overview of haematopoeisis final
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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Presented by
Dr. Magdi El Sersi, A/Professor of Physiology, SEGi University
BLOOD
Overview of Haematopoeisis
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Objectives
• Composition of Blood
• Plasma make up and roles
• Various cell types, origin and roles
References
• Guyton, Arthur C. Textbook of medical physiology
• Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology .
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Blood is a specialized bodily fluid circulating around the body
through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart.
Physical Characteristics
•Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid
•Color varies from scarlet (oxygen-rich) to dark red (oxygen-poor)
•The pH of blood is 7.35–7.45
•Osmolarity = 300 mOsmThis value reflects the concentration of solutes in the plasma
•Salinity = 0.85%•Reflects the concentration of NaCl in the blood
•Blood accounts for approximately 8% of body weight
•Average volume of blood is 5–6 L for males, and 4–5 L for females
Blood
Figure 1: Systemic &
Pulmonary Circulations
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Functions of Blood
• Blood performs a number of functions dealing with:
1. Transport and distribution
2. Regulation of blood levels of particular substances
3. Body protection
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Transport and Distribution
• Blood transports:• Oxygen from the lungs
and nutrients from the digestive tract
• Metabolic wastes from cells to the lungs and kidneys for elimination
• Hormones from endocrine glands to target organs
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Regulation
• Blood maintains:
• Appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
• Normal pH in body tissues using buffer systems
• Adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system
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Protection
• Hemostasis :Blood prevents blood loss by:
• Activating plasma proteins and platelets
• Initiating clot formation when a vessel is broken
• Blood prevents infection by:
• Synthesizing and utilizing antibodies
• Activating WBCs to defend the body against foreign invaders
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Blood Plasma
• 98% Water,
• Solutes, including:
• Proteins – albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, and others
• Non-protein nitrogenous substances – lactic acid, urea, creatinine
• Organic nutrients – glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids
• Electrolytes – Na⁺, K ⁺, Ca ⁺ ⁺, Clˉ, HCO3ˉ
• Respiratory gases – O2 and CO2
• Trace elements and vitamines
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Plasma proteins and functions
• Albumin-3.5-5 gm/dl
• Maintain blood osmotic pressure
• Transport of hormones, FFA, Ca++ etc
• Globulins-1.5-2.5gm/dl
• α & β globulins transport hormones and other substances
• γ globulins-immunoglobulins form antibodies
• Fibrinogen- 0.2-0.4gm/dl
• Formation of clot• Serum; is plasma without clotting proteins
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Blood Components: Plasma Transports Solutes
• Water, ions, trace elements
• Gasses: O2 & CO2
• Organic Molecules
• Glucose
• N–wastes
• Proteins
• Antibodies
• Hormones
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Blood Components: Plasma Transports Solutes
Figure 2: Composition of blood
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Composition of Blood
• Blood is the body’s only fluid tissue (a connective tissue)
• 2 major components
• Liquid = plasma (55%) Formed elements (45%)
1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
2. Leukocytes (white blood cells )
3. Platelets
Figure 3: Composition of blood
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Composition of Blood
Figure 2 (1 of 2)
BLOOD
Gases such as
such asPlasma
Ions
Trace elements
and vitamins
O2
CO2
Proteins
Glucose
Lipids
Nitrogenous
waste
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Amino acids Albumins
Organic
molecules
Water
is
composed
of
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Blood Components: "Blood Count" – % of Each Component
Figure 4: The blood count
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Blood Components: Cells
• Erythrocytes
• Red Blood Cells (RBC)
• O2 & CO2 transport
• White Blood Cells (WBC)
• Immune defense
• Phagocytosis
• Platelets: clotting
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Cellular Elements
• Three main cellular elements
• Red blood cells – also called erythrocytes
• Platelets – split off from megakaryocytes
• White blood cells – also called leukocytes
• Lymphocytes – are also called immunocytes
• Monocytes – develop into macrophages
• Neutrophils – neutrophils along with monocytes and macrophages are known as phagocytes
• Eosinophils – eosinophils along with neutrophils and basophils are also called granulocytes
• Basophils – tissue basophils are called mast cells
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Composition of Blood
Figure 2 (2 of 2)Cellular
elements
Red blood
cells
White
blood cells
Platelets
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
include
m 0
5
10
15
BLOOD
is
composed
of
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Plasma Proteins
Table 1
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Clinical Tests
• Hematocrit: ratio of red blood cells to plasma
Figure 16-3
100%
•58%
plasma
volume
42%
packed
red cell
volume
<1%
white
cells
MALES FEMALES
Hematocrit 40%–54% 37%–47%
Hemoglobin (g Hb/dL* blood) 14–17 12–16
Red cell count (cells/µL) 4.5–6.5 x 106 3.9–5.6 x 106
Total white cell count (cells/µL) 4–11 x 103 4–11 x 103
Differential white cell count
Neutrophils 50%–70% 50%–70%
Eosinophils 1%–4% 1%–4%
Basophils <1% <1%
Lymphocytes 20%–40% 20%–40%
Monocytes 2%–8% 2%–8%
Platelets (per µL) 150–450 x 103 150–450 x 103
*1 deciliter (dL) = 100 mL
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Hematopoiesis: Blood Cell Formation
• Mostly in bone marrow from stem cells
• Rate regulated by cytokines & growth factors
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Blood Cells
Table 2
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Stem Cells ……………….!! What is a stem cell?
