ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR

CONTENTSIndividual Behavior In an OrganizationHistory of Human Resources & Organizational BehaviorPersonality: It’s Meaning & DeterminantsLearning for Self Management & ImprovementMotivationManagement of StressTime ManagementThe concept of AttitudesConflict Management

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Human Behavior has been believed Human Behavior has been believed to beto bethe outcome of or the outcome of or responseresponse to certainto certainexternal and internal forces called external and internal forces called stimulistimuli..Two views of how Human Two views of how Human BehaviourBehaviouroccurs are discussed:occurs are discussed:a) The Traditional Viewa) The Traditional Viewb) The Inputb) The Input--Output SystemOutput System

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a)a) The traditional ViewThe traditional View-- (SOB Model)(SOB Model)BehaviourBehaviour is the Response to a Stimulus.is the Response to a Stimulus.i) i) SituationSituation comprising of stimulus and comprising of stimulus and environment (what pervades inside and environment (what pervades inside and outside of the individual)outside of the individual)ii) ii) OrganizationOrganization occurs through occurs through physiological and cognitive means.physiological and cognitive means.iii) iii) BehaviourBehaviour emerges as patterns of emerges as patterns of action as an outcome.action as an outcome.

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b) The Inputb) The Input--Output systemOutput systemBehaviourialBehaviourial scientist B J scientist B J Kolasa Kolasa viewed viewed Behaviour Behaviour from a “system” point from a “system” point of view which states that Output is the of view which states that Output is the outcome of Input on which some action outcome of Input on which some action has taken place.has taken place.Input + ProcessingInput + Processing---- OutputOutputStimulus+ Internal/External Stimulus+ Internal/External

processingprocessing---- ResponseResponse

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Biographical features affecting Biographical features affecting BehaviourBehaviour::

a)a) AgeAgeb)b) GenderGenderc)c) Length of ServiceLength of Serviced)d) Marital StatusMarital Status

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Biological Foundations of Biological Foundations of BehaviourBehaviour::a)a) HeredityHeredityb)b) Biological Development Biological Development –– glandsglandsc)c) Nervous SystemNervous Systemd)d) Cognitive Process Cognitive Process –– Thinking, Thinking,

Problem Solving, Day dreaming & Problem Solving, Day dreaming & Artistic thinkingArtistic thinking

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Foundations of Individual BehaviorFoundations of Individual Behavior

An understanding of individual behavior begins An understanding of individual behavior begins with a review of major psychological with a review of major psychological contributions to OB.contributions to OB.

These contributions are subdivided into four These contributions are subdivided into four concepts:concepts:

a)a) ValuesValuesb)b) AttitudesAttitudesc)c) PerceptionPerceptiond)d) LearningLearningWe are covering Values in this ChapterWe are covering Values in this Chapter

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a) Values a) Values ––Values represent basic convictions that “a specific Values represent basic convictions that “a specific

mode of conduct or endmode of conduct or end--state of existence is state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or endconverse mode of conduct or end--state of state of existence”existence”

Values highlight an individual’s idea as to what is Values highlight an individual’s idea as to what is right, good or desirable.right, good or desirable.

Values system is the priority list of Values, in Values system is the priority list of Values, in descending order, which the individual stands for. descending order, which the individual stands for. E.g. freedom, pleasure, self respect, honesty, E.g. freedom, pleasure, self respect, honesty, obedience, equality, etc.obedience, equality, etc.

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Types of Values Types of Values ----Two approaches to developing Value Two approaches to developing Value typologies are covered as follows:typologies are covered as follows:--a) a) RokeachRokeach Value Survey (RVS) Value Survey (RVS) developed by Milton developed by Milton RokeachRokeachb) Contemporary Work Cohorts b) Contemporary Work Cohorts developed by Stephen Robbinsdeveloped by Stephen Robbins

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a)a) RockeachRockeach Value SurveyValue SurveyThere are two sets of Values, each There are two sets of Values, each containing 18 items.containing 18 items.The two sets are:The two sets are:i) Terminal Valuesi) Terminal Valuesii) Instrumental Valuesii) Instrumental Values

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i) Terminal Values: i) Terminal Values: These are desirable endThese are desirable end--states of states of existence and comprise of Goals that a existence and comprise of Goals that a person would like to achieve in his person would like to achieve in his lifetime.lifetime.

ii) Instrumental Values:ii) Instrumental Values:These are the modes of behaviors or These are the modes of behaviors or means of achieving the Terminal Values.means of achieving the Terminal Values.( Refer to Exhibit 1( Refer to Exhibit 1--2 from course material 2 from course material for examples)for examples)

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b) Contemporary Work Cohortsb) Contemporary Work CohortsStephen Robbins classified Work Stephen Robbins classified Work Values into four groups based on the Values into four groups based on the era era –– period of time in historyperiod of time in history-- when when they entered into work.they entered into work.Each group represents a Cohort or a Each group represents a Cohort or a GenerationGeneration

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The four groups are:The four groups are:1)1) Veterans Veterans -- 1950s to early 60s1950s to early 60s2)2) Boomers Boomers –– 1965 to 19851965 to 19853)3) XersXers –– 1985 to 20001985 to 20004)4) NextersNexters –– 2000 to present 2000 to present

(Refer to Exhibit 1(Refer to Exhibit 1--3 of course 3 of course material for more details)material for more details)

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Values, Loyalty & Ethical BehaviorValues, Loyalty & Ethical BehaviorLoyalty is dependent upon the Values Loyalty is dependent upon the Values the employees cherish.the employees cherish.Level of Loyalty is a function of Level of Loyalty is a function of Ethical BehaviorEthical Behavior

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Values across CulturesValues across CulturesValues across different Cultures are different and Values across different Cultures are different and

are impacted by five factors:are impacted by five factors:1)1) Power DistancePower Distance2)2) Individualism Vs CollectivismIndividualism Vs Collectivism3)3) Quantity of life Vs Quality of lifeQuantity of life Vs Quality of life4)4) Uncertainty AvoidanceUncertainty Avoidance5)5) LongLong--term Vs Shortterm Vs Short--term orientationterm orientation

( Refer to Exhibit 1( Refer to Exhibit 1--4 of course material for more 4 of course material for more details)details)

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SummarySummary

•• Human Beings are unique and so are their behaviors.Human Beings are unique and so are their behaviors.

•• We need to study Human Behavior based on certain scientific We need to study Human Behavior based on certain scientific theories and observations.theories and observations.

•• Behaviors and Motivation are significant indicators of individuaBehaviors and Motivation are significant indicators of individual l effectiveness in organizations. effectiveness in organizations.

•• Individual Behaviors are shaped by many factors like age, genderIndividual Behaviors are shaped by many factors like age, gender, , marital status, biographical characteristics, etc.marital status, biographical characteristics, etc.

•• Higher mental processes like cognition, logical reasoning, etc. Higher mental processes like cognition, logical reasoning, etc. contribute significantly in understanding the patterns of human contribute significantly in understanding the patterns of human behavior.behavior.

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