overview: europe’s dynastic wars were reflected in an international struggle for colonial empire....
TRANSCRIPT
OVERVIEW:OVERVIEW:
Europe’s dynastic wars Europe’s dynastic wars were reflected in an were reflected in an
international struggle international struggle for colonial empire. In for colonial empire. In North America the climax North America the climax was the French and Indian was the French and Indian
War.War.
Latecomer in scramble for Latecomer in scramble for the New Worldthe New World
1500s (foreign and domestic 1500s (foreign and domestic troubles)troubles)
--St. Bartholomew’s DaySt. Bartholomew’s Day - - 15721572
massacremassacre (Huguenots killed)(Huguenots killed)
1598 - EDICT OF NANTES1598 - EDICT OF NANTES-Limited tolerance for -Limited tolerance for
Protestants in FranceProtestants in France
King Louis XIV (1643 - 1715)King Louis XIV (1643 - 1715) -Deeply interested in -Deeply interested in
coloniescolonies-1600s - France dominant -1600s - France dominant
European powerEuropean power
1608 - de Champlain 1608 - de Champlain establishes establishes QuebecQuebec colonycolony-Friendly relations w/ -Friendly relations w/ HuronsHurons (enemies of (enemies of Iroquois tribes)Iroquois tribes)
Govt. = no pop.Govt. = no pop.assemblies, trial by juryassemblies, trial by jury
Slow population growth inSlow population growth inQuebec & New FranceQuebec & New France1750 – 55,000 white 1750 – 55,000 white
French French Huguenots denied Huguenots denied refugerefuge
French govt. favored its French govt. favored its Caribbean island colonies Caribbean island colonies (sugar/rum)(sugar/rum) over Quebecover Quebec
French control gradually extended from French control gradually extended from St. Lawrence River and down the St. Lawrence River and down the
Mississippi RiverMississippi RiverFrench interest in N. French interest in N.
AmericaAmerica1. Fur trade1. Fur trade
BeaverBeaver2. Jesuits2. Jesuits Catholic Missions for Catholic Missions for IndiansIndians3. Empire3. Empire
Halt English Halt English settlement settlement into into Ohio ValleyOhio Valley
Cadillac - Cadillac - Detroit (1701)Detroit (1701)
Halt Spanish push Halt Spanish push into into Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Mexico regionregion
de La Salle - de La Salle - Louisiana (1682)Louisiana (1682)
New Orleans New Orleans (1718)(1718)
FRENCH v. ENGLISHFRENCH v. ENGLISHPrevious Issues:Previous Issues: • King Williams War 1689-1697 King Williams War 1689-1697 • Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713
– Treaty of Utrecht - ended war for 3 Treaty of Utrecht - ended war for 3 decadesdecades
– Period of “Salutary Neglect”Period of “Salutary Neglect”
• King Georges War 1744-1748King Georges War 1744-1748– Colonists win Louisburg, England gave Colonists win Louisburg, England gave
it backit back– Colonists were furious, felt vulnerable Colonists were furious, felt vulnerable
from the northfrom the north
The Ohio Valley became a critical area ofThe Ohio Valley became a critical area of
contention between the British and Frenchcontention between the British and FrenchFRENCHFRENCH: Block English settlement, Link Canada & : Block English settlement, Link Canada &
Miss. Valley, Fur trade growth Miss. Valley, Fur trade growth
ENGLISHENGLISH: Colonials tired of French land : Colonials tired of French land grabbing, Block Fr./Ind. attacks & grabbing, Block Fr./Ind. attacks & competitioncompetition
North America in North America in 17501750
North America in North America in 17501750
BritisBritishh
FrenchFrench
Fort Necessity Fort Fort Necessity Fort DuquesneDuquesne ** George Washington George Washington ** Delaware & Delaware & ShawneeShawnee IndiansIndians
The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley
1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash
1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash
1st war for empire that began 1st war for empire that began in Americain America
French attacked by GWFrench attacked by GW
at Uniontownat Uniontown
Washington and troops Washington and troops forced to surrender Ft. forced to surrender Ft. Necessity to French Necessity to French (1754)(1754)
FrenchFrench won early battles won early battles17551755 - Gen. Braddock - Gen. Braddock ambushed en route to Ft. ambushed en route to Ft. DuquesneDuquesne
Colonial Disunity & Global WarColonial Disunity & Global WarAlbany Conference & Albany Conference & PlanPlan
of Union (1754)of Union (1754)-Delegates from 7 -Delegates from 7 colonies met with colonies met with Iroquois chiefs to Iroquois chiefs to prepare defense against prepare defense against FrenchFrench
Short range goal:Short range goal: Alliance Alliance Long-range goal:Long-range goal: Colonial Colonial
unityunity
Franklin’s Plan:Franklin’s Plan:Colonial Unity and Home ruleColonial Unity and Home rule
DelegatesDelegates - adopted plan - adopted planColonies/EnglandColonies/England - -
rejectedrejectedUNITED WAR EFFORT FAILSUNITED WAR EFFORT FAILS
Gen. Edward Braddock Gen. Edward Braddock evict the evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)(Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)
A Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley,Valley, & Acadia. & Acadia.A Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian by 1500 French and Indian forces.forces.Only Br. Success Only Br. Success expelled expelled
France France from from Louisiana. Louisiana. CAJUNSCAJUNS
1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.
