27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 1 4th Year Civil FOUNDATION ENGINEERING 423 COURSE CODE: STE 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 2 SITE INVESTIGATION 4th Year Civil FOUNDATION ENGINEERING CHAPTER (1) 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 3 Cost of Failure - Too High! Why perform a good quality site investigation program? 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 4 Cost of Failure - Too High! 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 5 Cost of Over-Design, Too High Also! (Over-DesignedShoring System)

( )Why perform a good quality site investigation program? 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 6 1- For New Structures: - Selection of type and depth of foundations. - .- Determining the soil bearing capacity. - .- Prediction of settlement. - .- Establish the ground water table depth. - .- Provision against construction problems. - . A- Purpose of Site Investigation - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 7 2- For Existing Structures: - Investigating the structure safety. - .- Prediction of settlement (Current & Future). - ( .)- Determine the foundation remedial actions. - .- Determine the possibility of structure heightening. - . A- Purpose of Site Investigation - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 8 3- For Highways and Airfields: - Location of the highway or runway in both vertical and horizontal directions. - .- Locate and select the suitable borrow material for subgrade. - .- Determine the time and need for subgrade treatment. - .- Design of ditches and culverts and their location. - . A- Purpose of Site Investigation - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 9 The subsurface exploration program should include the following: 1- Collection of Preliminary Information about the Structure: - Structure type and use. - Approximate column loads and spacing. - .- Local building code. - Basement requirements. - Span and length for bridges. -- Type of soil in the structure surrounding area. - . B- Subsurface Exploration Program - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 10 2- Field Trip or Site Visit: To provide the following: - General topography. - ( )- Possible existence of drains, ditches, etc. - .- Creeping slopes. - Cracks or failures of surrounding structures. - .- Soil stratification from nearby cuts. - . B- Subsurface Exploration Program - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 11 3- Site Investigation: To perform the following: - Planning and location of the boreholes. - .- Performing test boreholes. - .- Collecting samples at the desired depths of the boreholes for observation, classification, and testing. - . B- Subsurface Exploration Program - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 12 i- Depth of Boreholes: 1- Depth of boring 3 5, width of isolated footing. 1 - = 3 5 .2- Depth of boring 2 3, width of raft. 2 - = 2 3 .3- The boring should penetrate the sand layer (if exists) sufficiently to determine its continuity, (especially in pile foundations). 3 - C- Depth, Number and Distribution of Boreholes - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 13 i- Depth of Boreholes: 4- For deep excavation, depth of boring 1.5 excavation depth. 4 - 5- If rock is encountered, it should be penetrated 4 m, at least. 5 - 4 . C- Depth, Number and Distribution of Boreholes - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb14 Ao1 Ao2 Ao2 0.1 Ao1 D Depth of Boreholes 0.10 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 15 Type of StructureSpacing (m) Multistory Building 300 m2, with 2 min. for each structure One story industrial building300 500 m2 Highways250 500 linear meter Residential sub-divisions200 x 200 up to 400 x 400 Dams50 up to 200 m ii- Distribution of Borings for Different Structures 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 16 ii- Distribution of Borings for Different Structures 300 2 300 500 2 250 500 200 200 400 400 50 200 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 17 The site investigation report should contain the following : 1- Starting level of the borehole, as related to specific surveying level. 1 -

.2- Borehole log, showing different soil layers and depths. 2 -

3- Field test results, e.g., SPT. 3 - .D- Site Investigation Report - 18 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 27 April 2012 The site investigation report should contain the following: 4- Ground water table level. 4 - 5- Consistency of clays, and relative density of sands, in addition to color. 5 - .D- Site Investigation Report - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 19 Visual Soil Classification Mixture of more than one soil: Up to 10%, Trace (e.g., sand with a trace of silt). 10 % ( )10 up to 20%, Some (e.g., sand and some silt). 10 20 % ( )20 up to 35%, Adjective (e.g., silty sand): sand% = 65-80 and silt% = 35-20%. 20 35 % ( )35 up to 50%, And (e.g., sand and silt). 35 50 % ( .)27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 20 Typical Borehole Log SPT 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 21 ShaleClaySilt SandFillGravelRockOrganic++++++ +++ +++Identification of Different Soils 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 22 1- Test Pits (Open Pits): - Made by ordinary excavation. - - Pit diameter 0.9 up to 1.2 m. -

