Capacity Development

Program in Environment

Management (CDEM)

Module 4: Integrated

Solid Waste

Management

6th February to 10th February

2017

K.J.Somaiya College, Mumbai

Overview of Waste

Streams Malavika Gopinath, IIT- Bombay

Pranay Krishnan, EMC

6th February 2017

‘substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law’

– Basel Convention, 1989

Working definitions vary from country to country- we will

focus on definitions in the Indian context

Urban wastes primarily consists of waste generated from residential, commercial, and institutional entities

It includes municipal solid waste, bio-medical waste, e-waste, commercial & institutional wastes and construction & demolition wastes.

3

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

Municipal Solid Waste ‘Solid or semi-solid

domestic waste, sanitary waste, commercial waste, institutional waste, catering and market waste and other non residential wastes, street sweepings, silt removed or collected from the surface drains, horticulture waste, agriculture and dairy waste, treated bio-medical waste.’

-Solid Waste Rules, 2016

Exclusions: industrial waste, bio-medical waste and e-waste, battery waste, radio-active waste generated in the area under the local authorities

4

Source: Moss et.al, 2010

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

5

As per the latest CPCB data available (2014) the net MSW generation in the country is estimated to 143,000 tonnes/day (52.2 million tonnes annually) For Maharashtra, the daily generation is around 21,000 tonnes/day and for MCGM, it is estimated to be 8,600 tonnes/day

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

6

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

47%

8% 8%

1%

1%

5%

30%

MSW Composition for India

(CPCB, 2014)

Organic

material

Paper

Rubber

Metal

Glass

Rags

Others

& Inert

Daily MSW Generation for India (CPCB, 2014) 7

•waste composition varies greatly across the world, depending on the level of socio- economic development

•as income levels increase % of organic fractions tend to decrease •even within India, across rural and urban areas, the MSW composition

differs greatly

E-waste

‘electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part discarded as waste by the consumer or bulk consumer as well as rejects from manufacturing, refurbishment and repair processes’

E-waste generation has increased significantly due to the frequent upgrades in the electronic goods & rapid obsolescence

8

• As per CPCB estimates, India generated around 800,080 tonnes of e-waste in 2014 (Jindal, 2016)

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

9

• Globally, it is estimated that the total amount e-waste generated in 2014 was 41.8 million metric tonnes (MMT) which is forecasted to increase to 50 MMT per annum in 2018

• In Asia, e-waste generated was 16.0 MMT in 2014 with China generating the highest (6 MMT) followed by Japan (2.2 MMT) and India (1.7MMT)

Note: • Additionally,

0.05 MMT is imported

• E-waste generation is expected to reach 5.2 MMT as per ASSOCHAM

MMT – Million metric tonnes per annum

0.15

0.33 0.43

0.8

1.7

3.2

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

2005 2007 2009 2012 2014 2015

Wa

ste

ge

ne

rati

on

in M

illio

n M

etr

ic T

on

s

E-waste generation estimates in India

CPCB

MAIT-GTZ

ELCINA

CPCB

UNU

Leading recycler

ASSOCHAM 1.8

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

10

• India sold 300 million CFLs in 2010, and considering that the average life of a CFL in India is 4 years10, about 300 million CFLs would have entered the waste stream in 2014 alone.

• 1066 million CFLs would have been disposed of by 2014, in the next 2 years, another 748 million CFLs will enter the waste stream.

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

Biomedical Waste

‘Any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals or research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biological or in health camps’

Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016

Exclusions- radioactive wastes ,wastes covered under the MSW Rules, lead acid batteries, hazardous wastes, e- waste, hazardous microorganisms.