Amer.Amer.
1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.
Amer.Amer.
A He understood colonial concerns.He understood colonial concerns.
A He offered them a compromise:He offered them a compromise:
-- col. loyalty & mil. col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. cooperation-->Br. would reimburse col. would reimburse col. assemblies forassemblies for their costs. their costs. -- Lord Loudoun would be removed.Lord Loudoun would be removed.
RESULTS?RESULTS? Colonial morale Colonial morale increased by increased by 1758.1758.
1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign
MinisterMinister
1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign
MinisterMinister
French and Indian War (1756 - 63)French and Indian War (1756 - 63)Seven Years’ WarSeven Years’ War ( (fought on seven seas)fought on seven seas)
Wm. Pitt (London) leadershipWm. Pitt (London) leadershipandand Prussian allies’ victories Prussian allies’ victories in Europe turned the tidein Europe turned the tide
1759 British “Year of Victory” 1759 British “Year of Victory” Attacks on Canada succeed:Attacks on Canada succeed:
*Quebec - Plains of Abraham*Quebec - Plains of AbrahamMajor battle in Fr./Br. historyMajor battle in Fr./Br. history
-Wolfe and Montcalm killed-Wolfe and Montcalm killed
*Montreal falls (1760)*Montreal falls (1760)-Fr. out of N. America-Fr. out of N. America
British defeat French & British defeat French & Spanish in W. Indies,Spanish in W. Indies,Philippines, & IndiaPhilippines, & India
TREATY OF PARIS (1763)TREATY OF PARIS (1763)
England emerges as England emerges as major colonial major colonial powerpower
1)1) British receive all British receive all French territory French territory (to the Miss. R.) (to the Miss. R.) in N. Americain N. America
- except New - except New OrleansOrleans
2) West of Miss. R. to 2) West of Miss. R. to SpanishSpanish
France --> France --> lost her Canadian lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi to lands east of the Mississippi River.River.Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.England.England -->England --> got all French lands got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India.in India.
1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis
1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis
Results of F& I war on colonies’ Results of F& I war on colonies’ futurefuture
1) Colonists gained confidence in military strength1) Colonists gained confidence in military strength-Able to fight as well as “invincible” British-Able to fight as well as “invincible” British
2) GW gained experience as commander2) GW gained experience as commander-Revolutionary War and Presidency-Revolutionary War and Presidency
3) Less dependent on English protection3) Less dependent on English protection-Becoming more “American” than “Englishmen”-Becoming more “American” than “Englishmen”
4) Pontiac’s Rebellion (Ottawa) (1763 - 66)4) Pontiac’s Rebellion (Ottawa) (1763 - 66)-Led several tribes to drive British out-Led several tribes to drive British out
5) Land-hungry colonials see themselves as free to 5) Land-hungry colonials see themselves as free to settle west of Appalachian Mtns.settle west of Appalachian Mtns.
BritishBritish
• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.
• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.
• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.
• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.
• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.
• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.
• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.
• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.
• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.
• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.
Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:
MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:
MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:
Finances:Finances:
Demeanor:Demeanor:
British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions
ColonialsColonials
1.1. It increased her colonial It increased her colonial empire in empire in the Americas. the Americas.
2.2. It greatly enlarged England’s It greatly enlarged England’s debt.debt.
3.3. Britain’s contempt for the Britain’s contempt for the colonials colonials created bitter feelings. created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her major reorganization of her
American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!
Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?
Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?
1.1. It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the common enemy for the firstfirst time. time.2.2. It created a socializing It created a socializing experience for all the experience for all the colonials who colonials who participated.participated.3.3. It created bitter It created bitter feelings feelings towards the British towards the British thatthat would only intensify. would only intensify.
Effects of the War Effects of the War on the American on the American
ColonialsColonials
Effects of the War Effects of the War on the American on the American
ColonialsColonials
North America in North America in 17631763
North America in North America in 17631763
1. Unlike the English colonies 1. Unlike the English colonies in America, in New Francein America, in New Francea.a. there were no popularly there were no popularly
elected assemblies.elected assemblies.
b.b. the crown refused to promote the crown refused to promote the welfare of French the welfare of French colonization.colonization.
c.c. the population grew very the population grew very rapidly.rapidly.
d.d. no valuable resources for no valuable resources for exploitation existed.exploitation existed.
e.e. disease did not take a toll disease did not take a toll on the Natives.on the Natives.
2. The Indians suffered from 2. The Indians suffered from their association with the their association with the
French in New France in all of French in New France in all of the following ways EXCEPTthe following ways EXCEPTa.a. exclusion from the fur exclusion from the fur
business.business.
b.b. decimation of their numbers by decimation of their numbers by the white man’s diseases.the white man’s diseases.
c.c. violation of their religious violation of their religious beliefs.beliefs.
d.d. moral depravity wrought by the moral depravity wrought by the white man’s alcohol.white man’s alcohol.
e.e. growing rivalries among tribes growing rivalries among tribes fighting the white man’s wars.fighting the white man’s wars.
