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Overview of the Soultz geothermal project
Dr Albert Genter
GeoElec Visit
Kutzenhausen, 09th November 2012
Soultz geothermal power plant
OUTLINE
• Project organization
• Scientific achievements
• Technical achievements
• On-going activities on site
• Geothermal activity and dissemination
– Other EGS projects in the URG
– Dissemination
3
Soultz Drilling Rig
The Soultz geothermal conceptHot Dry Rock
• Acronym HDR
• Heat exploitation from deep hard rocks
• High temperatures at great depth
• Not dependent from the location
• Create artificially a heat exchanger at depth
• Closed system
EGS
• Enhanced Geothermal System
• Natural brine 100g/l, NaCl, pH~5
• Naturally Fractured and Altered Granite
• Connection between geothermal well to the reservoir by stimulation
• Forced fluid circulation during exploitation
4
Large reservoir with similar fluid composition: open system
Geothermal fluid
Artificial heat exchanger
WHO WE ARE?
5
Industrial Partners
Public Funding
Scientific Partners
European Economic Interest Grouping
“Exploitation Minière de la Chaleur” GEIE EMC
CONTRACTUAL PROJECT PHASES
6
Deep Drilling & Stimulation29M€
2001 Phase I 2005
2004 Phase II 2009
Power plant construction25M€
2010 Phase III 2012
Scientific and Technical monitoring5M€
Geothermal life cycle
7
Site Selection
DrillingStimulation
TestingConcept
Build & testpower plant
Operate andcirculation
Site abandonment
Fracture onoutcrops
Concessionalscale
BoreholeImage
Micro-seismiccloud structure
Power plant exploitation
Power plant dismantlement
Geothermal Development
Soultz Project presentation
Location
• Geothermal anomaly in the Upper Rhine Graben (URG)
Technology
• 4 deep geothermal wells (3,6 and 5 km): 200οC @ 5 km depth
• 1st binary geothermal plant in France
• Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technology: 1.5 MWe
• Down-hole pump tests: Long Shaft Pump (LSP)
Feed-in tariff
• New decree 23 July 2010 in France
• Geothermal electricity 20 c€ per kWh
• Bonus for heat of 8 c€ per kWh
• At Soultz, selling of electricity started early 2011
• No heat application on site
One of the highest geothermal anomaly in Western Europe 8
Sediments
Granite
GPK2
GPK1 GPK4
GPK3
Pump
ORC plant
Down-hole Pump
11
UPPER RHINE GRABEN (URG)
Soultz Horst
Transverse Seismic line
Geothermal target is a deep crystalline rock
FRACTURE NETWORK BASED ON 2D SEISMIC DATA
12
Sediments
Granite
Renard & Courrioux, 1994; Valley, 2007
Major fault system in the sediments
Need for imaging the deep fractured granite
The main project steps
13
1987 – 1991
Explorationphase
1991 – 1998
Creation of the 2 wells system GPK1/GPK2
at - 3600 m
1999 – 2007
Creation of the 3 wells system GPK2/GPK3/GPK4
at - 5000 m
2007 – 2009
Construction of the first production unit
ORC - 1.5 MWe
• Drilling GPK1 at - 2000 m
• Coring EPS1 at- 2227 m
• Deepening of GPK1 at- 3600 m and stimulation
• Drilling of GPK2 at - 3880 m and stimulation
• Circulation test between the 2 wells (4 months)
• Deepening of GPK2 at - 5080 m and stimulation
• Drilling of GPK3 at- 5100 m and stimulation
• Drilling of GPK4 at- 5270 m and stimulation
• Circulation test between the 3 wells (5 months)
• Complementary stimulations (chemical)
• Installation of surface equipment (turbine and generator, heat exchangers, cooling systems …)
• Installation of the LSPin GPK2 at - 350 m
• Inauguration of the power plant 13.06.2008
• Installation of the ESPin GPK4 at - 500m
2010-2012
STANDARD GRANITE
15
Core K21, GPK-1 (3510 m)
Monzogranite
Crystals of FK (1 to 4 cm)
Granite matrix:plagioclase, quartz, biotite and hornblende
Accessory minerals: magnetite, zircon, apatite, titanite, hematite, leucoxene,
7 cm
ILLITE AND CALCITE WITHIN FRACTURED GRANITE
16
1mm
50mm
GPK1 wellK5-20
GPK1 wellK5-20
GPK1 wellK19-12
THE MAIN PROJECT STEPS
17
1987 – 1991
Explorationphase
1991 – 1998
Creation of the 2 wells system GPK1/GPK2
at - 3600 m
1999 – 2007
Creation of the 3 wells system GPK2/GPK3/GPK4
at - 5000 m
2007 – 2009
Construction of the first production unit
ORC - 1.5 MWe
• Drilling GPK1 at - 2000 m
• Coring EPS1 at- 2227 m
• Deepening of GPK1 at- 3600 m and stimulation
• Drilling of GPK2 at - 3880 m and stimulation
• Circulation test between the 2 wells (4 months)
• Deepening of GPK2 at - 5080 m and stimulation
