanical and electrical equipment. 3% of the equipment cost has been considered towards cost of initial spares. Cost of civil works has been estimated based on data available for similar projects. Power plant life is considered as 25 years.
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SECTION – 10
ESTIMATED POWER GENERATION COST
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COST OF POWER GENERATION Basis for Generation Cost Estimation
Debt-Equity Ratio shall be 70:30
Rate of interest on loan shall be 10.0% p.a.
Depreciation shall be 10.34% for plant & machinery and 3.34% for Civil work
The working capital is insurance expenses for one year in advance and one
month requirement of spares and consumables
Eligibility for working capital loan is 75% of total working capital & interest rate on
the loan is 12% p.a.
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Refrences:
http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110927005580/en/Satcon-Chosen-Landmark-5-
Megawatt-Project-Arizona
http://www.google.co.in/search?sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&q=Project+of+5+Mega+Watt
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-04/world-bank-backed-azure-completes-5-
megawatt-solar-power-project.html
http://www.reeep.org/485.17860/greenergy-renewables-pvt-ltd.htm
http://www.airvoicegroup.in/gepl.htm
http://gpenergy.net/
http://www.outbacksolarproject.com/2011/10/outback-5-megawatt-solar-project.html
http://green.tmcnet.com/channels/solar-power/articles/223414-satcon-chosen-landmark-5-
megawatt-project-arizona-western.htm
http://www.renewablewire.com/solar-power/satcon-chosen-for-5-megawatt-solar-project-by-
arizona-western-college.html Text Book: Project Finance In Theory And Practice- Stefano Gatti Project Appraisal and Finance – Prasanna Chandra