3. Unlike the first three 3. Unlike the first three Anglo-French wars, the French Anglo-French wars, the French
and Indian warand Indian wara.a. won the British significant won the British significant
territorial concessions.territorial concessions.b.b. began in parts of Europe.began in parts of Europe.c.c. united British colonists in united British colonists in
strong support of the mother strong support of the mother country.country.
d.d. was fought initially on the was fought initially on the North American continent.North American continent.
e.e. did not affect American did not affect American colonists’ attitudes toward colonists’ attitudes toward Britain.Britain.
4. A key reason France needed 4. A key reason France needed to control the Ohio Valley was to control the Ohio Valley was
totoa.a. stop Spain from expanding its stop Spain from expanding its
empire.empire.b.b. allow for more French Huguenots allow for more French Huguenots
to find refuge in New France.to find refuge in New France.c.c. help win the War of Jenkin’s help win the War of Jenkin’s
Ear.Ear.d.d. stop the Indian attacks on its stop the Indian attacks on its
outposts.outposts.e.e. link its Canadian holdings with link its Canadian holdings with
those of the lower Mississippi those of the lower Mississippi Valley.Valley.
5. During the French and 5. During the French and Indian War,Indian War,
a.a. the colonial militiamen were the colonial militiamen were impressed with the seeming impressed with the seeming invincibility of the British invincibility of the British regulars.regulars.
b.b. the colonists became more dependent the colonists became more dependent on British protection.on British protection.
c.c. British officers roundly praised British officers roundly praised the skillful fighting ability of the skillful fighting ability of colonial troops.colonial troops.
d.d. British officials were disturbed by British officials were disturbed by the lukewarm support of many the lukewarm support of many colonials.colonials.
e.e. the colonists lost confidence in the colonists lost confidence in their own military capability.their own military capability.
OVERVIEW:OVERVIEW:
Successful conclusion of the war Successful conclusion of the war with France resulted in with France resulted in
significant changes in British significant changes in British policies toward the North policies toward the North
American colonies, including the American colonies, including the long-standing tradition of long-standing tradition of
“salutary neglect”.“salutary neglect”.
“Once vigorous measures appear to be the only means
left of bringing the Americans to a due submission to the
mother country, the colonies will submit.”
•King of England. King of England.
•Instrumental in ending the Instrumental in ending the French and Indian War in 1763. French and Indian War in 1763.
•Strong supporter of taxing the Strong supporter of taxing the colonies to pay for the debt. colonies to pay for the debt.
•He opposed any compromise He opposed any compromise with the colonial government in with the colonial government in
America. America.
•After loosing of the colonies, After loosing of the colonies, he withdrew his efforts at he withdrew his efforts at
personal government and went personal government and went insane.insane.
George
Proclamation (Line) of 1763Proclamation (Line) of 1763British prohibited British prohibited
settlement settlement
in area beyond in area beyond Appalachians, Appalachians,
pending further pending further adjustmentsadjustments
-Work out Indian problem -Work out Indian problem fairlyfairly
-Prevent another Pontiac-Prevent another Pontiac
Americans soon ignored or Americans soon ignored or
defied the linedefied the line
Colonials populated Colonials populated backcountrybackcountry
17631763 Pontiac’s Pontiac’s RebellionRebellion
Fort DetroitFort Detroit
British “gifts” of smallpox-British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort infected blankets from Fort
Pitt.Pitt.
The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the
FrontierFrontier
The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the
FrontierFrontier
Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)
Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)
British British Proclamation Line of Proclamation Line of 1763.1763.
Colonials Colonials Paxton Boys (PA) Paxton Boys (PA)
Philly scots/irish revolted against Philly scots/irish revolted against Quaker leniency regarding natives - Quaker leniency regarding natives -
killed 20 peaceful nativeskilled 20 peaceful natives
BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!
Pass a series of tax laws and have the Colonists help pay back the debt.
Pass a law restricting Colonists from moving westward into and settling the Northwest Territory.
Keep British troops in North America to stop Indian attacks and protect the Colonies.
Stop the smuggling of Colonials by enforcing the Navigation Acts with a series of unrestricted search warrants.