• Drilling of GPK3 at- 5100 m and stimulation
• Drilling of GPK4 at- 5270 m and stimulation
• Circulation test between the 3 wells (5 months)
• Complementary stimulations (chemical)
• Installation of surface equipment (turbine and generator, heat exchangers, cooling systems …)
• Installation of the LSPin GPK2 at - 350 m
• Inauguration of the power plant 13.06.2008
• Installation of the ESPin GPK4 at - 500m
2010-2012
SITE MAP
19
Since 1987:
• EPS1 fully cored ➨ exploration well
• GPK1 ➨ Injection well
• GPK3 ➨ Injection well
• GPK2 & GPK4 ➨ Production wells
BHT=200°C
700m 700m
σHmax
THERMAL PROFILES IN THE SOULTZ WELLS
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
temperature [°C]
true
ver
tical
dep
th [
m]
Temperature Logs Equilibrium
GPK-2GPK-3GPK-4
Natural circulation within hydrothermally altered and fractured zones
Convection
Triassic sandstone
Paleozoic granite
Conduction
ConductionFractured
SandstoneFractured
Altered Granite
DEEP GEOLOGY
• Methodology:
– Fracture network with borehole image logs
– Petrography and hydrothermal alterations with cuttings, cores and geophysical logs analyses
• Geological model:
– 2 granites (U/Pb dating)
– Normal faults, graben
– Fracture zones with low natural permeability
21Dezayes et al., 2004
GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRINE
– Representative chemical composition: Na-Cl brine, pH ≈ 4.8-5.0
– TDS ≈ 97 g/l and density = 1.065 g/cm3 (20°C)
22
27,5
3,25
6,9
0,125
59,0
0,190 0,0850,427
0,220,45
0,14
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
conc
entra
tion
(g/l)
Na K
Ca
Mg Cl
SO
4
HC
O3
SiO
2 Br
Sr Li
speciesSanjuan et al., 2008
23
HYDRAULIC STIMULATION
GPK2, 2000µseismic events M>1
GPK3, 2003µseismic events M>1
Pre
sure
TimeDorbath et al., 2009Cuenot et al., 2008
25
MICROSEISMIC CLOUDS
� Several thousands of microseismic events during each stimulation test
� Several felt earthquakes (M > 2)
� Maximum magnitudes- 2000 : 2.6- 2003 : 2.9, 2.7- 2004 : 2.0- 2005 : 2.6
PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE
26
� growing fear due to:
• the largest earthquakes (vibration, sound, moving objects )
• repetition of felt earthquakes (within a short period)
� lots of phone calls (complain or ask for information)
� complaints to local authorities from individuals or associ ations
� articles in local newspapers
� around 70 complaints for presumed damages, which were evalu ated by experts frominsurance companies
� long-term risk of strong opposition to the project
TRACER TEST IN 2005
PRODUCTION GPK2 & INJECTION GPK3
27
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
07/07/05 27/07/05 16/08/05 05/09/05 25/09/05 15/10/05 04/11/05 24/11/05 14/12/05 03/01/06
Time (days)
SN
fluo
resc
ein
conc
entr
atio
n (µ
g/l)
EGI data (Fluorimetry
on site)
injection of 150 kg of SN fluorescein dissolved in
950 l of fresh water
BRGM data (HPLC)
Inflow of Inflow of geothermal brine geothermal brine
GPK3 GPK4GPK2
12
3(?)
Sanjuan et al., 2006
Strong hydraulic dissymetry between GPK3/GPK2 & GPK 3/GPK4
70% of external water: open system
THE MAIN PROJECT STEPS
28
1987 – 1991
Explorationphase
1991 – 1998
Creation of the 2 wells system GPK1/GPK2
at - 3600 m
1999 – 2007
Creation of the 3 wells system GPK2/GPK3/GPK4
at - 5000 m
2007 – 2009
Construction of the first production unit
ORC - 1.5 MWe
• Drilling GPK1 at - 2000 m
• Coring EPS1 at- 2227 m
• Deepening of GPK1 at- 3600 m and stimulation
• Drilling of GPK2 at - 3880 m and stimulation
• Circulation test between the 2 wells (4 months)
• Deepening of GPK2 at - 5080 m and stimulation
• Drilling of GPK3 at- 5100 m and stimulation
• Drilling of GPK4 at- 5270 m and stimulation
• Circulation test between the 3 wells (5 months)
• Complementary stimulations (chemical)
• Installation of surface equipment (turbine and generator, heat exchangers, cooling systems …)
• Installation of the LSPin GPK2 at - 350 m
• Inauguration of the power plant 13.06.2008
• Installation of the ESPin GPK4 at - 500m
2010-2012
31
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Preheater 1 Preheater 2
Evaporator
Demister
Geothermal
water inlet
Geothermal
water outlet
Isobutane
inletIsobutane
oulet
TURBINE RADIALE (CRYOSTAR)
34
A turbine is a rotating machine that converts energy from a process stream into mechanical energy.