0.90 1.20 .- Obtain undisturbed and disturbed soil samples. - .- Made in self supporting soils (shale, loam, cemented sand, etc.). -

- Above the ground water table. - .E- Methods of Advancing Boreholes - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 23 2- Manual Boreholes: - Commonly used method in Egypt. -

.- The boring is advanced by rotating the casing pipes and the cutting edge manually and pushing down during rotation. -

- The casing is raised when it is full with soil, and the soil is taken off from the inside. - ( ) E- Methods of Advancing Boreholes - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 24 2- Manual Boreholes: - The casing pipe is available in sections one to two meter long pipes, 4 to 6 inches in diameter. - 1 2 4 6 .- The following Figure and Photos show the manual auger rig. - .E- Methods of Advancing Boreholes - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 25 Winch Wire Rope Tripod Sand Bags or Weights Wooden Platform with Handle to be Operated Manually

Casing Pipes, | 4" to 6" of 1.50 to 2.0 m length 4 6 1.5 2 Drilling Rod Manual Auger Boring Rig 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 26 Manual Boreholes 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 27 Manual Boreholes 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 28 Manual Boreholes 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 29 Manual Boreholes 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 30 Manual Boreholes 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 31 Manual Boreholes 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 32 Manual Boreholes 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 33 3- Continuous Flight Auger: - Power is delivered by a truck or a tractor mounted drilling rig. - .- Sections are one and two meters long. - 1 2 .- The stem is either hollow or solid. - .- Borehole depths down to 60 or 70 meters. - 60 70 .- Drilling speed and sound indicates soil layer changes. - .Methods of Advancing Boreholes 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 34 3- Continuous Flight Auger: - Solid stem is withdrawn and replaced by samplers or spoons to obtain soil samples or conduct tests. - .- Piston samplers are used to obtain sand samples under the water table in hollow stem augers. - .- The following figures depict the solid and hollow continuous flight auger. - .Methods of Advancing Boreholes 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 35 Truck mounted rotary drill rig with hydraulic drive system 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 36 Solid Stem Continuous Flight Auger Drilling System: (a) In use on drill rig, (b) Finger and fishtail bits, (c) Sizes of solid stem auger flights, (d) Different assemblies of bits and auger flights. 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 37 Hollow Stem Continuous Flight Auger Drilling Systems: (a) Comparison with solid stem auger; (b) Typical drilling configuration; (c) Sizes of hollow stem auger flights; (d) Stepwise center bit. 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 38 4- Wash Boring: - Two to three meters casing is derived into the soil and the soil from the inside is removed by means of chopping bit that is attached to the drilling rod. - 2 3 - Water is forced inside the drilling rod and exit at high speed through the holes at the chopping bit. - .Methods of Advancing Boreholes 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 39 4- Wash Boring: - Water and chopped soil particles rise through the drilling rod hole to the ground surface and collected. - .- The chopping bit is replaced by a sampler or test spoon when samples or tests at a given depth is required. - .- The following figure depicts a wash boring. - . Methods of Advancing Boreholes 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 40 Isometric diagram of the double-wall casing with water circulation for removal of cuttings. ( )27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 41 Wash Boring 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 42 Wash Boring 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 43 Wash Boring 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 44 Wash Boring 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 45 5- Percussion Drilling: - Heavy drilling bit is used to chop the hard soil by raising and dropping it down. - .- This method is used in hard soil or rock. - - The chopped particles are raised up by water circulation. - .Methods of Advancing Boreholes 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 46 Two Types of Soil Types Are Obtained: - Disturbed Soil Samples. - Undisturbed Soil Samples. The degree of soil disturbance can be expressed as: Where: Ar : Area ratio; Do, Di: Outside and inside diameter of the sampler; If Ar 10% the sample is undisturbed. F- Types of Soil Samples - 100 xDD - DA2i2i2or =27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 47 To determine the shear strength parameters (C and |) and other strength and mechanical properties. - . To classify the soil. - Performed on undisturbed and disturbed soil samples. - .Laboratory Soil Tests 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 48 Undisturbed soil samples: Soils having the same structure, properties, and water content of the original soil sample in the ground. - : Disturbed soil samples: Soils with structure, properties, and water content changed during the sampling or transportation process. - : .Undisturbed and Disturbed Soil Samples 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 49 Disturbed Samples Are used in the Following Tests: - Grain size analysis. - Liquid and plastic limit tests. - Specific gravity test. - Organic content test. - Soil Classification.- Compaction test. - Direct shear test. F- Tests on Disturbed Samples - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 50 Undisturbed Samples Are used in the Following Tests: - Consolidation test. - Permeability test. - Direct shear test. - Triaxial test. - Other tests on undisturbed samples. - - Test on Undisturbed Samples 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 51 SITE INVESTIGATION 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 52 1- Split Spoon: - Undisturbed soil samples are obtained. - .- The drilling tools are replaced by such sampler when collecting the soil samples. - .- Sample recovery is difficult in sandy soils under the water table. - .- Can be used to perform the Standard Penetration Test (SPT). - (SPT)F- Methods of Soil Sampling - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 53 Split Barrel Sampler: Open sampler with soil sample and cutting shoe. 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 54 2- Shelby Tube (Then Walled Tube): ) ( -2 - Commonly used to obtain undisturbed clay samples. -