Northwest Territory
BritainBritain::Unchallenged supremacy in N.A. Unchallenged supremacy in N.A. Dominant naval power in worldDominant naval power in world140 million debt 140 million debt British view of coloniesBritish view of colonies::Low opinion of colonial Low opinion of colonial
militiamilitiaColonies refused to contribute Colonies refused to contribute
troops or money to efforttroops or money to effortBegin enforcing trade Begin enforcing trade
regulations to ease debtregulations to ease debtColonies view of BritishColonies view of British::Unimpressed with British Unimpressed with British
troops, leadership, & war troops, leadership, & war strategystrategy
Accustomed to running things Accustomed to running things w/o the Britishw/o the British
Pre-1763Pre-1763““Salutary (benign) Salutary (benign)
Neglect”Neglect”-Britain had -Britain had
exercised little exercised little direct control over direct control over the colonies the colonies
-Did not strictly -Did not strictly enforce its enforce its Navigation Laws Navigation Laws regulating colonial regulating colonial tradetrade
-Royal governors -Royal governors dealt with monarchy dealt with monarchy more than more than ParliamentParliament
-Colonial assemblies -Colonial assemblies held right of held right of taxationtaxation
Post-1763Post-1763““Tale of Two Georges”Tale of Two Georges”
King George III (1760 King George III (1760 - 1820)- 1820)
-Policy aimed at the -Policy aimed at the colonies bearing colonies bearing more of the debt more of the debt incurred from warsincurred from wars
George Grenville George Grenville (Prime (Prime minister)minister)
-Raise money to help -Raise money to help pay the cost of pay the cost of 10,000 Br. Troops 10,000 Br. Troops left in the left in the colonies for colonies for protectionprotection
OVERVIEW:OVERVIEW:
Parliament’s efforts to raise Parliament’s efforts to raise revenue in the colonies were revenue in the colonies were met with growing resistance. met with growing resistance. The repeal of the Stamp Act The repeal of the Stamp Act
gave an impression of a gave an impression of a colonial victory.colonial victory.
America and Britain:Actions and Reactions
First Phase of Crisis: First Phase of Crisis:
Molasses Act (1733)Molasses Act (1733)
Proclamation Line of 1763Proclamation Line of 1763
Sugar Act (1764)Sugar Act (1764)
Currency Act (1764)Currency Act (1764)
Quartering Act (1765)Quartering Act (1765)
Stamp Act (1765)Stamp Act (1765)
Declaratory Act (1766)Declaratory Act (1766)
Second Phase of Crisis: Second Phase of Crisis:
Townshend Acts (1767)Townshend Acts (1767)
Boston Massacre (1770)Boston Massacre (1770)
Tea Act (1773)Tea Act (1773)
Intolerable Acts & Coercive Acts Intolerable Acts & Coercive Acts (1774)(1774)
Quebec Act (1774)Quebec Act (1774)
Lexington and Concord (1775)Lexington and Concord (1775)
If you have the power to tax, you have the power to take all their wealth
from them.
If there is no check upon the people who posses the “power to tax” then
they have the power to destroy.
Colonists wanted an “actual” representative elected from them to
address their concerns to Parliament.
The Power to Tax is the Power to Destroy
TaxesWhy do we pay taxes?How does the federal, state, and local governments tax us? Collect the taxes?
What are some of the taxes we pay?
• Taxes and fees imposed by federal, state or local laws.
* Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) * U.S. capital gains tax * Corporate income tax * U.S. estate tax * U.S. excise tax (includes taxes on cigarettes and alcoholic
beverages) * U.S. federal income tax * Federal unemployment tax (FUTA) * FICA tax (includes Social Security tax and related programs) * Gasoline tax * Generation Skipping Tax * Gift tax * IRS penalties * Local income tax * Luxury taxes * Marriage Tax * Property tax * Hunting and Fishing License Tax * Real estate tax * Recreational vehicle tax * Road usage taxes (truckers) * Sales tax and equivalent use
tax * School tax * State income tax * State unemployment tax (SUTA) * Tariffs * Telephone federal excise tax * Vehicle sales tax * Workers compensation tax * Tire tax
If a politician wants to have power he needs votes of the people that elect him. He has to live among those people so
he will not use his power to destroy them,
Or, the people may in turn vote him out of power or worse destroy him.Man’s nature is greedy. Therefore, he cannot be
trusted with unchecked power.Absolute power corrupts,
absolutely.
The Power to Tax is the Power to Destroy
Review of British Policies• Mercantilism - Colonies existed for the benefit
of the mother country• Navigation Laws - enforce the mercantilist system• 1763 - end of “salutary neglect” under
– G. Grenville sought to enforce Nav. Laws– King George III - sought to increase control
• Currency Act (1764) – restricted colonial printing of money, colonies import more than export
• Sugar Act (1764) - updated Molasses Act– 1st act that specifically raised revenue for the crown
• Quartering Act (1765)– some colonies required to provide food and quarters for British troops
America and Britain:Actions and Reactions
First Phase of Crisis: First Phase of Crisis:
Molasses Act (1733)Molasses Act (1733)
Proclamation Line of 1763Proclamation Line of 1763
Sugar Act (1764)Sugar Act (1764)
Currency Act (1764)Currency Act (1764)
Quartering Act (1765)Quartering Act (1765)
Stamp Act (1765)Stamp Act (1765)
Declaratory Act (1766)Declaratory Act (1766)
Second Phase of Crisis: Second Phase of Crisis:
Townshend Acts (1767)Townshend Acts (1767)
Boston Massacre (1770)Boston Massacre (1770)
Tea Act (1773)Tea Act (1773)
Intolerable Acts & Coercive Acts Intolerable Acts & Coercive Acts (1774)(1774)
Quebec Act (1774)Quebec Act (1774)
Lexington and Concord (1775)Lexington and Concord (1775)
Pro PatriaThe first Man that Either
distributes or makes use of Stampt Paper let him take care
of his House, Person, and Effects.
Vox PopuliWe dare!