At Cryostar, this equipment is a radial inflow expansion turbine.
Gas, at a high pressure level, is expanded through a turbine wheel to a lower pressure level.
Thus, the power generated, can
drive a compressor or a generator.
TURBINE =
EXPANSION
+
POWER RECOVERY
SUCTION
DISCHARGE
T1
T2<T1
High pressure
(radial flow inlet)
Low pressure
(axial flow outlet)
GEOTHERMAL SOULTZ SITE
37
Power plant
Max 1,5MWe
Organic Rankine Cycle
Geothermal system
Production Well GPK2
26L/s @157°C 19bar
26L/s
13L/s
10L/s
Sediments
Granite
GPK2
GPK1 GPK4
GPK3
Pump
38
Environment
ReservoirPerformance
Power planttechnology
Corrosion/scalingDown-hole pumps
NoiseVibration
Natural radioactivityVisual impact
Micro-seismicity activityLow pressure re-injection
Well production enhancement
PHASE III: CHALLENGES DURING EXPLOITATION
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
01/05/10 00:00 31/05/10 00:00 30/06/10 00:00 30/07/10 00:00 29/08/10 00:00 28/09/10 00:00
Time (day)
1,3,
5-ts
n co
ncen
trat
ion
(µg/
l)
39
ReservoirPerformance
Micro-seismicity activityLow pressure re-injection
Well production enhancement
CHALLENGES DURING EXPLOITATION: RESERVOIR
• Power Plant Monitoring
• Well measurements
• Induced Seismicity
• Seismology
• Reservoir modelling
• 3D modelling/Exploration
Physico-chemical monitoring
Geothermal fluid
Inter-well tracer Micro-seismicity monitoring
Tracer modellingIn fractured media
3D fault modelling
Longest hydraulic circulation test never done at Soultz: >10 months
Low induced micro-seismicity activity
Average rate is less than 2 µevents/day from January 2010
Maximum magnitude was 2.3, none felt
40
RESERVOIR: MICRO-SEISMICITY ACTIVITY
41
RESERVOIR: INDUCED MICRO-SEISMICITY ACTIVITY AT DEPTH
During recent circulation tests, micro-seismicity developed always in the same areas
In green, October events
RESERVOIR: HYDRAULIC MONITORING
Induced micro-seismicity activity at depth, December 2009 – August 2010:
RESERVOIR: TRACER TEST BETWEEN 2 WELLS
- Tracer test between GPK3 and GPK2 in stable hydraulic conditions at 18l/s
- Organic non-reactive tracer (1,3,5 nts) injected on May 4th 2010
43Field data, Sanjuan, 2011 Tracer modelling
Gentier et al., 2011
Fluid monitoring at production (165°C)
44
- Physico-chemical fluid monitoring: Cl, HCO3, SiO2, pH, conductivity, Redox
Fluid data: Native brine
45
83.5%
11.6%
0.76% 0.4%2.46%
CO2
N2
He
H2
CH4
- Gas and geothermal water analyses
Gas sample collected on February 22, 2011GLR (Gas Liquid Ratio) = 104% vol. = 0.18% mass
δ13C value (-3.9‰) suggests a mixed sedimentary-magmatic CO2 signature
Isotopic δD value: - 41.3‰
Isotopic δ18O value: -2.5‰
Closer from the Native Geothermal Brineit remains less than 1% of injected freshwater in February 2011
47
Power planttechnology
CHALLENGES DURING EXPLOITATION: TECHNOLOGY
• Corrosion
• Scaling
• Down-hole pumps
• Heat exchangers, filters
• ORC, air cooling
Corrosion by-passScaling: mineral deposits
Heat exchanger Down-hole Pump
Low Temperature Skid : LTS
On-going corrosion study at on-site
reinjection conditions (70°C) and in
laboratory (EIfER)
Different steels are currently tested
Casing: P110 & N80
Surface pipe: P265GH, P235GH, …
48
Longest on-site corrosion test in reinjection conditions (70°C) between May and October 2010
Corrosion rate ~0.2 mm/year
SURFACE TECHNOLOGIES: CORROSION STUDY (LTS)
Designed, constructed & tested in 2008 by GEIEOperational conditions of the LTS:
T = 50 - 70˚CP = 20 barFlow = 0.9 m/s
SURFACE TECHNOLOGIES: CORROSION STUDY (HTS)
49
High Temperature Skid (HTS)Designed in 2010 by GEIE In construction since July 2011First experiments expected in 2012 Operational conditions of the HTS
Height: 2.2m, width: 1.5mT = 155 - 165˚CP = 20 barflow = 2 m/s
Coating experiments
50
N80 coupon Chemical maps
Sr
As
Pb
Ga
Ba
Barito-Celestine deposit (Ba,Sr)SO4: Ba, Sr
Galena deposit PbS: Pb, As, Ga
CORROSION STUDY: CHEMICAL RESULTS
51
• Scaling characterization
– Mineralogical and geochemical studies with KIT/EnBW
• Main minerals: Barite-Celestine (Ba, Sr) SO4 & Galena (PbS) and trace
minerals (other sulfides)
SEM - MicroscopyBarite-Celestine dominated.