.- The tube is attached to the end of the drilling rod. - .- The rod and sampler are lowered to the bottom of the hole, and the sampler is pushed into the soil. - .F- Methods of Soil Sampling - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 55 2- Shelby Tube (Then Walled Tube): ) ( -2 - The sample inside the tube is then pulled out, trimmed, covered with hot wax, and sealed for transportation. -

.- Shelby tube samples are used is consolidation, direct shear, and triaxial tests. - .- The following figure shows schematic representation of the Shelby tube sampler. F- Methods of Soil Sampling - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 56 Shelby Tube Sampler 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 57 3- Piston Sampler (Then Walled Tube with Piston): ) ( -3 - Used to obtain undisturbed samples with larger diameter - - The obtained samples are less disturbed than those obtained by the Shelby tube. - - Mainly used to prevent the soil from falling from the sampler. - .- The following figure shows schematic representation of the piston sampler. F- Methods of Soil Sampling - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 58 Piston Sampler 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 59 G- Field Soil Testing - 1- Standard Penetration Test (SPT): Performed with the borehole. Reliable for cohesionless soils, especially in sand.. Unreliable for cohesive soils. 2- Cone Penetration Test (CPT): Reliable for cohesive soils.

Unreliable for cohesionless soils. 3- Vane Shear Test: Reliable for cohesive soils.