A cell that has the ability to:
continuously divide and
differentiate (develop) into various
other kind(s) of cells/tissues
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Stem Cells
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Hematopoiesis
Figure 5 (1 of 2)
Uncommitted
stem cells
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
Committed
progenitor cells
Erythroblast
Megakaryocyte
Lymphocyte
stem cells
BO
NE
M
AR
RO
W
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Hematopoiesis
Figure 5 (2 of 2)
Erythroblast
Megakaryocyte
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte Platelets Basophil EosinophilNeutrophil Monocyte Lymphocyte
BO
NE
M
AR
RO
WC
IR
CU
LA
TIO
N
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Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 6-a
(a)
Bone
marrow
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Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 6-b
Bone
cortexCentral sinus
Venous
sinuses
Stroma of
marrow
(b)
Nutrient
artery
Radial
artery
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Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 6-c
Platelets
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Mature blood cells squeeze
through the endothelium to
reach the circulation.
Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
The stroma is composed of
fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.
Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem cell
Monocyte
(c)
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Venous sinus
Mature
neutrophil
Reticular
fiber
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Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 6-c (1 of 11)
Platelets
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
The stroma is composed of
fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.
Stem cell
Monocyte
(c)
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Venous sinusReticular
fiber
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Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 6-c (2 of 11)
Platelets
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
The stroma is composed of
fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.
Stem cell
Monocyte
(c)
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Venous sinusReticular
fiber
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Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 6-c (3 of 11)
Platelets
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
The stroma is composed of
fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.
Stem cell
Monocyte
(c)
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Venous sinusReticular
fiber
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Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 6-c (4 of 11)
Platelets
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
The stroma is composed of
fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.
Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem cell
Monocyte
(c)
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Venous sinusReticular
fiber
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Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 6-c (5 of 11)
Platelets
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
The stroma is composed of
fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.
Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem cell
Monocyte
(c)
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Venous sinusReticular
fiber
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Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 6-c (6 of 11)
Platelets
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Mature blood cells squeeze
through the endothelium to
reach the circulation.
Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
The stroma is composed of
fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.
Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem cell
Monocyte
(c)
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Venous sinusReticular
fiber
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Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 6-c (7 of 11)
Platelets
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Mature blood cells squeeze
through the endothelium to
reach the circulation.
Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
The stroma is composed of
fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.
Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem cell
Monocyte
(c)
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Venous sinusReticular
fiber
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Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 6-c (8 of 11)
Platelets
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Mature blood cells squeeze
through the endothelium to
reach the circulation.
Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
The stroma is composed of
fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.
Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem cell
Monocyte
(c)
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Venous sinusReticular
fiber
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Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 6-c (9 of 11)
Platelets
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Mature blood cells squeeze
through the endothelium to
reach the circulation.
Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
The stroma is composed of
fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.
Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem cell
Monocyte
(c)
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Venous sinusReticular
fiber
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Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 6-c (10 of 11)
Platelets
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Mature blood cells squeeze
through the endothelium to
reach the circulation.
Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
The stroma is composed of
fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.
Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem cell
Monocyte
(c)
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Venous sinusReticular
fiber
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Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 6-c (11 of 11)
Platelets
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Mature blood cells squeeze
through the endothelium to
reach the circulation.
Fragments of megakaryocyte
break off to become platelets.
The stroma is composed of
fibroblast-like reticular cells,
collagenous fibers, and
extracellular matrix.
Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem cell
Monocyte
(c)
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Venous sinus
Mature
neutrophil
Reticular
fiber