New York City PosterOctober 1765
Forms of ProtestForms of Protest
James Otis (1761)James Otis (1761)Argued in a Boston Argued in a Boston court against:court against:
writs of writs of assistanceassistance-general search -general search warrants to warrants to enforce enforce mercantilist lawsmercantilist laws
Forms of ProtestForms of ProtestOtis later protested Otis later protested the the Stamp Act (1765)Stamp Act (1765) by appealing to the:by appealing to the:natural rightsnatural rights of of English subjectsEnglish subjects-right to be taxed -right to be taxed only with consentonly with consent
“no taxation without representation”-Magna Carta -Magna Carta (1215) / (1215) / English Bill of English Bill of Rights (1689)Rights (1689)
Real WhigsReal Whigs
Q->Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’sWhat was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? authority over the colonies??
Absolute?Absolute? OR OR Limited?Limited?
Q->Q-> How could the colonies give How could the colonies give or or withhold consent for withhold consent for parliamentaryparliamentary legislation when they did legislation when they did not havenot have representation in that representation in that body??body??
Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentationTheories of Theories of
RepresentationRepresentation
Grenville’s theoryGrenville’s theory / / Colonists’ TheoryColonists’ Theory
Virtual representationVirtual representation-Each member of -Each member of Parliament represented Parliament represented the interests of the the interests of the entire empireentire empire
LegislationLegislation-matters matters affecting the entire affecting the entire empire such as trade(ok)empire such as trade(ok)
TaxationTaxation-directly imposing -directly imposing Parliamentary will w/o Parliamentary will w/o representation (not ok)representation (not ok)
Actual representationActual representation““No taxation without No taxation without (actual) representation”(actual) representation”
• The 13 Colonies were The 13 Colonies were represented under the represented under the principle of principle of “virtual” “virtual” representation.representation.
• It did not matter if It did not matter if the Colonists did not the Colonists did not elect members from elect members from each colony to each colony to represent them in the represent them in the British Parliament.British Parliament.
• Not all citizens in Not all citizens in Britain were Britain were represented either.represented either.
• The British Parliament The British Parliament pledged to represent pledged to represent every person in every person in Britain and the empireBritain and the empire
• Americans resented Americans resented “virtual” representation.“virtual” representation.
• Colonists Colonists governed governed themselvesthemselves since the since the early settlersearly settlers..
• They had They had direct direct representationrepresentation by by electing colonial electing colonial assembly members to assembly members to represent their represent their interests.interests.
• Colonists were not Colonists were not opposed to paying taxes opposed to paying taxes because the Colonies because the Colonies taxed their citizens.taxed their citizens.
• If the British Parliament If the British Parliament was to tax them, they was to tax them, they should be able to elect a should be able to elect a representativerepresentative from their from their colony to represent their colony to represent their interests in Parliament.interests in Parliament.
Virtual RepresentationVirtual Representation Actual RepresentationActual Representation
Tax w/out rep
•Tax on legal documents, playing cards, newspapers, etc.•A direct tax which went to the British government.
•Paid for debt and British troops in the Colonies.•Colonists hated the Stamp Tax = “taxation without representation”
•British tax collectors were tarred and feathered…..•Stamp Act protests led by the Sons of Liberty…..
Stamp Tax
Stamp Tax
Stamp Act ProtestStamp Act Protest1. Non-importation 1. Non-importation
movementmovement -Boycott Br. goods-Boycott Br. goods
2. Mobs burned English 2. Mobs burned English stamped paper stamped paper
3. “VA Resolves”3. “VA Resolves”-condemned Br. policy -condemned Br. policy -Patrick Henry-Patrick Henry
4. Sons of Liberty (Samuel 4. Sons of Liberty (Samuel Adams) Adams) established established-Linked resistance -Linked resistance leaders (evolved into leaders (evolved into Comm. of Correspond.)Comm. of Correspond.)
-Hanged Stamp agents in -Hanged Stamp agents in effigy on “liberty poles”effigy on “liberty poles”
“If our trade be taxed, why not our lands, or produce, in short, everything we possess? They
tax us without having legal representation.” Samuel Adams
•Sons of Liberty was a secret society formed in protest of
British rule. •They had a large role in the
repeal of the Stamp Act and the Boston Tea Party.
•9 original members which included the leaders Samuel
Adams and Paul Revere & John Hancock
Samuel AdamsSamuel Adams
Paul Revere
Britishlaws
Stamp Act Protests: 1765 to 1766
•Between 1765 to 1766, the Sons of Liberty led over 40 protests up and down the
colonial coastline.•Most of the protests are
located in the Middle Colonies up through the New England Colonies.
•Successful in forcing the British Parliament to repeal
the Stamp Act.