BMW is not the same as hospital waste

definition of BMW varies vastly across countries -most common health care wastes generated are used bandages, syringes, scalpels and laboratory wastes

11

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

•For Maharashtra, the generation of BMW in 2010 was reported to be 47 tonnes/day (MPCB,2010)

•average BMW generation per bed in hospitals is reported to be 1.5 kg/day for India (range: 0.5-2 kg/day) (Rameshbabu et.al, 2009)

40%

10%

1% 4%

45%

Healthcare Waste Composition for India

Bandages, linen andother infectious waste

Plastics

Sharps & metal waste

Glass

General waste

Source: Patil and Shekdar, 2001 12

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

Hazardous Waste

‘Any waste which by reason of characteristics such as physical, chemical, biological, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive, causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or in contact with other wastes or substances’

Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016

Examples of HW include spent catalysts, used oils, spent chemicals, sludge from wastewater treatment etc.

13

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

Daily hazardous waste generation in India (for 2014) was reported to be 21650 tonnes/day (CPCB, 2016)

For Maharashtra, the HW generation in 2015 was reported at 4503 tonnes/day & for MCGM, it is around 466 tonnes/day (MPCB, 2016)

Hazardous waste can also be generated from homes (spent medicines, used batteries, lamps, insect repellants, aerosol spray, home cleaning chemicals etc.)- contamination of MSW due to these household hazardous waste streams is of concern because they can affect MSW treatment processes

14

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

Construction & Demolition Waste

“Building materials, debris and rubble resulting from construction, re-modelling, repair and demolition of any civil structure.”

C&D Waste Management Rules, 2016

Components of C&D waste are typically concrete, asphalt, wood, metals, gypsum wallboard, and roofing

C&D waste generation for India (2012) was around 188,000 tonnes/ day (AWMO,2017)

15 Source: Bhattacharya et.al., 2013

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

C&D waste quantity is influenced by the rate of urbanization involving factors such as development of public infrastructure projects, growth of residential and commercial properties, and foreign direct investments (GWMO, 2015)

16

0.00

100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

700.00

kg/c

apit

a/an

nu

m

Per capita C&D waste generation for select Asian Countries (2012)

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

Source: Jindal, 2016

Total Solid Waste Generation (2014)

17

MSW is the most significant in terms of quantity! However, if C&D waste is also considered, it will dominate in terms of quantity. Why?

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

Non-urban waste streams

Non-urban waste generation is highly influenced by economic activities or geographical factors an area as opposed to urban waste streams such as MSW i.e., some regions generate certain specific waste types while others may not

Ship-breaking waste is only generated in regions that have ports and shipyards, while mining wastes are produced in regions with large mining activities

Other examples include agricultural waste, disaster wastes , marine litter & debris etc.

18

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

Wastewater

Wastewater is defined as “a combination of one or more of:

Domestic effluent consisting of blackwater (excreta, urine and faecal sludge) and greywater (kitchen and bathing wastewater);

Water from commercial establishments and institutions, including hospitals;

Industrial effluent, stormwater and other urban run-off;

Agricultural, horticultural and aquaculture effluent, either dissolved or as suspended matter” (Corcoran et al. 2010).

19 http://www.unwater.org/fileadmin/user_upload/unwater_new/docs/UN-Water_Analytical_Brief_Wastewater_Management.pdf

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

Constituents of wastewater may include: Plant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium)

Pathogenic microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths)

Heavy metals (e.g. cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead and zinc)

Organic pollutants (e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides); and biodegradable organics (BOD, COD)

Micro-pollutants (e.g. medicines, cosmetics, cleaning agents)

20

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

21

“Waste Intensity Map” showing Intensity/Risks and Relative Mass for Key

Waste Streams in India

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

eme

nt

Waste Collection

MSW collection is the obligatory responsibility of local governments

They may be contracted to private operators or collectives of informal workers through various PPP models (for e.g. In Pune, the collection is carried out by KKPKP)

Collection rates vary across countries and even across cities within the same countries- in low-income countries, it is not uncommon to find collection rates below 50 percent), while high-income countries reach close to 100 percent (e.g., Singapore and South Korea)

In India, data for 105 cities show that collection rates vary between 40 to 100 percent

22

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

emen

t

Waste Transportation

MSW maybe transported to transfer stations from where they are taken to treatment locations (mostly in the case of centralized processing) or directly to landfills for disposal

Waste transportation accounts for the maximum expenditure in MSW management!

