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Oxidation-Reduction

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Page 1: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Oxidation-Reduction

Page 2: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state.

Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals in parentheses (e.g. (+I), (-IV) etc.).

The oxidation state can be expressed as the excess or deficiency of electrons relative to the elemental state.

Element Oxidation State SpeciesNitrogen N (+V)

N (+III)N (O)N (-III)

NO3-

NO2-

N2NH3, NH4

+

Sulfur S (+VI)S (+II)S (O)S(-II)

SO42-

S2O32-

S¼H2S, HS-, S2-

Iron Fe (+III)Fe (+II)

Fe3+

Fe2+

Manganese Mn (+VI)Mn (+IV)Mn (+III)Mn (+II)

MnO42-

MnO2 (s)MnOOH (s)Mn2+

Page 3: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Why study redox (reduction/oxidation) reactions:

Redox reactions are a major determinant of chemical species present in natural environments.

Redox reactions are characterized by the transfer of electrons between chemical species, so that they change their oxidation state

Full reaction2 Fe2+ + MnO2 + 4 H+ ⇔ 2 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 2H2OHalfreactionsFe2+ ⇔ Fe3+ + e-

Mn2+ + 2H2O ⇔ MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e-

Easier

Zn° - 2e Zn2+ an oxidation half reaction, electrons lost

Cu2+ + 2e Cuº an reduction half reaction, electrons gained

Cu2++ Znº Cuº + Zn2+ Full reaction

Page 4: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Galvanische Zelle (Daniell-Element)

Elektronenaustausch an der Phasengrenze Metallstab / wässrige Lösung

Elektrisches Potential = “Druck” mit dem die e- in den Draht gezwungen werden.

Quellspannung (E) = Potentialdifferenz zwischen den beiden Elektrode [V]

Page 5: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Galvanische Zelleaus einer Norm-Wasserstoff-Elektrode und einer Cu2+ I Cu-Elektrode

= Referenzelektrode zur Messung des Potentials (Elektronendruck) im Metallstab (= Potential zwischen Metallstab und Lösung)

Normalpotential (Standardpotential, E0) = Relativwerte bezogen auf die Normal-Wasserstoffelektrode, deren Standardpotential willkürlich gleich Null gesetzt wurde

Page 6: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Elektrochemische Spannungsreihe

Normal- Standardbedingungen:• 25°C• 1,013 bar• c (H3O+) = 1mol L-1 (bzw. a = 1)

Normal-Wasserstoffelektrode

Page 7: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Elektrochemische Spannungsreihe

• Hinweis auf Reduktionspotential

• je ausgeprägter bei einem Redoxpaardie Tendenz der reduzierten Form ist,Elektronen abzugeben, um so schwächerist die Tendenz der korrespondierendenoxidierten Form, Elektronen aufzunehmen.

• Redoxpaare werden aufgrund dieser Tendenzin eine Redoxreihe (ECSR) angeordnet.

• Redoxprozesse laufen nur freiwillig zwischeneiner reduzierten Form mit einer in der ECSRdarunter stehenden oxidierten Form ab.

Starke Oxidationsmittel (e- - Akzeptoren)

Starke Reduktionsmittel (e- - Donatoren)

Page 8: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Quellspannung (E, Elektromotorische Kraft EMK)der Galvanischen Zelle

• Halbreaktion an der Anode in umgekehrter Reihenfolge (Wert = -E0)

• Addition der E0-Werte ergibt die Quellspannung der elektrochemischen Zelle

• Nur dann, wenn die Quellspannung der Gesamtreaktion positiv ist,kommt es zur Reaktion!

Nur bei Standardbedingungen!!!

Page 9: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

NERNST-Gleichung

Bei Abweichungen von den Standardbedingungen

Berechnung des EMK eines Redoxpaares (Halbzelle)oder eines Redoxsystems (Zelle)

Page 10: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

NERNST-Gleichung - Abweichung der Konzentration

Zur Berechnung des EMK eines Redoxpaares (Halbzelle)

Page 11: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Zur Berechnung des EMK eines Redoxpaares (Halbzelle)

[Ox] = Produkt der Konzentrationen aller Reaktionsteilnehmer auf der Seite der oxidiertenForm (Oxidationsmittel) des Redoxpaares.