Stamp Act CongressStamp Act CongressNew York City (1765)New York City (1765)
Delegates from 9 colonies issued a series of Delegates from 9 colonies issued a series of documents:documents:
1. “Declaration of the Rights and Grievances of 1. “Declaration of the Rights and Grievances of the Colonies” adoptedthe Colonies” adopted
2. A petition for relief sent to King George III2. A petition for relief sent to King George III3. Appeal to Parliament to repeal Stamp Act3. Appeal to Parliament to repeal Stamp Act-Continued distinction drawn between -Continued distinction drawn between external external
(permissible) and (permissible) and internalinternal (objectionable) (objectionable) taxationtaxation of colonies of coloniesStamp Act repealed by Parliament (1766)Stamp Act repealed by Parliament (1766)
-London forced to yield (victory for colonials)-London forced to yield (victory for colonials)Declaratory Act passed at same timeDeclaratory Act passed at same time
STAMP ACT REPEALEDSTAMP ACT REPEALED
Costs of Costs of Colonial Colonial
ResistanceResistance
Costs of Costs of Colonial Colonial
ResistanceResistance
Britishlaws
•Stamp Act of 1765Stamp Act of 1765
•Parliament repeals Stamp Act.
Declaratory Act, 1766Declaratory Act, 1766•declared Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.
17671767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer.Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer.
A Shift from paying taxes for Br. Shift from paying taxes for Br. war war debts & quartering of troops debts & quartering of troops paying col. govt. salaries. paying col. govt. salaries.A He diverted revenue collection He diverted revenue collection from from internal to external trade. internal to external trade.A Tax these imports Tax these imports paper, paper, paint,paint, lead, lead, glass, tea.glass, tea.A Increase custom officials at Increase custom officials at American ports American ports established a established a Board of Customs in Boston. Granted Writs Board of Customs in Boston. Granted Writs of Assistance in Homes, shops, warehouseof Assistance in Homes, shops, warehouse
Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770
1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson 1768 1768 ** Letters from a Farmer inLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania..
2.2. 1768 1768 2 2ndnd non- non-importation importation movement: movement: ** “Daughters of “Daughters of Liberty”Liberty” ** spinning beesspinning bees3.3. Riots against customs Riots against customs agents:agents: ** John Hancock’s John Hancock’s ship, the ship, the LibertyLiberty.. ** 4000 British troops 4000 British troops sent sent to Boston. to Boston.
Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend Dutiesthe Townshend DutiesColonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend Dutiesthe Townshend Duties
1768—1770, British soldiers arrived in Boston, MA to maintain order and enforce the taxes the colonists were asked to pay after the French and Indian.
The people of Boston resented the British soldiers and considered them a foreign presence.
1770
High tensions between British and Bostonians over enforcing British
policies.
March 1770, the British shed Colonial blood for
first time blood.
The relationship between the Colonies and England
would never improve
Used as propaganda to convince people of the
colonial cause.
Boston Mass.
Boston Mass.
The Gaspee The Gaspee IncidentIncident (1772)(1772)
Providence, RI coastProvidence, RI coast
Committees Committees of Correspondenceof Correspondence
PurposePurpose warn neighboring warn neighboring coloniescolonies about incidents about incidents with Br.with Br.
broaden the broaden the resistanceresistance movement. movement.
Tea Act, East India Company
•Made it illegal for the colonies to buy non-British tea and forced the colonies to pay the tea tax of 3
cents/pound. •The Colonists had to buy tea from the East India Tea
Company----gave the company a monopolymonopoly•Colonists claimed it was
““taxation without representation”taxation without representation”•Sons of LibertySons of Liberty protested against the Tea ActTea Act in Dec.
1773 by dumping 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor
Exports & Imports: 1768-1783Intolerable Acts:
1774 - repressive acts designed to punish Boston
The Intolerable Act closed the port of
Boston from Colonial trade, revoked their charter, and placed Massachusetts under
martial law.
Quebec Act: opened Ohio Valley
Colonists viewed this poorly
The Coercive or The Coercive or IntolerableIntolerableActs Acts (1774)(1774)
Lord NorthLord North
1.1. Port Bill Port Bill2.2. Government Government ActAct
4.4. Administration ofAdministration of Justice Act Justice Act
3.3. New Quartering New Quartering Act Act
The Quebec Act The Quebec Act (1774)(1774)
Intolerable Acts inspired 12 Intolerable Acts inspired 12 colonies to send delegates to colonies to send delegates to determine a reaction to Britishdetermine a reaction to British
Convention Convention notnot a a CongressCongress
DelegatesDelegates::Most had no desire for Most had no desire for
independence at this timeindependence at this time
RadicalsRadicals (P. Henry, S. Adams) (P. Henry, S. Adams)
ModeratesModerates (GW, J. Dickinson) (GW, J. Dickinson)
ConservativesConservatives (J. Jay, J. (J. Jay, J. Galloway)Galloway)
Actions Taken: Suffolk Actions Taken: Suffolk ResolvesResolves
1) Repeal of Intolerable Acts1) Repeal of Intolerable ActsUrged colonial boycotts 2) Recognized Parliament’s 2) Recognized Parliament’s
authority to regulate authority to regulate trade (external tax)trade (external tax)
Urged King to restore colonial rights (internal taxes)
“Declaration of Rights and Grievances”3) The Association3) The AssociationUrged creation of committees
in colonies to boycott4) Meet again in May 1775 if 4) Meet again in May 1775 if
colonial rights were not colonial rights were not recognizedrecognized
Patrick HenryPatrick Henry(1736-1799)(1736-1799) Revolutionary War Revolutionary War orator, radical and orator, radical and
statesman. In a statesman. In a speech urging armed speech urging armed resistance against the resistance against the British. Speech was British. Speech was given in March of given in March of
1775.1775.