23

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

emen

t

Sorting & segregation

Waste sorting centers, also known as materials recovery facilities, receive, separate and prepares recyclable materials

Waste sorting centers play a key role in ISWM, and therefore should be considered a key element in modern sustainable waste management

They provide waste pickers a safer environment to work in, encourage communities to recycle, reduce the amount of reusable and recyclable material that is sent to a landfill, thereby increasing the life of the landfill, and reduce GHG emissions.

The waste is separated by product, and the various items are then prepared for recycling, composting, treatment, and/or disposal

24

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

emen

t

MSW Treatment

25

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

emen

t

Decentralization in MSWM

26

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

emen

t

MSW collection & treatment in India

27

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100A

nd

hra

Pra

des

h/…

Aru

nac

hal

Pra

des

h

Ass

am

Ch

hat

tisg

arh

Del

hi

Go

a

Gu

jara

t

Har

yan

a

Him

ach

al P

rad

esh

Jam

mu

& K

ash

mir

Jhar

khan

d

Kar

nat

aka

Ker

ala

Mad

hya

Pra

des

h

Mah

aras

htr

a

Man

ipu

r

Me

ghal

aya

Miz

ora

m

Nag

alan

d

Ori

ssa

Pu

nja

b

Raj

asth

an

Sikk

im

Tam

il N

adu

Trip

ura

Utt

ar P

rad

esh

Utt

rakh

and

Wes

t B

enga

l

%

Collection % (out of total generated) Treatment % (out of total generated)

National average -82% Collection -26% Treatment For MCGM- 100% collection- 40% treatment

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

emen

t

MSW Disposal

28

Intr

od

uct

ion

to

Was

te s

trea

ms

Ove

rvie

w o

f M

SW m

anag

emen

t

all waste management system requires a final disposal- therefore landfills are inevitable

the trend shows that more developing countries in Asia are investing in the establishment of sanitary landfills than on the treatment of waste

Landfill mining and reclamation (LFMR) - solid wastes which have previously been landfilled are excavated and processed

MSWM in Mumbai

Population -12.5 million Net area -603 sq. km MSW generation - 6600 MT/day (0.528 kg/capita/day)

Mumbai Ward Map- Source: MCGM

Source: Zurbrügg et al. 2004

-Rs15-20lakh per day on collecting and transporting garbage and debris -municipal and private vehicles making about 2,000 trips every day(Gokaldas 2012)

-lack of treatment and direct dumping of MSW (also Biomedical Waste) -frequent fires in landfills -in several wards of Mumbai, a growing movement to formalize the waste-picking sector - NGOs such as Sthree Mukti Sanghatana, FORCE are actively involved in WM -Advanced Locality Management (ALM) is local management of solid waste by citizens who organise themselves to manage their waste -many private service providers (eg. RUR Greenlife, Flycatcher technologies, Sampurn(E)arth Solutions, Mumbai Goes Green )

Snapshots from decentralised MSWM in Mumbai

RUR’s Tumbler Composting Unit, Ashok Towers, Mahim

Earthen Composter at Dr. Roshani Sanghani’s Clinic in

Khar West

Sunsaar’s Bin Composter at Blooming Heights, Pali Hills SMS worker at TISS Biogas

plant maintained by Sampurn(E)arth

Module Coordinator: Dr.Prasad Modak, Ekonnect Knowledge Foundation Address:

504/505, 5th Floor, Balarama Building,

Bandra Kurla Complex, Near MMRDA Office

Bandra (East) Mumbai – 400 051

Tel : 91 022 6221 5944/5946

Website: www.ekonnect.net Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/EkonnectKnowledgeFoundation/?ref=hl

Ekonnect Knowledge Foundation is a not for profit company offering education and awareness on Environment, CSR & Sustainability.

CDEM is a program conceived and organized by K.J.Somaiya in partnership with and support of MMR-EIS. This module 4 is part of the 5 module diploma certificate offered under this program.

31