[Red] = Produkt der Konzentrationen aller Reaktionsteilnehmer auf der Seite der reduziertenForm (Reduktionsmittel) des Redoxpaares.

NERNST-Gleichung - Abweichung der Konzentration

Page 12: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Zur Berechnung des EMK eines Redoxpaares (Halbzelle)

NERNST-Gleichung - Abweichung der Konzentration

bei Metallreaktionen (25°C)=log c (Mn+)

Page 13: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Zur Berechnung des EMK eines Redoxsystems (Zelle)

NERNST-Gleichung - Abweichung der Konzentration

Page 14: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

NERNST-Gleichung - Abweichung vom pH-Wert

Zur Berechnung des EMK eines Redoxpaares (Halbzelle)

• Potentiale einiger Redoxsysteme sind stark von pH-Wert abhängig

• Das Redoxverhalten dieser Systeme kann nicht mehr ausschließlich aus denStandardpotentialen vorhergesagt werden.

oxidierte Formred. Form

oxidierte Form

reduzierte Form

Page 15: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Freie Energie (G)

• Chemische Reaktionen werden von Energieänderungen begleitet.

• Für die Mikrobiologie ist die freie Energie (G) wichtig, hierunter verstehenwir die Energie, die für nützliche Dinge zur Verfügung steht! (ATP-Synthese)

• Veränderungen der freien Energie während einer Reaktion wir durch ∆G0‘ [Joule](= Reaktionsenthalpie) ausgedrückt („0“ und „ ‘ “ = Standardbedingungen)

Freie Bildungsenthalpie G0f = Energiegehalt oder Energie, die benötigt wird, um eine

Verbindung aus den jeweiligen Elementen zu bilden

Produkt Edukt

∆G ≈ ∆U – T ∆S ST = isotherm nicht verfügbare Energie∆U = Änderung der inneren Energie

Page 16: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Redox reactions

• Über die Gibbs´sche freie Energie läßt sich bestimmen in welche Richtung eine Reaktion aA + bB ⇔ cC + dD abläuft.

• Unter Standardbedingungen gilt:

∑∑ −=Δ )()(Pr0 EdukteGnodukteGnG iiiiR

Page 17: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Redoxreaktionen

• Allgemein gilt zur Berechnung der Gibbs´schen freien Energie:

[ ] [ ][ ] [ ]ba

dc

RRBADCRTGG ln0 ⋅+Δ=Δ

[ ] [ ][ ] [ ]ba

dc

RBADCRTG ln0 ⋅−=Δ kRTGR ln0 ⋅−=Δ

• bei Gleichgewicht gilt:oder

R=Gaskonstante [kJ/(Grad mol), T=Temperatur [K]

Page 18: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Redoxreaktionen

• Elektrochemische Energie ist nur eine andere Form der Gibbs´schen freien Energie. Es gilt folgende Verknüpfung:

– n=Anzahl der ElektronenübergängeF=Faraday-konstante (96.42 kJ/(Vg(eq))E=Spannungspotential (V)

00 nFEGR =Δ

Page 19: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Produkt Edukt

Stabile Verbindung: ∆G0f < 0

Instabile Verbindung: ∆G0f > 0

Freie Energie (G)

• Chemische Reaktionen werden von Energieänderungen begleitet.

• Für die Mikrobiologie ist die freie Energie (G) wichtig, hierunter verstehenwir die Energie, die für nützliche Dinge zur Verfügung steht! (ATP-Synthese)

• Veränderungen der freien Energie während einer Reaktion wir durch ∆G0‘ [Joule](= Reaktionsenthalpie) ausgedrückt („0“ und „ ‘ “ = Standardbedingungen)

Page 20: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Die Änderung der freien Enthalpie ∆G0‘ ist das eigentliche Kriterium für die Reaktionsfähigkeit (Triebkraft). Sie beschreibt die reale (thermodynamische) Möglichkeit für den Ablauf einer Reaktion.

- ∆G0‘ = Reaktion kann in der angegebenen Richtung ablaufen.

+∆G0‘ = Reaktion kann in der angegebenen Richtung nicht ablaufen.

Produkt Edukt

Freie Energie (G)

• Chemische Reaktionen werden von Energieänderungen begleitet.