Only traces of sulfidesScaling sample from GPK4 pipe
Geochemical characterization: Trace elements (metals)What are the mineral formation conditions (sulfides) ?
SCALING STUDY: MINERALOGICAL RESULTS
52
• Investigations about anti-scalants with a German company
• Comparison of the effectiveness of several polyphosphonates
• Laboratory experiments with closed bottle tests
• Artificial solutions and original fluid (GPK2)
without inhibitor
orange 3ml orange 5ml red 5ml blue 5ml
Two products selectedAn injection system has been designed for doing a test
in real operational conditions
ANTI-SCALING STUDY
53
DOWN-HOLE PUMP: LSP FAILURE APRIL 2011
Hydraulic part of the LSP Damaged impellers cutting samples
54
New screwing tool used for dismantling the production pump
DOWN-HOLE PUMP IMPROVEMENTS
Hydraulic part of the LSP showing a boronized diffusor
Production well GPK-2
Technical sketch of the well-head showing the location of the vibration sensors
55
DOWN-HOLE PUMP FREQUENCY IN GPK-2 IN 2011
January to April 2011 @ Production wellFrequency, Flow rate, Temperature and Pressure
August to October 2011 @ Production wellFrequency, Flow rate, Temperature and Pressure
56
Environment
NoiseVibration
Natural radioactivityVisual impact
CHALLENGES DURING EXPLOITATION: ENVIRONMENT
• Noise
• Vibrations
• Natural radioactivity
High speed turbine Air cooling system
Geothermal equipment On-site radioprotection measurements
ENVIRONMENT: NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY
• Radioprotection for workers (blue line, dosimeter)
• Maximum legal annual authorized level: 1 mSv permanently
• Regular monitoring on GPK1/GPK2 plate-forms: 350 measurements
• ASN (Autorité de Sûreté Nucléaire) de Strasbourg
• Max value is 10µSv/h, Average value 2µSv/h
• Reinjection part (low Temp, 70°C) of the geothermal power point shows higher
radiation dose values than the production part (high Temp, 160°C)
57
Research study on anti-scalant productsTest in real conditions
59GPK1
GPK1 GPK4
GPK4
White compact depositat 80 m depth
View downward of thecasing at 194 m depth
Very local whitedeposit at 327 m depth
View downward of thecasing at 369 m depth
Video tool
Data acquisition system
Video camera: Scaling visible on the internal
surface of the casing
61
< 60°C
60 - 80°C
80 - 120°C
120 - 140°C
140 - 160°C
160 - 180 °C
180 - 200°C
200 - 220°C
220 - 240°C
> 240°C
DEEP TEMPERATURES IN EUROPE
62
ACCEPTABILITY OF DEEP GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: OPINION SURVEY
Kutzenhausen and Soultz villagesAgreement from the 2 mayors
Questionnaire with 80 questions203 interviews
Radioactivity
Visual Impact
Noise
Pollution
Sismicity
Positive feed-back from local population
EGS PROJECTS WITHIN THE UPPER RHINE VALLEY
• In Germany,
– Landau, Insheim
– Bruchsal
• In Northern Alsace, a new company ECOGI started in 2011, a
new geothermal project close to Soultz (Rittershoffen-Hatten)
• Objective is to produce heat for drying cereals by drilling a
well at 2,5 km. Expected temperature is about 150-170°C. First
geothermal drilling, started in September 2012
• Other oil/geothermal companies are looking for geothermal
exploration
• Labex G-EAU THERMIE PROFONDE (EOST Strasbourg)63
DISSEMINATION IN THE GEOTHERMAL COMMUNITY
Dec. 2006
238 peer review papers725 presentations in conferences136 diploma students (51 PhD)
June 2010
DISSEMINATION TO A LARGE AUDIENCE
65
http://www.geothermie-soultz.fr/
Website: English, French German versions on-line
Soultz Geothermal Conference150 participants
Soultz geothermal power plant visits2000 visits per year
Neuchâtel Univ. 14 Sept 2011