PHenry
There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the
plains of Boston! The war is inevitable and let it come! I repeat it,
sir, let it come.
It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace -- but there is no
peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the
north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms!
Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle?
What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty
God!
I know not what course others may take but as for me:
““Give me liberty or give Give me liberty or give me death”.me death”.
PHenry
1770
Troops2
•After the Boston Tea Party the British send more troops to enforce the Intolerable Acts.
•Colonial militias prepare for war.
Lexington
British attempt to “search and seize” stolen weapons.First shots of the Revolution in Action
•British searching for stolen weapons–
“search and seizure”
•Stopped at Lexington and encountered 56
Minutemen
•Minutemen stood up for what they believed
was their land
SHOT HEARD ‘ROUND THE WORLD
Independence or Negotiation after Independence or Negotiation after Lexington/Concord?Lexington/Concord?
Military ActionsMilitary Actions::
-Called on colonies -Called on colonies to provide troopsto provide troops
-GW appointed -GW appointed commander-in-commander-in-chief of colonial chief of colonial armyarmy
Peace EffortsPeace Efforts::Many in colonies did Many in colonies did not want independence not want independence but change in but change in relationship with relationship with BritainBritain
*“Olive Branch *“Olive Branch Petition” sentPetition” sent
Pledged loyalty to king Pledged loyalty to king and asked to secure and asked to secure peace and secure peace and secure colonial rightscolonial rights
King declared colonies King declared colonies in rebellionin rebellion
Who would be our first commanding general?
•2nd Continental Congress based their decision on the following:•Political•Economic•Military•Social
George Washington John Hancock
George Washington was chosen based on his qualifications.
•Colonial leaders met in Philadelphia, PA to discuss their options in response to the Intolerable Acts.•The decision was to negotiate with King George III and send him a declaration of their willingness to remain British.•BUT, they have grievances (problems) which they want the King and Parliament to address.•AND, they instructed the local militias in each town to begin preparing for war with the MINUTEMEN!
Whereas many of our subjects in diverse parts of our Colonies and Plantations in North America, misled by dangerous and ill designing men, and forgetting the allegiance which they owe to the power that has protected and supported them; after various disorderly acts committed in disturbance of the public peace, to the obstruction of lawful commerce, and to the oppression of our loyal subjects carrying on the same; have at length proceeded to open and avowed rebellion, by arraying themselves in a hostile manner, to withstand the execution of the law, and traitorously preparing, ordering and levying war against us:And whereas, there is reason to apprehend that such rebellion hath been much promoted and encouraged by the traitorous correspondence, counsels and comfort of diverse wicked and desperate persons within this realm:
King George IIIRoyal
Proclamation
We hereby see fit, by and with the advice of our Privy Council, to issue our Royal Proclamation, hereby declaring, that all our Officers, civil and military, are obliged to exert their utmost endeavors to suppress such rebellion, and to bring the traitors to justice,
And we do accordingly strictly charge and command all our Officers, and all others our obedient and loyal subjects, to use their utmost endeavors to withstand and suppress such rebellion, and to disclose and make known all treasons and traitorous conspiracies which they shall know to be against us, our crown and dignity;
Given at our Court at St. James the twenty-third day of August, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five
God save the King!
Common Sense / Declaration of Ind.Arouse public support / Justify
revolution
Common Sense Common Sense (Paine)(Paine)
Jan. 1776 pamphletJan. 1776 pamphlet
Argued:Argued:
1) Colonists exploited by 1) Colonists exploited by BritainBritain
2) King George was a 2) King George was a villainvillain
3) Called for 3) Called for independent republicindependent republic
Richard Henry Lee’s Richard Henry Lee’s resolutions (June 1776)resolutions (June 1776)
-Declared colonies to be -Declared colonies to be independentindependent
TJ’s Declaration (July 4, TJ’s Declaration (July 4, 1776)1776)
1) Recognized natural rights 1) Recognized natural rights (unalienable), compact (unalienable), compact theory (“consent of the theory (“consent of the governed”) and right of governed”) and right of revolution (against revolution (against tyrannical govts.)tyrannical govts.)
2) 27 grievances blaming the King
3) Omitted attack on slave trade4) Recognized this as treason
but signed it collectively
Thomas PaineThomas Paine: : Common SenseCommon Sense
Declaration of Declaration of Independence Independence
(1776)(1776)
Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence
Independence HallIndependence Hall
New New National National SymbolsSymbols
Loyalists (Tories) v. Patriots (Whigs)
• Loyal to the KingLoyal to the King• 1/5 - 1/3 of 1/5 - 1/3 of populationpopulation
• Anglican clergy, Anglican clergy, religious minorities, religious minorities, govt. officials, some govt. officials, some wealthy merchantswealthy merchants
• Some served in Br. Some served in Br. ArmyArmy
• Native AmericansNative Americans• Post-war:Post-war:Some had property Some had property seized and many seized and many scattered to other scattered to other parts of Br. empireparts of Br. empire
• Many from New England Many from New England and Virginiaand Virginia
• Served in local Served in local militias for short militias for short timestimes
• Army short of Army short of supplies, poorly supplies, poorly equipped, rarely paidequipped, rarely paid
• 5,000 African 5,000 African AmericansAmericans
• Regarded Loyalists as Regarded Loyalists as traitors to causetraitors to cause
AmericanAmerican or or BritishBritish??Advantage or Advantage or Disadvantage?Disadvantage?