• Für die Mikrobiologie ist die freie Energie (G) wichtig, hierunter verstehenwir die Energie, die für nützliche Dinge zur Verfügung steht! (ATP-Synthese)

• Veränderungen der freien Energie während einer Reaktion wir durch ∆G0‘ [Joule](= Reaktionsenthalpie) ausgedrückt („0“ und „ ‘ “ = Standardbedingungen)

Page 21: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Redoxreaktionen

• Die elektromotorische Kraft ∆E0 einer galvanischen Zelle ist ein Maß für die freie Reaktionsenthalpie (∆G0, Joule)

n = Anzahl der ElektronenübergängeF = Faraday-konstante (96.42 kJ/(Vg(eq))∆E0 = Potentialdifferent [V]

00 EnFG Δ=Δ

Page 22: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

1/4O2 + H+ + e- ↔ 1/2 H2O ,

20.8 = – 1/4 log pO2 + pH + pe

when pO2 = 1atm, pe = 20.8 – pH

oxic

suboxic

anoxicpe

pH

Lower boundary for stability of water:

H+ + e- ↔ 1/2 H2

log Keq = pH + pe

since log Keq = 0, pe = −pH

pe vs pH Stability Fields

13.8

8.1

Page 23: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

(CH2O)106(NH3)16(H3PO4) +138O2 →

106CO2 + 16HNO3 + H3PO4 +122H2O

(CH2O)106(NH3)16(H3PO4) +138O2 →

106CO2 + 16HNO3 + H3PO4 +122H2O

Oxidized & Reduced species

Electron donor: ‘fuel’Electron acceptor: O2, NO3

-, Fe2O3, MnO2, SO4-2, CO2

CH2O + O2 → CO2 + H2O (aerobic respiration)

Composed of two half reactions:Reduction: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O Oxidation: CH2O + H2O CO2 + 4H+ + 4e-

Respiration

Page 24: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

most favorable

least favorable

EnergeticallyMicrobial Redox-Chain

Page 25: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Marines Beispiel (1):

Schwarzes Meer

Wassersäule

Wasserkörper geschichtet(Stratifizierung)

Page 26: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Vertical mixing processes in the Black Sea basin. The approximate depth range of these processes in meter is displayed on the left bar (after Özsoy et al., 1993).

Page 27: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

most favorable

least favorable

Energetically

Marines Beispiel (1): Schwarzes Meer Wassersäule

Page 28: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Ammonification(NH2 groups of protein > NH3)

Nitrification

Denitrification

Sulfate ReductionMethane ProductionAmmonification(NH2 groups of protein > NH3)

Main features of the vertical biogeochemical structure of the upper Black Sea water column.

Page 29: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Marines Beispiel (2):

Sauerstoff-Minimum Zonen (OMZ)

OMZ

CH2O + O2 → CO2 + H2O (intense aerobic respiration)

OMZupwelling

high bioproductivity

remineralization > nutrient rich deep water

Page 30: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Mn+2 + O2 MnO2 (s)

Mn- distribution

OMZ

OMZ

Korrekt2MnO2 + 4H+ ↔ 2Mn+2 + O2 + 2H2O

Page 31: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Marines Beispiel (3): Hydrothermale Quellen

Page 32: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Marines Beispiel (3): Hydrothermale Quellen

Page 33: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Marines Beispiel (3): Hydrothermal Quellen

Page 34: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Fe+2 + O2 Fe2O3Mn+2 + O2 MnO2

Fe+2 + S-2 FeS

Marines Beispiel (3): Hydrothermale Quellen

Page 35: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Marines Beispiel (3): Hydrothermale Quellen

SPP1144, MAR, IFM-GEOMAR

ROV, MARUM (Bremen)

Page 36: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Marines Beispiel (4): Schwarzes Meer, Kalte Quellen

Page 37: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Marines Beispiel (4): Schwarzes Meer, Kalte Quellen

Page 38: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Cold Vent Abbildung

CH4 + SO4 → HS- + HCO3- +H2O

Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (AOM)

Marines Beispiel (4): Schwarzes Meer, Kalte Quellen

Page 39: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Marines Beispiel (4): Schwarzes Meer, Kalte Quellen

GHOSTDABS, Paleo Dnepr Area, IFBM (HH)

JAGO, IFM-GEOMAR (Kiel)

Page 40: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Early diagenesisDefinition (modified after Berner 1980):

Early diagenesis refers to the sum total of physical, chemical and biological processes that bring about changes in unconsolidated surface sediments subsequent to deposition in water.