Unreliable for cohesionless soils. 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 60 1- Standard Penetration Test - 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 61 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 62 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 1- Standard Penetration Test (SPT): - 140 lb hammer is dropped over a 1.5 ft long standard spoon. - The hammer drop height is 2.5 ft. - The spoon is driven 1.5 ft in three stages, each stage is 6 inch long. - SPT (N) value = Number of hammer drops that will drive the standard spoon 1 ft long into the soil, if N > 50 means refusal. - The first reading is neglected (seating), the 2nd and 3rd readings are summed up to give N. 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 63 ( :)- 140 ( 62.5 ) 2.50 ( 75 ) 1.50 ( 45 .)- 6 ( 15 .)- 15 (Seating) .- (N) .- (SPT) N = 30 .- (N) 50 > 50 .27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 64 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 65 Standard SPT Split spoon 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 66 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 67 SPT spoon 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 68 Standard Penetration Test 69 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 69 N DR = relative density T = unit weight | = friction angle eo = void ratio Reliable SAND cu = undrained strength T = unit weight Unreliable CLAY SPT RESULTS 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 70 SPT (N)Consistencyqu (kg/cm2) < 2Very soft0.25 2 4Soft0.25 0.50 4 8Medium Stiff0.50 1.00 8 15Stiff1.00 2.00 15 30Very Stiff2.00 4.00 > 30Hard> 4.00 SPT (N)Relative Density|o 1 4Very Loose28 4 10Loose28 30 10 30Medium Dense30 36 30 50Dense36 41 > 50Very Dense> 41 Relation between SPT (N) value and |o for sand. Relation between SPT (N) value and unconfined compressive strength of clay 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 71 Relation between SPT (N) value and |o for sand. 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 72 SPT Vs. Bearing Capacity and Settlement in Sand Evaluation of soil bearing capacity corrected blow count, Peck (1974). 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 73 SPT readings are corrected for: 1- Depth. 2- Presence of ground water table . 3- Borehole diameter. 4- Driving energy. Corrections of SPT Readings SPT27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 74 2-1- Static Cone Penetration Test(CPT): - The test is much expensive than the SPT. - Performed without borehole, using a 60o cone with base area 10 cm2, which is pushed steadily into the soil at a rate of about 2 cm/sec. - Two readings are continuously recorded, the tip resistance (qc), and the shaft friction, ( fs). - The readings are recorded every 10 up to 50 mm. - Charts are used to (1) classify the soil, (2) determine consistency of clays, and (3) relative density of sands, according to (qc), and the friction ratio (fr = fs/qc%). - CPT results are used in determining the soil shear strength parameters (c and |) and design of piles. 2- Dutch Cone Test 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 75 ( )- .- 60 10 2 2 / .- (qc) (fs) .- 10 50 .- ( 1 ) ( 2 ) : - - -

(qc) (fr = fs/qc%) .- . -2 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 76 2- Dutch Cone Test 2-1- Static Cone Penetration Test(CPT) 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 77 Cone Penetration Test (CPT) (ASTM D 5778) Old Mechanical Cone Cone Sleeve 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 78 2- Dutch Cone Test 2-1- Static Cone Penetration Test(CPT) 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 79 CPT Soil Behavioral Charts 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 80 2-2- Dynamic Cone Penetration Test: - The test is performed mainly in sand. - .- The cone (area = 10 cm2) is derived into the soil by a drop hammer (10 kg) from a constant height (0.50 m). - = 10 2 10 = 50 - Number of blows = 10-30 per minute. - 10 30 2- Dutch Cone Test 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 81 2-2- Dynamic Cone Penetration Test: - N10 = Number of blows to driver the cone 10 cm into the soil. - Dr = 0.10 + 0.365 Log N10 - If under the water table: - Dr = 0.31 + 0.225 Log N10 - N10 10 .2- Dutch Cone Test 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 82 2-2- Dynamic Cone Penetration Test: 2- Dutch Cone Test 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 83 3- Vane Shear Test (VST) 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 84 Vane Shear Devices Scandinavian VanesMcClelland Offshore Vane 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 85 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 86 3- Vane Shear Test: - The apparatus is composed to perpendicular steel blades with (height) H = 2 D (diameter), and blade thickness = 2 mm. - ( ) = 2 = 2 .- The apparatus is pushed steadily to the required test depth. - .- The apparatus is slowly rotated till reaching the maximum torque value. - .3- Vane Shear Test 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 87 3- Vane Shear Test: - The apparatus cuts a cylinder in the soil when rotates fully. - .- The recorded maximum torque T is used to calculate the soil undrained shear strength as follows: - ( ) :3- Vane Shear Test |.|