1.1. Well trained, well Well trained, well disciplineddisciplined
2.2. Skilled marksmenSkilled marksmen3.3. Signed up for Signed up for
short term of short term of serviceservice
4.4. Fought for own Fought for own home, land, home, land, countrycountry
5.5. Geographic Geographic distancedistance
6.6. Skilled at Skilled at guerilla-type guerilla-type warfarewarfare
7. Not professional 7. Not professional or well-trainedor well-trained
8. Fought for 8. Fought for pay/land promises pay/land promises for a foreign for a foreign countrycountry
9. Fought for a cause9. Fought for a cause10. Provided own10. Provided ownequipmentequipment
11. Resisted 11. Resisted disciplinediscipline
12. Actively 12. Actively supported by supported by European powersEuropean powers
1. Which of the following 1. Which of the following sources would be sources would be mostmost useful useful
in researching a paper in researching a paper entitled “Arguments for entitled “Arguments for
Independence, 1776”Independence, 1776”a.a. John Dickinson’s John Dickinson’s Letters Letters From a Farmer in PAFrom a Farmer in PA
b.b. The Olive Branch Petition.The Olive Branch Petition.c.c. Treaty of Paris.Treaty of Paris.d.d. Thomas Paine’s Thomas Paine’s Common Sense.Common Sense.e.e. John Locke’s John Locke’s Two Treatises Two Treatises
on Government.on Government.
2. The First Continental 2. The First Continental Congress was a reaction toCongress was a reaction to
a.a. The Declaratory Act.The Declaratory Act.
b.b. Fighting at Lexington and Fighting at Lexington and Concord.Concord.
c.c. Passage of the Intolerable Passage of the Intolerable Acts.Acts.
d.d. The Boston Massacre.The Boston Massacre.
e.e. The British tax on tea.The British tax on tea.
3. Which of the following most 3. Which of the following most accurately describes those accurately describes those
Americans who fought on the British Americans who fought on the British side in the American Revolution?side in the American Revolution?
a.a. They were a large majority of the They were a large majority of the population.population.
b.b. They were most numerous in New They were most numerous in New England.England.
c.c. They were generally identified with They were generally identified with the Whig Party in England.the Whig Party in England.
d.d. They tended to be primarily the They tended to be primarily the wealthy, govt. officials, or wealthy, govt. officials, or Anglican clergymen.Anglican clergymen.
e.e. They tended to be passive in their They tended to be passive in their efforts against the Patriots.efforts against the Patriots.
4. Which of the following most 4. Which of the following most accurately describes the change in accurately describes the change in American public opinion between American public opinion between January 1774 and July 1776?January 1774 and July 1776?
a.a. It changed from a desire for It changed from a desire for reconciliation to a decision for reconciliation to a decision for independence.independence.
b.b. Most people favored independence in 1774 Most people favored independence in 1774 but were willing to fight for it only but were willing to fight for it only after the Declaration of Independence.after the Declaration of Independence.
c.c. Loyalists were in the majority both in Loyalists were in the majority both in 1774 and 1776.1774 and 1776.
d.d. By the summer of 1776, only a relatively By the summer of 1776, only a relatively small number of Americans expressed small number of Americans expressed support for the king’s government.support for the king’s government.
e.e. Military support from France encouraged Military support from France encouraged American patriots.American patriots.
Tea Act Tea Act (1773)(1773)8 British East India Co.:British East India Co.:
Monopoly on Br. tea Monopoly on Br. tea imports.imports.
Many members of Many members of Parl. held shares.Parl. held shares.
Permitted the Co. to Permitted the Co. to sell tea directly to sell tea directly to cols. without col. cols. without col. middlemen middlemen (cheaper tea!)(cheaper tea!)
8 North expected the North expected the cols. to eagerly choose cols. to eagerly choose the cheaper tea.the cheaper tea.
Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party (1773)(1773)
First Continental First Continental Congress Congress (1774)(1774)
55 delegates from 12 55 delegates from 12 coloniescolonies
AgendaAgenda How to How to respond to the respond to the Coercive Acts Coercive Acts & the Quebec & the Quebec Act?Act?
1 vote per colony 1 vote per colony represented.represented.
The British Are The British Are Coming Coming . . .. . .
Paul ReverePaul Revere & & William DawesWilliam Dawes make make their midnight ride to warn the their midnight ride to warn the MinutemenMinutemen of approaching British of approaching British
soldiers.soldiers.
The Shot Heard The Shot Heard ’’Round the WorldRound the World!!
LexingtonLexington & & ConcordConcord – April – April 18,177518,1775
The Second The Second Continental Continental
CongressCongress(1775)(1775)
Olive Branch Olive Branch PetitionPetition