Page 41: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Sedimentkern Gotlandtief (Zentrale Ostsee)

Gotlandtief

Page 42: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Diagenetic sequence - Primary redox reactions

-3190 kJ/mol

-3090 kJ/mol

-2750 kJ/mol

-1410 kJ/mol

-380 kJ/mol

-350 kJ/mol

Oxidation by dissolved Oxygen

(CH2O)106(NH3)16(H3PO4) + 138 O2

106 CO2 + 16 HNO3 + 122 H2O + H3PO4

Oxidation by Manganese-Oxides

(CH2O)106(NH3)16(H3PO4) + 236 MnO2

236 Mn2+ + 106 CO2 + 8 N2 + 366 H2O + H3PO4

Oxidation by Nitrate

(CH2O)106(NH3)16(H3PO4) + 84.4 HNO3

106 CO2 + 42.2 N2 + 16 NH3 + 148.4 H2O + H3PO4

Oxidation by Iron-Oxides

(CH2O)106(NH3)16(H3PO4) + 212 Fe2O3 + 848 H+

424 Fe2+ + 106 CO2 + 16 NH3 + 530 H2O + H3PO4

Oxidation by Sulphate

(CH2O)106(NH3)16(H3PO4) + 53 SO42-

106 CO2 + 16 NH3 + 53 S2- + 106 H2O + H3PO4

Methane Fermentation

(CH2O)106(NH3)16(H3PO4) 53 CO2 + 53 CH4 + 16 NH3 + H3PO4

Page 43: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

The diagenetic sequence

Page 44: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

The diagenetic sequenceSecondary redox processes, e.g.

Fe2+ + H2S + 2OH-→FeS + 2H2O

2Fe(OH)3 + H2S →2Fe2+ + 2H2O + OH- + S0

Page 45: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

The diagenetic sequence

• Understanding pore water profiles

Page 46: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Early diagenesis on a global scale

30 40 50 75 100 125 150 20020

PP [gC m-2 yr-1]

Antoine et. al. (1996)

Global distribution map of the surface ocean

Page 47: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Calculation of the POC-flux from Primary Production

(Export Production)

Early diagenesis on a global scale

Page 48: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

POC-fluxes from the surface water to the

sediment in gC·m-2·yr -1

Early diagenesis on a global scale

Page 49: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Global Benthic Mineralization-RatesOxidant Mineralization in

1x1014 gC a-1 Percentage Source

Total

18-31

26

23

100 Middelburg et al. (1997)

Smith & Hollibaugh (1993)

Jørgensen (1983)

O2 23

17

11

~57

(total minus anoxic)

Jørgensen (1983)

Henrichs &Reeburgh (1983)

Jahnke (1996) – deep-sea only

NO3 0.93

0.96

2.4-3.0

~11

Jørgensen (1983)

Christensen et al. (1987)

Middelburg et al. (1996)

SO4 1.3-13

4.4

~26

Henrichs &Reeburgh (1983)

Canfield (1993)

CH4 0.44-0.9 3.8 Canfield (1993)

Mn-Oxides 0.23-0.46 1.4 Canfield (1993)

Fe-Oxides 0.07-0.23 0.6 Canfield (1993)

Early diagenesis on a global scale

Page 50: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Early diagenesis on a global scale

30 40 50 75 100 125 150 20020

PP [gC m-2 yr-1]

Antoine et. al. (1996)

Global distribution map of the surface ocean

Page 51: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Early diagenesis on a global scale

Seiter et. al. (2005)

Estimated mineralization rates

Page 52: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Early diagenesis on a global scale

Seiter et. al. (2005)

Page 53: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Early diagenesis on a global scale

Seiter et. al. (2004)

Page 54: Oxidation-Reduction - io-warnemuende.de Chemie... · ¾Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. ¾Oxidation states are indicated by Roman numerals

Early diagenesisDefinition (modified after Berner 1980):

Early diagenesis refers to the sum total of physical, chemical and biological processes that bring about changes in unconsolidated surface sediments subsequent to deposition in water.

•Primary productivity is the driving force for most benthic activity•The amount of POC reaching the sea floor is determined by the export production (mineralization in the water column)•Early diagenetic processes in the sediments determine how much of the POC is mineralized and much organic carbon is buried on long time scales