\|+ =6D 2Hc D Tu2t27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 88 |.|

\||.|

\|+=6D 2HDTc2utWhere: - T = Maximum recorded torque (kN.m), - D = Vane diameter, (m); - H = Vane height, (m); - cu = soil undrained cohesion (kN/m2). - ( )- cu corrected = cu measured x R R is obtained from the correction curve. - - P.I. = L.L. P.L. = 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 89 cu Correction curve 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 90 Diagramshowing the vane shear apparatus. 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 91 4- Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT) 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 92 Flat Plate Dilatometer Equipment 4- Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT) 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 93 4- Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT) 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 94 5- Pressuremeter Test 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 95 Plate Load Test Setup Dead Load Plate Dial Gauges to Measure the Plate Settlement Plate Diameter 30 70 B = 30 cm or 70 cm Jack B1.5 B 6- Plate Load Test 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 96 6- Plate Load Test -Used in homogeneous soils -Theoretical affected zone = 2 x Plate diameter - (

= ) 2 -Loading till sudden yield, or 25 mm settlement, or negligible settlements with load increase, or 3 times working load. - 25 .-Loading is performed is steps followed by unloading -

-Reloading may be applied in special cases. - .27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 97 qult (a) Stress Settlement (a) Dense sand or stiff clay (b) Loose sand or soft to medium clay qult (b) S = 25 mm 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 98 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 99 7- Geophysical Soil Exploration - Geophysical methods are used to geotechnically explore large areas. - The main idea of these tests is that different soils have different gravitational, electrical, elastic, and radioactive properties. - .- Different soil layers and the presence of ground water table can be identified through different wave velocity, reflection, and refraction. - .27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 100 7-1- Seismic Refraction Method - The method depends on the fact that stress waves propagate in different soils at different velocities. - .- The method is performed by inducing an impact wave at the soil surface. - The arrival times of the waves are recorded at the different recording stations. 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 101 7-1- Seismic Refraction Method - Two stress wave types are generated and recorded, P-wave (Pressure wave) and S-wave (Shear wave), noting that the P-waves are much faster than the S-wave. - Therefore, the P-wave arrives first, followed by the S-Wave. - (P-wave) (S-Wave) .27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 102 ( )( ) ( ) 1 2 - 1- 1 g /EVp+=Where: E = Soil Youngs modulus )kN/m2); = Soil unit weight (kN/m3); g =Acceleration of gravity (m/sec2); = Soil Poissons ratio )-). The P-Wave velocity is given by: 7-1- Seismic Refraction Method 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 103 7-1- Seismic Refraction Method - A graph is plot between the wave arrival times (t1, t2, and t3) against the distance between the wave source and recording point (x1, x2, x3). - . ab bc cd V1, V2, and V3 I, II, III- The slope of the lines ab, bc, and cd will be the wave velocities, V1, V2, and V3, in layers I, II, and III respectively, as follows:1V1ab of Slope =2V1bc of Slope =etc. 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 104 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 105 7-1- Seismic Refraction Method - The thickness of layers can be obtained by: - :c1 21 21xV VV - V0.50 Z+=Ti2 is obtained from the time-distance graph. 22232 31 321231 i2 2V - VV V V VV - VZ 2 - T 0.50 Z((

=27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 106 7-1- Seismic Refraction Method 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 107 7-1- Seismic Refraction Method 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 108 7-1- Seismic Refraction Method 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 109 7-2- Cross Hole Seismic Method - The method depends on recording the shear wave velocity within the same soil media. - The recorded shear wave velocity is a function of the soil media properties. - .- Two holes are made down to a certain depth. - A shear wave is induced at the bottom of the first hole, and recorded by a transducer in the second one. - :- The shear wave velocity and the soil shear modulus are calculated as follows: 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 110 7-2- Cross Hole Seismic Method tLVs =Where: Vs: is the shear wave velocity. G: is the soil shear modulus, used mostly in soil dynamics. gGVs=gVG2s=27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 111 7-2- Cross Hole Seismic Method 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 112 8- Field Permeability Test H r 5.5Qk =B- Open End Test: |.|

\|=rLlogH L 2.0QketWhere: Q: Constant rate of flow into the hole; r: Radius of hole; L: Length of hole portion under test; H: Difference in the pressure head. A- Packer Test: 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 113 8- Field Permeability Test 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 114 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 115 TestingExperienceTheory Decision Making on Site Investigations 27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 116 - . - . - . - . - . - . - .27 April 2012 Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb 117